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Articles 31 - 60 of 80
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Modelling Wildlife Rabies: Transmission, Economics, And Conservation, Ray T. Sterner, Graham C. Smith
Modelling Wildlife Rabies: Transmission, Economics, And Conservation, Ray T. Sterner, Graham C. Smith
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease of mammals; it exacerbates the uncertainty of conserving populations of some threatened mammals (TM). Modeling affords an inexpensive, a priori way of studying key parameters of wildlife rabies transmission, rabies management economics, and TM conservation. Numerous models of rabies transmission have been published. Linear density dependent models predicted that a threshold density (KT 6 1.0), possibly attained by culling or contraception, would eliminate an epizootic through reduced contacts among host animals. Density independent models predicted less advantage of culling and contraception in rabies control due to limited contacts among territorial host animals. Recent stochastic, …
A Test Of Targeted And Passive Capture Of Australian Elapids With A Brown Tree Snake Trap, Ian D. Temby, Richard M. Engeman
A Test Of Targeted And Passive Capture Of Australian Elapids With A Brown Tree Snake Trap, Ian D. Temby, Richard M. Engeman
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
All reptiles in Australia receive statutory protection. However, Australia is home to many of the world’s most highly toxic venomous snakes, and when these snakes, or similar-looking snakes, come into human proximity, conservation issues are routinely disregarded and the snakes are killed. A secure and effective snake trap could allow dangerously venomous snakes to be removed from the vicinities of humans in safety (for both humans and snake). Towards this end, we conducted a demonstration trial to see if the trap widely used on Guam to capture brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis) could be applied in a suburban …
The Role Of Chromatic And Achromatic Signals For Fruit Detection By Birds, H. Martin Schaefer, Douglas J. Levey, Veronica Shaefer, Michael L. Avery
The Role Of Chromatic And Achromatic Signals For Fruit Detection By Birds, H. Martin Schaefer, Douglas J. Levey, Veronica Shaefer, Michael L. Avery
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
Fruit color changes during ripening are typically viewed as an adaptation to increase signal efficacy to seed dispersers. Plants can increase signal efficacy by enhancing chromatic (wavelength related) and/or achromatic (intensity related) contrasts between fruit and background. To assess how these contrasts determine the detectability of fruit signals, we conducted 2 experiments with free-flying crows (Corvus ossifragus) under semi-natural conditions in a 2025 m2 aviary. Crows searched first for artificial red and black fruits and detected red fruits from a larger distance. Because artificial red fruits had higher chromatic and lower achromatic contrasts against foliage than artificial black …
Impact On Predation Of Sea Turtle Nests When Predator Control Was Removed Midway Through The Nesting Season, Richard M. Engeman, R. Erik Martin, Henry T. Smith, John Woolard, Carrie K. Crady, Bernice Constantin, Margo Stahl, N. Paige Groninger
Impact On Predation Of Sea Turtle Nests When Predator Control Was Removed Midway Through The Nesting Season, Richard M. Engeman, R. Erik Martin, Henry T. Smith, John Woolard, Carrie K. Crady, Bernice Constantin, Margo Stahl, N. Paige Groninger
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
The beach at Hobe Sound National Wildlife Refuge (HSNWR) is a high-density nesting beach serving three species of threatened and endangered sea turtles. Historically, up to 95% of turtle nests at HSNWR were lost to predation by raccoons and armadillos. Consequently, predator control was identified as the most important conservation tool at HSNWR, and predator control optimized by predator monitoring led to highly successful results whereby predation had been reduced to low levels (7–13.5% of monitored nests) in 2002 and 2003. In 2004, funding shortfalls caused predator control to be curtailed with ~1.5–2 months remaining in the nesting/hatching season. We …
Evaluation Of Registered Pesticides As Repellents For Reducing Blackbird (Icteridae) Damage To Sunflower, G. M. Linz, H.J. Homan, A.A. Slowik, L.B. Penry
Evaluation Of Registered Pesticides As Repellents For Reducing Blackbird (Icteridae) Damage To Sunflower, G. M. Linz, H.J. Homan, A.A. Slowik, L.B. Penry
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
Chemical feeding repellents applied to ripening sunflower might help reduce blackbird (Icteridae) damage, which is a chronic agricultural problem from seed formation to harvest. However, costs are high to develop and register new repellents for agricultural use. In 2003 and 2004, we evaluated feeding repellency of 8 pesticides registered by the Environmental Protection Agency for use in sunflower. Caged red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) were fed unshelled sunflower seeds treated with the following pesticides: 5 pyrethroid insecticides, an organochlorine, an organophosphorus, and a fungicide. Compared to untreated reference groups, feeding rates were reduced for 4 of the 5 pyrethroid …
Prevalence Of Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia Coli And Salmonella Enterica In Rock Pigeons Captured In Fort Collins, Colorado, Kerri Pedersen, Larry Clark, William F. Andelt, M.D. Salman
Prevalence Of Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia Coli And Salmonella Enterica In Rock Pigeons Captured In Fort Collins, Colorado, Kerri Pedersen, Larry Clark, William F. Andelt, M.D. Salman
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
The potential role of rock pigeons (Columba livia) in the epidemiology of shiga toxin– producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Salmonella enterica is unclear. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of STEC and S. enterica in pigeons at urban and dairy settings as a function of season. Prevalence of STEC and S. enterica was estimated by bacteriologic culture of cloacal swabs collected from pigeons trapped at urban and dairy locations in and around Fort Collins, Colorado from January to November 2003. Presumptive E. coli isolates were tested for the presence of virulence genes SLT-1, SLT-2, eae, hlyA …
Evaluation Of Electrobraide Fencing As A White-Tailed Deer Barrier, Thomas W. Seamans, Kurt C. Vercauteren
Evaluation Of Electrobraide Fencing As A White-Tailed Deer Barrier, Thomas W. Seamans, Kurt C. Vercauteren
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations continue to increase, resulting in direct threats to public safety and increased agricultural losses. A variety of fencing methods are used to reduce deer presence at airports and agricultural areas. Electric fences may offer a less expensive alternative to expensive woven-wire fences. We tested an electric fence product, ElectroBraideTM (Yarmouth, N.S., Canada), on free-ranging deer in northern Ohio. We conducted both 1- and 2-choice tests, measuring deer intrusions and corn consumption at 10 sites encompassed with charged, non-charged or no fence. Mean daily deer intrusions decreased in each test when the fence …
Microsatellite Variation Of Double-Crested Cormorant Populations In Eastern North America, M. Clay Green, Juliann L. Waits, Michael L. Avery, Mark E. Tobin, Paul L. Leberg
Microsatellite Variation Of Double-Crested Cormorant Populations In Eastern North America, M. Clay Green, Juliann L. Waits, Michael L. Avery, Mark E. Tobin, Paul L. Leberg
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
Double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) exhibit highly adaptive and opportunistic foraging behavior. This flexibility in foraging and increases in population size have led to conflicts with aquaculture and recreational and commercial fishing (Duffy 1995). Although double-crested cormorants roosting in the lower Mississippi Valley appear to have minimal negative impact on sport fisheries, they may have a significant impact on commercial aquaculture production in this region (Glahn and Brugger 1995, Glahn et al. 1998). In 2003, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service released the Final Environmental Impact Statement on double-crested cormorant management allowing more flexibility in control of these birds …
Some Significant Wildlife Strikes To Civil Aircraft In The United States, January 2005 –March 2006, Sandra E. Wright, Richard A. Dolbeer
Some Significant Wildlife Strikes To Civil Aircraft In The United States, January 2005 –March 2006, Sandra E. Wright, Richard A. Dolbeer
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
The U.S. Department of Agriculture, through an interagency agreement with the Federal Aviation Administration, compiles a database of all reported wildlife strikes to U.S. civil aircraft and to foreign carriers experiencing strikes in the USA. We have compiled over 66,000 strike reports from 1,565 airports, 1990-December 2005 (over 7,100 strikes in 2005), but estimate that this represents only about 20% of the strikes that have occurred. The following examples from the database since January 2005 are presented to show the serious impacts that strikes by birds or other wildlife can have on aircraft. These examples, from throughout the USA, demonstrate …
West Nile Virus In North American Birds, Robert G. Mclean
West Nile Virus In North American Birds, Robert G. Mclean
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
Following the introduction of West Nile virus (WNV) into the United States, in New York City in 1999, from its historical range in the eastern hemisphere, this mosquito-borne virus caused an intense outbreak in local bird populations and a small epidemic in the associated human population. West Nile virus became established in this focal area, and in 2000 it spread north and south from there during the summer transmission season. The virus continued to expand during the next six years, ultimately affecting all the continental states and most of North America. The strain of WNV introduced was uncharacteristically virulent as …
Development Of A New Deer Repellent For The Protection Of Forest Resources, Bruce A. Kimball, Dale L. Nolte
Development Of A New Deer Repellent For The Protection Of Forest Resources, Bruce A. Kimball, Dale L. Nolte
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
We have identified hydrolyzed casein as a promising repellent for minimizing damage to forest resources inflicted by browsing ungulates. Eight and twelve percent hydrolyzed casein formulations prepared in water with a latex-based agricultural sticker significantly reduced browse damage by captive black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) to western redcedar (Thuja plicata) saplings. These repellent formulations can be prepared by the user at significant cost savings versus commercial products.
Multiple Breeding Strategies In The Swift Fox, Vulpes Velox, Ann M. Kitchen, Eric M. Gese, Lisette P. Waits, Seija M. Karki, Edward R. Schauster
Multiple Breeding Strategies In The Swift Fox, Vulpes Velox, Ann M. Kitchen, Eric M. Gese, Lisette P. Waits, Seija M. Karki, Edward R. Schauster
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
Little is known of the mating system of the swift fox or how it compares to other socially monogamous mammals. In a 4-year study of 188 swift foxes, we used microsatellite analysis at 11 loci along with spatial observations to investigate swift fox mating strategies. The mating strategies used by swift foxes were highly diverse. Previous field observations have indicated that the swift fox is socially monogamous. However, we found that extrapair mating was a common breeding strategy; 52% of offspring were sired by a male that was not the mate of their mother. There was also variation in the …
Is This Safe To Eat?
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
The harvest and consumption of wildlife is as old as humankind and often has sustained human exploration into unsettled areas. Wildlife still remain a primary foodbase for many native peoples throughout the world. From shellfish to bear, humans today continue to hunt, fish, and otherwise harvest wildlife for recreation, social and cultural needs, dietary supplementation, subsistence, and other purposes that result in the consumption of game meat (Fig. 5.1). Over time, experience has taught people what food is safe to eat and how it should be prepared. This is especially true for those who subsist upon wildlife. Fortunately, the meat …
Red-Winged Blackbird (Agelaius Phoeniceus) Reproduction In North Dakota, Rachel M. Bush, Mark E. Clark, Wendy L. Reed, George M. Linz
Red-Winged Blackbird (Agelaius Phoeniceus) Reproduction In North Dakota, Rachel M. Bush, Mark E. Clark, Wendy L. Reed, George M. Linz
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
Many of the suggested management techniques directed at reducing blackbird breeding populations fail to incorporate the underlying mechanisms regulating populations. Theoretically, removal of individuals from the breeding population should lower the breeding densities and presumably reduce recruitment. However, compensatory responses might occur with decreased breeding densities, but no empirical data are available to test this hypothesis. Much of the underlying compensatory theory is based on differential allocation of resources to reproduction vs. self maintenance at different breeding densities, mainly in the form of depensatory effects of resource limitation on growth and survival. However, as the breeding density in an area …
Efficacy Of Sunflower Decoy Plots For Blackbird Control And Supplemental Stopover Habitat, Heath M. Hagy, John Raetzman, George M. Linz, William J. Bleier
Efficacy Of Sunflower Decoy Plots For Blackbird Control And Supplemental Stopover Habitat, Heath M. Hagy, John Raetzman, George M. Linz, William J. Bleier
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
Wildlife Conservation Sunflower Plots (WCSP) were planted and monitored during a two-year trial/research program to monitor the effect of decoy plots on blackbird use of nearby commercial sunflower and abundance of non-blackbird migratory species within the plots. In the two year evaluation period, in excess of 975 hours were spent by three researchers in the plots monitoring damage, vegetation, and avian use. We used bird numbers, vegetation characteristics, and landuse landscape variables to assess the optimal habitat conditions in and around each decoy plot for luring blackbirds and providing adequate stopover habitat for non-blackbird migrants. In 2004, wetland and shelterbelt …
Influence Of Fish Stocking Density On The Foraging Behavior Of Double-Crested Cormorants, Phalacrocorax Auritus, Scott J. Werner, Brian S. Dorr
Influence Of Fish Stocking Density On The Foraging Behavior Of Double-Crested Cormorants, Phalacrocorax Auritus, Scott J. Werner, Brian S. Dorr
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
No abstract provided.
Tools For The Edge: What’S New For Conserving Carnivores, John A. Shivik
Tools For The Edge: What’S New For Conserving Carnivores, John A. Shivik
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
The loss of large carnivores at the edges of parks, preserves, and human habitations threatens the conservation of many species. Thus, effective predation management is a conservation issue, and tools to mitigate conflicts between humans and predators are required. Both disruptive-stimulus (e.g., fladry, Electronic Guards, radio-activated guards) and aversive-stimulus (e.g., electronic training collars, less-than-lethal ammunition) approaches are useful, and technological advances have led to many new, commercially available methods. Evaluating the biological and economic efficiency of these methods is important. However, social and psychological effects should also be considered. The management of animal damage to human property is necessary, and …
Protecting The Flying Public And Minimizing Economic Losses Within The Aviation Industry: Technical And Direct Management Assistance Provided By Usda Wildlife Services At Airports To Reduce Wildlife Hazards Fiscal Year 2005, Richard A. Dolbeer
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
Biologists with USDA Wildlife Services provided technical and operational assistance at a record 674 airports and military airbases in FY 2005 to reduce wildlife hazards to aviation. Operational assistance included live-trapping birds of prey, such as this juvenile red-tailed hawk, at 65 airports. Captured birds were released in areas away from the airports. Studies have shown that juvenile (nonbreeding) red-tailed hawks rarely return to airports after translocation. The overall red-tailed hawk population in the USA has increased over 2-fold since 1970. The population in the Great Lakes region has increased over 3-fold.
Solutions Through Science: Reducing Damage Caused By Vultures
Solutions Through Science: Reducing Damage Caused By Vultures
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
Vultures play an important role in ecosystems by cleaning up animal carcasses, but vultures also cause problems in both rural and urban settings. In recent years, vulture populations have increased as these adaptable birds have adjusted to higher levels of human activity. As a result, the birds are coming into ever more conflict with people.
Vultures often damage residential and business property. Their droppings can kill trees and create unsanitary and unsafe working conditions at power plants, refineries, and communication towers. Their aggressiveness unsettles park users and homeowners. Vultures harass and kill livestock. In flight, they can be a danger …
Height Distribution Of Birds Recorded By Collisions With Civil Aircraft, Richard A. Dolbeer
Height Distribution Of Birds Recorded By Collisions With Civil Aircraft, Richard A. Dolbeer
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
The National Wildlife Strike Database for Civil Aviation in the United States contained 38,961 reports of aircraft collisions with birds (bird strikes) from 1990–2004 in which the report indicated the height above ground level (AGL). I analyzed these strike reports to determine the distribution of all strikes and those strikes causing substantial damage to aircraft by height. For the 26% of strikes above 500 feet (152 m) AGL (n=10,143), a simple negative exponential model, with height as the independent variable, explained 99% of the variation in number of bird strikes per 1,000-foot (305-m) interval. Strikes declined consistently by 32% every …
Accuracy Of Aerial Telemetry Locations In Mountainous Terrain, Glen F. Gantz, L. Charles Stoddart, Frederick F. Knowlton
Accuracy Of Aerial Telemetry Locations In Mountainous Terrain, Glen F. Gantz, L. Charles Stoddart, Frederick F. Knowlton
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
Aerial telemetry is commonly used to locate wildlife in remote areas (Gilmer et al. 1981, White and Garrott 1990, Samuel and Fuller 1996). If locations are used to determine home range, habitat use, or similar parameters, error associated with locations must be estimated (Cederlund et al. 1979, Laundre et al. 1987, White and Garrott 1990, Carrel et al. 1997). Typically, aerial locations are subject to 2 sources of error. If the transmitter-equipped animals are not sighted from the aircraft, their ground location must be estimated. Then, the estimated ground location must be identified on a map and recorded. The combined …
Total Plasma Protein And Renesting By Greater Sage-Grouse, Michael A. Gregg, Mike R. Dunbar, John A. Crawford, Michael D. Pope
Total Plasma Protein And Renesting By Greater Sage-Grouse, Michael A. Gregg, Mike R. Dunbar, John A. Crawford, Michael D. Pope
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) population declines have been attributed to reduced productivity. Although renesting by sage-grouse may contribute significantly to annual productivity during some years, little information is available on this aspect of sage-grouse reproductive ecology. We investigated the relationship between total plasma protein, age of hen, time of first nest initiation, and time of first nest loss on occurrence of renesting. We captured, assigned age, extracted blood, and radiomarked prelaying, female sage-grouse on 4 study areas during 1999–2004. We monitored radiomarked females from mid-April through June to identify period of nest initiation (early, mid, or late), nest …
Vaccines Against Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Lynette B. Corbeil, Carlos M. Campero, Jack C. Rhyan, Robert H. Bondurant
Vaccines Against Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Lynette B. Corbeil, Carlos M. Campero, Jack C. Rhyan, Robert H. Bondurant
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
Human sexually transmitted infections are prevalent throughout the world. Several have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcome and increased susceptibility to HIV infection, in addition to the discomfort of inflammation of the genital tract. Yet vaccines to protect against the infection at the genital mucosa are not available. Hepatitis B is an exception, but this virus becomes systemic and protection may be at the systemic level. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have long been associated with reproductive failure in cattle. These infections cause considerable economic loss, which has been a stimulus to investigation. Consequently, vaccines and mechanisms of immune protection have …
What Carnivore Biologists Can Learn From Bugs, Birds, And Beavers: A Review Of Spatial Theories, Julie K. Young, John A. Shivik
What Carnivore Biologists Can Learn From Bugs, Birds, And Beavers: A Review Of Spatial Theories, Julie K. Young, John A. Shivik
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
Information on the ecology and evolution of a species can be enhanced by studying spatial ecology. Even though space use has been a focus of carnivore research for decades, the theoretical framework for such studies remains poorly developed. Most spatial ecology theory has instead been developed and tested with invertebrates and expanded into fishery and ornithological research. The goal of this review is to examine spatial theories being tested in other taxonomic groups that could positively influence how carnivore biologists design studies. Details are provided from studies that illustrate methods to quantify space use, and four broad areas of spatial …
A Comparison Of Coyote Ecology After 25 Years: 1978 Versus 2003, J. K. Young, W.F. Andelt, P.A. Terletzky, J.A. Shivik
A Comparison Of Coyote Ecology After 25 Years: 1978 Versus 2003, J. K. Young, W.F. Andelt, P.A. Terletzky, J.A. Shivik
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
Most ecological studies of coyotes are of short duration and studies are generally never repeated, thus the opportunity to compare changes in coyote (Canis latrans Say, 1823) ecology over time is rare. We compared coyote home ranges, activity patterns, age, and diet at the Welder Wildlife Refuge in south Texas between 1978-1979 and 2003-2004 (25 years later). The Minta index of overlap between 1978 and 2003 home ranges was 51.7 ± 7.0 (n = 7), much greater than the Minta index value based on randomized tests (28.7 ± 8.6), indicating similar spatial patterns between time periods. The Minta …
Gopherus Polyphemus (Gopher Tortoise) Coyote Predation, Jon A. Moore, Richard M. Engeman, Henry T. Smith, John Woolard
Gopherus Polyphemus (Gopher Tortoise) Coyote Predation, Jon A. Moore, Richard M. Engeman, Henry T. Smith, John Woolard
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
Gopherus polyphemus is listed as a species of special concern by the state of Florida (Florida Wildlife Code Chap. 39 F.A.C.), and as a threatened species by the Florida Committee on Rare and Endangered Plants and Animals (Moler 1992. Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida: Volume 111, Reptiles and Amphibians. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. 291 pp.). Coyotes (Canis latrans) are invasive to Florida with ranges that are expanding within the state (Schmitz and Brown 1994. An Assessment of Invasive Non-Indigenous Species in Florida's Public Lands. Florida Dept. Environmental Protection. Tallahassee, Florida. 283 pp.; Wooding and Hardinsky …
Leiocephalus Carinatus Armouri (Northern Curlytail Lizard) Scavenged Road-Kill, Henry T. Smith, Richard M. Engeman, Walter E. Meshaka Jr., Ernest M. Cowan
Leiocephalus Carinatus Armouri (Northern Curlytail Lizard) Scavenged Road-Kill, Henry T. Smith, Richard M. Engeman, Walter E. Meshaka Jr., Ernest M. Cowan
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
Little is known about the vertebrate predators and scavengers of Leiocephalus carinatus armouri within its introduced range in Florida, with few of these consumers currently documented (e.g., Meshaka et al. 2004. The Exotic Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida, Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 155 pp.; Smith and Engeman 2004a. Herpetol. Rev. 35: 169-170; Smith and Engeman 2004b. Florida Field Nat. 32: 107-113; Dean et al. 2005. Herpetol. Rev. 36: 451). Thus far, only one mammal in Florida has been verified, feral cats (Felis catus) (Smith and Engeman 2004b, op. cit.). Here we report Eastern Gray Squirrel ( …
Bufo Woodhousii (Woodhouse's Toad) Survival, Richard M. Engeman, Melvin A. Engeman
Bufo Woodhousii (Woodhouse's Toad) Survival, Richard M. Engeman, Melvin A. Engeman
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
Records that demonstrate maximal natural longevity are virtually nonexistent for anurans, or amphibians in general. Records from captive specimens have demonstrated longevities as high as 36 yr for Bufo bufo (Duellman and Trueb 1986. Biology of Amphibians. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. 670 pp.). Here, we describe the longevity of a wild Bufo woodhousii that was initially monitored in 1978 (Engeman and Engeman 1996. Northwest. Nat. 77:23; Engeman and Engeman 2003. Northwest. Nat. 84:45), including 9 yrs of records on its emergence from hibernation (Engeman and Engeman 1996. op. cit.). The toad first appeared as an adult in 1978 …
Efficacy Of Scent Dogs In Detecting Black-Footed Ferrets At A Reintroduction Site In South Dakota, Sara A. Reindl-Thompson, John A. Shivik, Alice Whitelaw, Aimee Hurt, Kenneth F. Higgins
Efficacy Of Scent Dogs In Detecting Black-Footed Ferrets At A Reintroduction Site In South Dakota, Sara A. Reindl-Thompson, John A. Shivik, Alice Whitelaw, Aimee Hurt, Kenneth F. Higgins
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
Endangered black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) are difficult to monitor because of their nocturnal and fossorial habits, but land use and management are influenced by their potential presence. Detector dogs have been suggested as a method for determining ferret presence, although its efficacy has not been thoroughly investigated. We evaluated 2 dogs trained specifically for determining ferret presence in field evaluations conducted in black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies at the Conata Basin reintroduction site in South Dakota, USA, during September and October 2003. We tested the dogs on 4 test colonies that had no record of …
Leiocephalus Carinatus Armourz (Northern Curlytail Lizard) Predation, Henry T. Smith, Richard M. Engeman, Walter E. Meshaka Jr.
Leiocephalus Carinatus Armourz (Northern Curlytail Lizard) Predation, Henry T. Smith, Richard M. Engeman, Walter E. Meshaka Jr.
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
Leiocephalus carinatus armouri is a well-established exotic species in Florida (Meshaka et al. 2004. The exotic amphibians and reptiles of Florida, Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 155 pp.; Meshaka et al., in press, Southeastern Nat. 4); however, few vertebrate predators of this species have been documented within its introduced range (e.g., Smith and Engeman 2003. Herpetol. Rev. 34:245-246; Smith and Engeman 2004a. Herpetol. Rev. 35: 169-1 70; Smith and Engeman 2004b. Florida Field Nat. 32: 107-1 13). To date, only one avian predator of L. c. annouri, the Little Blue Heron (Egretta caerulea), has been recorded in …