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Articles 31 - 60 of 110
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Speaker Dependent Voice Recognition Using Discrete Wavelet Transform, Angelo A. Beltran Jr., Ericson D. Dimaunahan, Donde A. Deveras
Speaker Dependent Voice Recognition Using Discrete Wavelet Transform, Angelo A. Beltran Jr., Ericson D. Dimaunahan, Donde A. Deveras
Innovative Research Publications IRP India
This paper presents effective and robust method for the extracting of features in the speaker dependent voice recognition. Based on the time-frequency multi-resolution property of wavelet transform, the input speech signal is decomposed into various frequency channels. The major issues concerning the design in this paper for wavelet based speaker voice recognition system are choosing the optimal wavelets for the speech signals, decomposition level in the discrete wavelet transform, and selecting the feature vectors from the wavelet coefficients. And finally, the wavelet-based voice recognition system and its performance are discussed and highlighted.
Conversion Of English Text-To-Speech (Tts) Using Indian Speech Signal, R. Shantha Selva Kumari, R. Sangeetha
Conversion Of English Text-To-Speech (Tts) Using Indian Speech Signal, R. Shantha Selva Kumari, R. Sangeetha
Innovative Research Publications IRP India
The objective of this paper is to convert the english text into speech. The conversion of english text into speech is done by using a stored speech signal data. Text to speech conversion module is designed by the use of matlab. By the use of microphone the phonemes (alphabets, numbers, words) are recorded using a goldwave software. The recorded .wav (sounds) files are saved as a database separately. The phonemes are extracted from the text file. For text to speech conversion the concatenation method is proposed. The recorded speech are concatenated together to produce the synthesized speech. The resulting speech …
Mcu—Based Robotic Elbow Movement Control, Angelo A. Beltran Jr., Roselito E. Tolentino, Nicomedes C. Javier, Haihang Zhang
Mcu—Based Robotic Elbow Movement Control, Angelo A. Beltran Jr., Roselito E. Tolentino, Nicomedes C. Javier, Haihang Zhang
Innovative Research Publications IRP India
This paper proposes an MCU based robotic elbow movement control. In recent years, a lot of research has been developed in alignment with mimicking body movement especially in the field of medical and industrial applications. Robotic movement has different implementations. The usual method is through PID controller. However, implementation is complicated, response is slow, and movement control is delayed. Speed is also a problem causing the human arm and robotic arm not synchronized with their movement. In this paper, the fuzzy logic method is substituted to PID control. The MCU is used in the implementation of robotic elbow movement. The …
Performance Analysis Of Weighted Encoding With Sparse Nonlocal Regularization And Spatially Adaptive Iterative Filtering Boost Denoising: A Review, Shivam Shukla, Vijayshri Chaurasia
Performance Analysis Of Weighted Encoding With Sparse Nonlocal Regularization And Spatially Adaptive Iterative Filtering Boost Denoising: A Review, Shivam Shukla, Vijayshri Chaurasia
Innovative Research Publications IRP India
In this paper, we compare the spatially adaptive iterative filtering (SAIF) approach with Weighted Encoding with Sparse Nonlocal Regularization (WESNR) to maintain the denoising strength locally for any spatial domain method. These approaches has ability of filtering local image content iteratively using the given base filter, and the type of iteration and the iteration number are automatically optimized with respect to estimated risk (i.e., mean squared error). Experimental result shows that approx. 7% enhancement in the SNR of SAIF method as compared to the WESNR method.
Responses Of Ka’Oje Metallurgical Manganese Ore To Gravity Concentration Techniques, R. A. Muriana
Responses Of Ka’Oje Metallurgical Manganese Ore To Gravity Concentration Techniques, R. A. Muriana
Innovative Research Publications IRP India
Metallurgical manganese ore samples from Ka’oje (Nigeria) were enriched to higher Metallurgical grades during wet gravity separation techniques which included Jigging and Tabling operations. As-mined samples S1 (36.83%MnO), S2 (47.85%MnO), S3 (58.85%MnO) and S4 (54.96%MnO) were dressed and screened to -780+500 μm, -500+355μm, -355+250 μm, -250+192 μm and -192 μm particle size ranges. Obtained Jigging test concentrates assayed 51.54% MnO minimum recovery level with an enrichment ratio (ER) of 1.02; while Tabling operation concentrates assayed 91.11% MnO maximum recovery and 1.14 ER value. These responses demonstrated the suitability of the two techniques in raising the enrichment levels of the ores …
Design & Analysis Of Ø40” X 80” Conventional Sugar Mill Head Stock., Santosh Y. Salunkhe
Design & Analysis Of Ø40” X 80” Conventional Sugar Mill Head Stock., Santosh Y. Salunkhe
Innovative Research Publications IRP India
Sugar mill head stock play a significant role in the sugar plant as they have to sustain the forces experienced by the rollers while extracting juice from the cane. The present analysis related to modification in sugar mill head stock Ø40”X80”. This paper describes the advantages of using Ø40”X80” mill head stocks by designing & analysis by ANSYS software. In this study theoretical study has been done considering the Bending moment & force polygon diagrams. Bending moment factor which helps in finding actual results. By changing various parameters the performance of mill head stocks is studies using static structural analysis …
Efficient Logarithmic Function Approximation, Amjad F. Hajjar, Mohammad H. Awedh
Efficient Logarithmic Function Approximation, Amjad F. Hajjar, Mohammad H. Awedh
Innovative Research Publications IRP India
A criteria is developed for the approximations of a logarithmic function to piecewise straight lines at multiple segments such that the maximum absolute error is minimized.The optimum cutting points for segmentation are estimated numerically with an exhaustive search. Our hardware implementation is restricted to integer operations (addition and shifting).
Sample Size Effect On Combustion Analysis, Osueke C. O, Uguru Okorie Daniel, Aondoyila Kuhe
Sample Size Effect On Combustion Analysis, Osueke C. O, Uguru Okorie Daniel, Aondoyila Kuhe
Innovative Research Publications IRP India
Engine parameters vary from one cycle to the other and this makes engine analysis with data from a single working cycle insufficient in capturing or modelling an engine behaviour. The variation observed in engine has necessitated the use sample sizes of data obtained during an engine operation to obtain results that are representative of the engine being investigated. Research has shown that the use of very large data sample size increases the storage needed and processing time and does not necessary give better results over results obtained with lesser sample sizes. The number of sample size to use for analysis …
Simulation Of Power Transformer Protection Using Microcontroller Relay, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Arpit Rana, Jeet Shah, Anuradha Deshpande
Simulation Of Power Transformer Protection Using Microcontroller Relay, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Arpit Rana, Jeet Shah, Anuradha Deshpande
Innovative Research Publications IRP India
Power transformers are key components for electrical energy transfer in a Power system. In order to protect the transformers from these faults different protective methods are adopted. Some of them are differential protection, over excitation Protection, etc. In this Paper Over Voltage protection is established for the protection of the transformer. Microcontroller is used for the Power Transformer Protection as a relay. It will sense the fault Due to over voltage of about +5% and send trip signal to the relay driver circuit and the power transformer will automatically get isolated from the system. The Simulation circuit is designed in …
Alqrs: A Simple Architecture For Location Queries In Recommender Systems, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, B. Rupa Devi, M. Vedavathi
Alqrs: A Simple Architecture For Location Queries In Recommender Systems, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, B. Rupa Devi, M. Vedavathi
Innovative Research Publications IRP India
The ALQRS proposes a location-query system based on the keyword search that calculates for the nearest location. ALQRS evaluates user partitioning for user locations and travel penalty for item locations. ALQRS uses gap keeping approach for sorting, store the values of locations and it is a good space saving technique
Single Phase Pv Inverter Applying A Dual Boost Technology, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Sudha Bhutada, S.R. Nigam
Single Phase Pv Inverter Applying A Dual Boost Technology, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Sudha Bhutada, S.R. Nigam
Innovative Research Publications IRP India
In this paper, a single-phase PV inverter applying a dual boost converter circuit inverter is proposed for photovoltaic (PV) generation system and PV grid connected system. This system is designed to improve integration of a Single phase inverter with Photovoltaic panel. The DC 24V is converted into to 86V DC and then 86V DC to 312V DC. The 312 V DC is then successfully inverted to AC 220V. Hence solar energy is powerfully converted into electrical energy for fulfilling the necessities of the home load, or to link with the grid. Matlab Simulation software was used for simulation of the …
Enhancement Of Performance Parameters Of Transformer Using Nanofluids, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Raja Sekhar Dondapati, Vishnu Saini, Niraj Kishore, Vicky V
Enhancement Of Performance Parameters Of Transformer Using Nanofluids, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Raja Sekhar Dondapati, Vishnu Saini, Niraj Kishore, Vicky V
Innovative Research Publications IRP India
Transformer is a soul of both transmission and distribution systems. It performs low voltage to high voltage conversion in transmission lines and similarly high voltage to low voltage conversion in distribution lines. The operation of transformer is decided by the cooling provided to the system. The efficient cooling method is achieved by the use of forced (or) natural oil cooling medium. The oils used for the purpose of coolants are the hydrocarbons of paraffin (or) naphtha based petroleum products. The oil is used as coolant is made from highly refined mineral oil and it has high dielectric strength. During the …
Stability Enhancement For Transmission Lines Using Neural Network In Static Synchronous Series Compensator, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Ishwar Lal Yadav, Satayadharma Bharti
Stability Enhancement For Transmission Lines Using Neural Network In Static Synchronous Series Compensator, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Ishwar Lal Yadav, Satayadharma Bharti
Innovative Research Publications IRP India
In this paper, a Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) is used to investigate the effect of this device in controlling active and reactive powers as well as damping power system oscillations in transient mode. During the analyzing its found that the SSSC based power oscillation damping system cannot able to sustain the power oscillations neither alone nor with lead-leg POD controller, so this work proposes SSSC structure equipped with the neural network controller to efficiently sustain the power oscillations. SSSC has a source of energy in the DC link which can supply or absorb the reactive and active power to …
Permeability Test Measurement Of Composite Material For Reusable Launching Vehicles (Rlv), Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Charanjit Singh, Karthik Sunil, Prudhvinath Reddy, Idris Syed Mahaboob, Dondapati, Raja Sekhar
Permeability Test Measurement Of Composite Material For Reusable Launching Vehicles (Rlv), Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Charanjit Singh, Karthik Sunil, Prudhvinath Reddy, Idris Syed Mahaboob, Dondapati, Raja Sekhar
Innovative Research Publications IRP India
Polymer composites are replacing metals over the time due to their light weight, high strength to weight ratio, excellent physical and thermal properties. Hence, they are ideal candidates where weight is of particular concern. One such application is reusable launch vehicles (RLV). Use of polymer Composite materials instead of conventional metal alloys for fuel tank reduces weight of launching vehicle so that more payloads can be carried into space, thereby reducing cost per kilogram of payload. Polymer composites at room temperature show familiar properties but when they are exposed to low temperature, properties change rapidly and show abnormal behavior. Material …
A Survey On Strengthening In Organizing Informal Settlements (Case Study: Imam Ali Town And Hojjat Town Of Mashhad), Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Hoda Esfandiary
A Survey On Strengthening In Organizing Informal Settlements (Case Study: Imam Ali Town And Hojjat Town Of Mashhad), Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Hoda Esfandiary
Innovative Research Publications IRP India
Increasing presence of informal settlements in past decades in Iran shows the inefficiency of devices and exerted policies to encounter them in those decades. Undoubtedly the demolition of such settlements considered as a part of socialeconomical asset of the cities destroys economical asset of low income groups and meanwhile it is an inhuman action. Formalization of informal settlement in itself doesn’t prepare better servicing conditions, increasing private investment, or resolving economical, social and cultural problems. It seems to cooperate with low income groups and take policies and perform programs toward their benefits and Strengthening them is one of directives to …
A Novel Dynamic Model For A Crane System With A Flexible Cable And Large Swing Angle, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Mohammad H. Fatehi, Mohammad Eghtesad, Roya Amjadifard
A Novel Dynamic Model For A Crane System With A Flexible Cable And Large Swing Angle, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Mohammad H. Fatehi, Mohammad Eghtesad, Roya Amjadifard
Innovative Research Publications IRP India
In this paper a novel dynamical model will be developed for an overhead crane with transverse vibrations of flexible cable while considering large angle of the cable/payload swing. The major problem addressed is expressing the dynamic interaction between the cables and other elements in the crane system which demands investigation into boundary induced cable vibrations and large swing angle. The developed model is achieved as an ODE model and it is appropriate enough to design suitable control systems. Thus, to perform the modeling, RayleighRitz discretization method is used to achieve an ODE model for transverse deflection of the cable having …
An Intuitionstic Fuzzy Meet Semi L- Filter, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, R. Arimalar, B. Anandh
An Intuitionstic Fuzzy Meet Semi L- Filter, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, R. Arimalar, B. Anandh
Innovative Research Publications IRP India
In this Paper, Intuitionistic fuzzy meet semi L-filter and Intuitionistic fuzzy level meet semi L-filter are defined. Also some theorems are derived.Some examples are provided
Remote Software Of Double Crystal Monochromator For Adxrd Beamline, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Priya Tiwari, Amit Mittal, S.R. Kane
Remote Software Of Double Crystal Monochromator For Adxrd Beamline, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Priya Tiwari, Amit Mittal, S.R. Kane
Innovative Research Publications IRP India
Double crystal Monochromator (DCM) is used for getting monochromatic beam from the synchrotron radiation. In order to get the specified energy out of DCM, various motors are used to move the X-ray mirrors. Movements of these motors are controlled by a dedicated PC along with its software. The provided software along with DCM was controlling its parameters locally. There was no provision to control or modify the motor movement parameters remotely. As the number of users for ADXRD beamline at BL-12 is increasing and the type of experiments they are preferring to perform by using DCM has demanded the DCM …
Performance Evaluation Of 100% Viscose Rayon Fabric Pre-Treated With Different Alkalis, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Nawshin Farzana, Faizul Haque, Fatima Binta Satter Disha
Performance Evaluation Of 100% Viscose Rayon Fabric Pre-Treated With Different Alkalis, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Nawshin Farzana, Faizul Haque, Fatima Binta Satter Disha
Innovative Research Publications IRP India
This study attempted to focus on the performance evaluation of 100% viscose rayon fabric in terms of strength, whiteness and hydrophilicity or absorbency after scouring and bleaching with two different alkalis such as NaOH and Na2CO3. This work was carried out with 100% viscose rayon knitted fabrics. A single stage scouring and bleaching process of the fabric was adopted using NaOH and Na2CO3 with varying concentrations and at the same processing conditions. The result obtained in this study indicated a great loss in strength with NaOH as compared to that with Na2CO3. Both the alkalis were found to be more …
Monitoring And Controlling Of Air Pollution Using Intelligent Control System, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Anil.H. Sonune, S.M. Hambarde
Monitoring And Controlling Of Air Pollution Using Intelligent Control System, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Anil.H. Sonune, S.M. Hambarde
Innovative Research Publications IRP India
This paper focuses on implementation of Environmental air pollution monitoring and controlling system. First, the air pollution monitoring system contains sensors to monitor the interested pollution parameter in environment. Second, wireless communication modules for monitoring system were developed using wireless sensor networks technologies based on ZigBee network. And then a performance of modules was estimated in the real-fields. Finally, integrated wireless sensor board which employs dust, CO2, temperature, humidity sensor and a ZigBee module was developed. The board is embedded device based on Arm processor LPC2148. This paper accelerates the digital convergence age through continual research and development of technologies …
Review On Comparison Of Different Ofdm Symbol Timing Synchronization Algorithms, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Ravi Kant Gupta, Anuj Jain
Review On Comparison Of Different Ofdm Symbol Timing Synchronization Algorithms, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Ravi Kant Gupta, Anuj Jain
Innovative Research Publications IRP India
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is the key technology for 4G and 3GPP LTE systems due to its highly efficient bandwidth and multi carrier modulation. The benefit of using OFDM is that it avoids ISI (Inter Symbol Interference) and ICI (Inter carrier Interference) by using timing synchronization technique. For this the symbols must be in properly synchronized form. It also have Higher transmission rate. So SC (Schmidl and Cox) algorithm is designed, It provides timing synchronization and lowers BER( Bit Error Rate). Based on the research of Schmidl & Cox, Minn and Bhargava and Park et al. synchronization algorithm, this …
Preliminary Investigation Regarding Swelling Behaviour Of Soil Of Southern Region Of Kpk, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Zia Ur Rahman, Irshad Ahmad, Fayaz Ahmad Khan, Wuheed Ur Rehman
Preliminary Investigation Regarding Swelling Behaviour Of Soil Of Southern Region Of Kpk, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Zia Ur Rahman, Irshad Ahmad, Fayaz Ahmad Khan, Wuheed Ur Rehman
Innovative Research Publications IRP India
This study is focused on the preliminary investigations of soil of southern district Bannu, KPK, Pakistan in the form of geotechnical and mineralogical details, obtained by performing various kinds of tests on soil samples collected from selected spots, where the unusual cracks were observed to have been appeared in the pavements, boundary walls and some other parts of the buildings. Similar cracks were observed in most parts of the world where the soil was found to be expansive which depends on clay mineralogy, binding agents, migration of water beneath the surface and the ability of soil to absorb water. X-Ray …
Comparison On Two Harmonic Current Determinate Methods Of P-Q And Ip-Iq, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Vanbao Chau, Congphuong Vo, Minhthuyen Chau
Comparison On Two Harmonic Current Determinate Methods Of P-Q And Ip-Iq, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Vanbao Chau, Congphuong Vo, Minhthuyen Chau
Innovative Research Publications IRP India
This paper implements a comparison on p-q and ipiq methods. The simulations demonstrated that it gives same accurate results in case source voltage is symmetric and undistorted. In vice versa case the harmonic current can be detected accurately by ip-iq method, while the p-q method gives results are not accurately
Development Of Composite Material Testing Facility For Cryogenic Fuel Tank Applications, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Sandeep Singh, Karthik Sunil, Prudhvinath Reddy, Idris Syed Mahaboob, Raja Sekhar Dondapati
Development Of Composite Material Testing Facility For Cryogenic Fuel Tank Applications, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Sandeep Singh, Karthik Sunil, Prudhvinath Reddy, Idris Syed Mahaboob, Raja Sekhar Dondapati
Innovative Research Publications IRP India
Composite materials are being used extensively in different realms of science for various applications. There use is prominent in the aerospace industry. The testing of these composite materials is of substantial importance, as they might be susceptible to failure due to the variation in the temperature ranges and the cryogenic temperatures which the materials have to endure. In the present work, the tensile strength of composite materials are observed using double walled vacuum chamber which is designed for the Universal Testing Machine (UTM)
Pitch Detection Of Speech Signal Using Wavelet Transform, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Amin Shadravan Lalezari, Jalil Shirazi
Pitch Detection Of Speech Signal Using Wavelet Transform, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Amin Shadravan Lalezari, Jalil Shirazi
Innovative Research Publications IRP India
Pitch frequency is the fundamental frequency of a speech signal. It is one of the most important parameters for speech signal processing. The simulated results on Keele pitch reference database show that the performance of the proposed wavelet transform based pitch detection algorithm is obviously better than the original AMDF and its improvements based algorithms
Zero Power Wireless Sensor Nodes, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Zero Power Wireless Sensor Nodes, B. J. Gnanambigai, C. M. Sundarapandian
Zero Power Wireless Sensor Nodes, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Zero Power Wireless Sensor Nodes, B. J. Gnanambigai, C. M. Sundarapandian
Innovative Research Publications IRP India
Mote Network is widely used in the world, we have several kinds of motes, On Which we use for many applications but consider the drawback of one thing is effectiveness of drive power, commonly we use mote in lonesome area, and Drive power is replaceable battery or rechargeable battery, both are quickly drain due to consistent operation, Ultimate solution present with us, Environmental Energy huge solar power is with us, In this paper we present an model for solar power as a drive power of mote, tested on different environmental condition, we provide analysis for different operation level, power of …
A New Approach In Wireless Sensor Network Fingerprinting Localization By Affinity Propagation And K-Nearest Neighbor Method, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Pejman Abdollahzadeh Karegar
A New Approach In Wireless Sensor Network Fingerprinting Localization By Affinity Propagation And K-Nearest Neighbor Method, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Pejman Abdollahzadeh Karegar
Innovative Research Publications IRP India
Due to the increasing development of wireless sensor network, localization using fingerprint has particular importance, Which includes database called Receive Signal Strength (RSS) vectors as the basis of indoor positioning, In this paper a clustering method called affinity propagation used for clustering datapoints, And then in the online phase, coarse localization and fine localization is utilized , in coarse localization an adaptive method is used with exemplars, eventually in fine localization the similarity of nearest neighbor and k-nearest neighbors is applied. Finally, the simulation results show the improvement of our theory compared with the methods of without clustering
Accurate Hybrid Method For Rapid Fault Detection, Classification And Location In Transmission Lines Using Wavelet Transform And Anns, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Kamran Hosseini
Accurate Hybrid Method For Rapid Fault Detection, Classification And Location In Transmission Lines Using Wavelet Transform And Anns, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Kamran Hosseini
Innovative Research Publications IRP India
The present paper presents an accurate hybrid framework capable to rapidly detect, classify & locate shortcircuit faults on transmission lines. The proposed algorithm has employed the values resulted from each three- phase currents wavelet transform in order to obtain instantaneous fault detection. Singling out short-circuit faults based on the measured voltage waveforms and three-phase current is done when fault events occur in power transmission lines. The energy derived from three-phase currents and three-phase voltages wavelet transform has been used as the classification algorithm input .Then fault location has been activated as the result of fault classification method. Combining the methods …
Add A New Input To Neural Network With Genetic Learning Algorithm To Improve Short-Term Load Forecasting, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Vahideh Miryazdi, Mohammad Ghasemzadeh, Ali Mohammad Latif
Add A New Input To Neural Network With Genetic Learning Algorithm To Improve Short-Term Load Forecasting, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Vahideh Miryazdi, Mohammad Ghasemzadeh, Ali Mohammad Latif
Innovative Research Publications IRP India
Short-term load forecasting (STLF) plays an essential role in the economic system and save the country's electricity supply. In this paper, are used a neural network with genetic learning algorithm for forecasting the electric power load of Khorasan area in Iran. Because the importance of neural network inputs, select the optimal inputs is deducted errors system. Consumption load is a nonlinear function of various factors such as weather conditions and periodic changes. This paper proposed a new variable together with the data load and temperature parameters for the problem of STLF. The variable obtained from the load curves and effect …
Laboratory And Full-Scale Simulations Of The Behaviour Of Reinforced Cement-Admixed Non-Plastic Soil For Deep Mixing Applications, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Randy P. Asturias, Glen A. Lorenzo
Laboratory And Full-Scale Simulations Of The Behaviour Of Reinforced Cement-Admixed Non-Plastic Soil For Deep Mixing Applications, Innovative Research Publications Irp India, Randy P. Asturias, Glen A. Lorenzo
Innovative Research Publications IRP India
This paper proposes a new soil treatment method that employs reinforced deep mixing method (RDMM). In this method, the deep mixing pile is reinforced in a manner similar to a spirally reinforced concrete column. This paper aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of RDMM on improving the strength and deformation properties of a non-plastic soil. Four (4) experimental phases are conducted in this study and these are: 1) Physical property tests of the base soil, (2) Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests on unreinforced cementadmixed soil specimens, (3) Unconfined compressive strength tests on reinforced cement-admixed soil specimens, and (4) Construction and load …