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Lesser Long-Nosed Bat (Leptonycteris Yerbabuenae) Range Expansion Into Northern Grant County, New Mexico, Keith Geluso, Kenneth N. Geluso
Lesser Long-Nosed Bat (Leptonycteris Yerbabuenae) Range Expansion Into Northern Grant County, New Mexico, Keith Geluso, Kenneth N. Geluso
Western North American Naturalist
The lesser long-nosed bat (Leptonycteris yerbabuenae) previously was known only from extreme southwestern New Mexico in southern Hidalgo County. Herein, we documented L. yerbabuenae from northern Grant County along the Gila River on the southern edge of the Mogollon Plateau, which represents a 110-km range expansion to the north. We captured mostly volant young-of-the-year (68.5%) and adult females (25.9%) as well as a few adult males (5.6%) in September 2019. With assistance from local residents, we have evidence that nectar-feeding bats have been using hummingbird feeders in the area at least since 2014 and are a relatively …
Great Blue Heron Forages For Fish By Bill-Vibrating, Blanton P. Combs
Great Blue Heron Forages For Fish By Bill-Vibrating, Blanton P. Combs
Western North American Naturalist
The more than 60 species in the family Ardeidae (herons, egrets, and bitterns) are known to be very creative at catching prey. Kushlan (1978) describes a total of 38 feeding behaviors for this family. Each species uses several feeding methods, but only 6 species, or about 10% of the family, are known to attract fish by vibrating their bills in water, a technique first described by Buckley and Buckley (1968). This makes bill-vibrating one of the least common feeding tactics in Ardeidae. On 10 May 2019, I observed and photographed an adult Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias) foraging …
Courtship Behavior Of The Meadow Jumping Mouse (Zapus Hudsonius), Ethan A. Brem, William J. Israelsen
Courtship Behavior Of The Meadow Jumping Mouse (Zapus Hudsonius), Ethan A. Brem, William J. Israelsen
Western North American Naturalist
We describe the first recorded observations of courtship behavior of the meadow jumping mouse (Zapus hudsonius) made in wild-caught and captive-reared animals. Male meadow jumping mice performed a series of courtship behaviors upon approach to the female, including rapid fanning of the muzzle with the forelimbs, self-grooming, muzzle fanning, retreat, and eventual mounting attempts. During courtship, female jumping mice may retreat, ignore the courting male, or bat at the male with forelimbs until the male retreats. Active rejection of the courting male by the female is suggestive of female mate choice in this species.
Describimos las primeras observaciones …
A Simple Method For Restraint Of Small Mammals For Sampling Blood Or Tissue In The Field, John L. Orrock
A Simple Method For Restraint Of Small Mammals For Sampling Blood Or Tissue In The Field, John L. Orrock
Western North American Naturalist
Because wild rodents often harbor zoonotic pathogens that can be transmitted via saliva, urine, or feces (e.g., hantaviruses), researchers can be at risk when collecting rodent blood or tissue samples that are required for innumerable assays (e.g., infection status, hormone assays, etc.). I describe how inexpensive, readily available 50-mL centrifuge tubes can be easily modified to create a handling tube for the safe restraint of small rodents while a blood and/or tissue sample is collected from the tail. This approach has been used to successfully sample thousands of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), the primary host for Sin Nombre …
Effects Of Elk And Bison Herbivory On Narrowleaf Cottonwood, Linda C. Zeigenfuss, Kathryn A. Schoenecker
Effects Of Elk And Bison Herbivory On Narrowleaf Cottonwood, Linda C. Zeigenfuss, Kathryn A. Schoenecker
Western North American Naturalist
Ungulate browsing influences the structure and composition of woody plant communities, including species composition and biomass production as well as age distribution, recruitment, and mortality. We evaluated effects of elk and bison herbivory on narrowleaf cottonwood (Populus angustifolia) communities in a semiarid ecosystem in southern Colorado. Cottonwoods in this ecosystem have been aged at ≥300 years old and are among the oldest cottonwood trees in North America. We compared browsing intensity and structural and productivity responses of cottonwood to ungulate herbivory. We compared responses in sites with elk and bison, sites with elk but no bison, and sites …
Estimating Abundance Of Desert Mule Deer Using Fecal Dna–Based Capture-Recapture, Stephen S. Pfeiler, Mary M. Conner, Jane S. Mckeever, Rachel S. Crowhurst, Clinton W. Epps, Gerald P. Mulcahy, Erin P. Meredith, Thomas R. Stephenson
Estimating Abundance Of Desert Mule Deer Using Fecal Dna–Based Capture-Recapture, Stephen S. Pfeiler, Mary M. Conner, Jane S. Mckeever, Rachel S. Crowhurst, Clinton W. Epps, Gerald P. Mulcahy, Erin P. Meredith, Thomas R. Stephenson
Western North American Naturalist
Wildlife conservationists and managers often need to estimate abundance and demographic parameters to monitor the status of populations, and to ensure that these populations are meeting management goals. DNA capture-recapture surveys have become increasingly common in situations where physical surveys are consistently difficult or counts are small or variable. Desert mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus eremicus) inhabit rugged terrain, occur at low population densities, and demonstrate cryptic behaviors, making monitoring and assessing population status difficult. We assessed the effectiveness of a fecal DNA–based capture-recapture method for estimating abundance and survival of desert mule deer. We designed and implemented a …
Seasonal Activity And Diets Of Bats At Uranium Mines And Adjacent Areas Near The Grand Canyon, Ernest W. Valdez, Mollie K. Hanttula, Jo Ellen Hinck
Seasonal Activity And Diets Of Bats At Uranium Mines And Adjacent Areas Near The Grand Canyon, Ernest W. Valdez, Mollie K. Hanttula, Jo Ellen Hinck
Western North American Naturalist
Little information exists on the habitat use and feeding ecology of insectivorous bats in arid ecosystems, especially at and near uranium mines in northern Arizona, within the Grand Canyon watershed. In 2015–2016, we conducted mist-netting, nightly acoustic monitoring (>1 year), and diet analyses of bats, as well as insect sampling, at 2 uranium mines (Pinenut and Arizona 1) with water containment ponds. Because of physical barriers and limited general access to areas within the mine yard, mist-netting was limited to outside of the perimeter fence and away from the containment ponds. Mist-netting also occurred at 2 nearby sites that …
Cold Tolerance Of Mountain Stoneflies (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) From The High Rocky Mountains, Scott Hotaling, Alisha A. Shah, Michael E. Dillon, J. Joseph Giersch, Lusha M. Tronstad, Debra S. Finn, H. Arthur Woods, Joanna L. Kelley
Cold Tolerance Of Mountain Stoneflies (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) From The High Rocky Mountains, Scott Hotaling, Alisha A. Shah, Michael E. Dillon, J. Joseph Giersch, Lusha M. Tronstad, Debra S. Finn, H. Arthur Woods, Joanna L. Kelley
Western North American Naturalist
How aquatic insects cope with cold temperatures is poorly understood. This is particularly true for high-elevation species, which often experience a seasonal risk of freezing. In the Rocky Mountains, nemourid stoneflies (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) are a major component of mountain stream biodiversity and are typically found in streams fed by glaciers and snowfields, which are rapidly receding due to climate change. Predicting the effects of climate change on mountain stoneflies is difficult because their thermal physiology is largely unknown. We investigated cold tolerance of several alpine stoneflies (Lednia tumana, Lednia tetonica, and Zapada spp.) from the Rocky Mountains, …
Using Trail Cameras To Document Meso And Large Mammal Use Of Native And Nonnative Riparian Forest Types In Southeastern Arizona, Cheyenne J. Herzog, Heather L. Bateman
Using Trail Cameras To Document Meso And Large Mammal Use Of Native And Nonnative Riparian Forest Types In Southeastern Arizona, Cheyenne J. Herzog, Heather L. Bateman
Western North American Naturalist
Riparian areas are an important resource for many wildlife species, especially in the arid Southwest. Understanding species occurrence in areas dominated by nonnative vegetation is important to determine whether management should be implemented. Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) is one of the most prevalent and invasive nonnative woody species in riparian areas in the southwestern United States, and it can alter vegetation structure. Little is known about how meso (medium) and large carnivores and herbivores use or avoid stands of saltcedar. We investigated mammal activity in 3 riparian forest types along the San Pedro River in southeastern Arizona: nonnative saltcedar, native …
A Review Of Home Range Sizes Of Four Raptor Species Of Regional Conservation Concern, Megan Kocina, Kevin Aagaard
A Review Of Home Range Sizes Of Four Raptor Species Of Regional Conservation Concern, Megan Kocina, Kevin Aagaard
Western North American Naturalist
Knowledge of the home range size (HRS) of species is critical for their effective management and conservation. We systematically searched the open literature for information on HRS for Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), Prairie Falcon (Falco mexicanus), and Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis). We found 24 articles with HRS estimates and accompanying methodology and demographic information on sampled individuals. Most studies focused on Bald Eagles, followed by Golden Eagles, Prairie Falcons, and Ferruginous Hawks. HRS estimates for the Golden Eagle were the largest and had the greatest associated variance (m …
First Record And Diet Of The Tri-Colored Bat (Perimyotis Subflavus) From Guadalupe Mountains National Park And Culberson County, Texas, Mollie K. Hanttula, Ernest W. Valdez
First Record And Diet Of The Tri-Colored Bat (Perimyotis Subflavus) From Guadalupe Mountains National Park And Culberson County, Texas, Mollie K. Hanttula, Ernest W. Valdez
Western North American Naturalist
The tri-colored bat (Perimyotis subflavus) occurs throughout the eastern United States, from Canada to south Florida and westward to eastern New Mexico, central Colorado, and western Texas. In this study, we document the first record of P. subflavus for both Guadalupe Mountains National Park and Culberson County, Texas. Our record extends the range of P. subflavus into the Trans-Pecos region of Texas. We also examined the diet of this individual and observed that it consisted of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Hemiptera. Our observations of the diet of P. subflavus correspond with results of previous studies from more eastern …
Bats (Chiroptera) Of Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Utah And Arizona, Grace M. Carpenter, Lonnie H. Pilkington, Alexis R. Levorse, John R. Spence
Bats (Chiroptera) Of Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Utah And Arizona, Grace M. Carpenter, Lonnie H. Pilkington, Alexis R. Levorse, John R. Spence
Western North American Naturalist
Glen Canyon National Recreation Area covers large and geographically unique regions of southern Utah and northern Arizona. However, multiple surveys of bats from 1952 to 2017 have not been published. Prior to 2015, most bat surveys in the recreation area were conducted using mist nets only and did not include acoustic monitoring. In this paper we compile records of bats found in Glen Canyon National Recreation Area from 1952 to 2017, including records from our recent surveys using both mist nets and acoustic sampling. During our recent surveys, 2 new species were captured (Nyctinomops macrotis and Lasionycteris noctivagans), …
Nearshore Species Biodiversity Of A Marine Protected Area Off Santa Catalina Island, California, Audrey Looby, David W. Ginsburg
Nearshore Species Biodiversity Of A Marine Protected Area Off Santa Catalina Island, California, Audrey Looby, David W. Ginsburg
Western North American Naturalist
Santa Catalina Island, located ~35 km off the Southern California coast, is home to the Blue Cavern Onshore State Marine Conservation Area (SMCA). Although the conservation area is recognized as both an area of special biological significance and a marine life refuge, species richness of the nearshore taxa from this location is not known. In this study, we provide a comprehensive inventory of the intertidal and subtidal marine macroalgae, plants, invertebrates, and fishes documented from 5 different reef sites inside Blue Cavern Onshore SMCA. Species richness data were compiled using scuba-based visual surveys conducted in the field, references from the …
Asymmetrical Host Switching By Two Groups Of Obligate Ectosymbionts Of Crayfishes, Bronwyn W. Williams, Patricia G. Weaver
Asymmetrical Host Switching By Two Groups Of Obligate Ectosymbionts Of Crayfishes, Bronwyn W. Williams, Patricia G. Weaver
Western North American Naturalist
The Snake River Pilose Crayfish, Pacifastacus connectens (Faxon 1914), previously known only from the middle Snake River drainage in south-central Idaho west to the Harney Basin in southeastern Oregon, was discovered in the lower Deschutes River in north-central Oregon co-occurring with Signal Crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana 1852). Two groups of obligate ectosymbionts (i.e., entocytherid ostracods and branchiobdellidans) associated with these 2 Pacifastacus species displayed asymmetrical patterns of host switching, with host exchange primarily occurring from P. leniusculus onto P. connectens. Our results have implications for understanding patterns of host specificity over short ecological timescales but also raise questions …
Rocky Mountain Bristlecone Pine (Pinus Aristata) Is A Confirmed Host To Mountain Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus Ponderosae), Barbara J. Bentz, E. Matthew Hansen, James C. Vandygriff, S. Sky Stephens, David Soderberg
Rocky Mountain Bristlecone Pine (Pinus Aristata) Is A Confirmed Host To Mountain Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus Ponderosae), Barbara J. Bentz, E. Matthew Hansen, James C. Vandygriff, S. Sky Stephens, David Soderberg
Western North American Naturalist
Mountain pine beetle (MPB) (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) is a native bark beetle that reproduces in pine (Pinus) species across western North America. High population levels can result in widespread host tree mortality. Over the past 2 decades, MPB has been responsible for pine mortality across millions of forested hectares in the western United States. Although a majority of the pine species found in the western United States are considered hosts to MPB, the host status of Rocky Mountain (RM) bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata) is unclear. We surveyed stands across the range of RM bristlecone pine …
Historic Methods Of Trapping Plains Spotted Skunks: Implications For Modern Survey Methodology, D. Blake Sasse
Historic Methods Of Trapping Plains Spotted Skunks: Implications For Modern Survey Methodology, D. Blake Sasse
Western North American Naturalist
Plains spotted skunks (Spilogale putorius interrupta) were once common over a wide range, but at present they are much less abundant and infrequently captured. Therefore, it can be difficult to assess the efficacies of capture techniques in the field. I gathered data on the baits, lures, and types of trapping locations recommended in trapping manuals and in articles from trapping magazines published in the early 1900s. A total of 43 trap site recommendations, 42 bait recommendations, and 9 lure recommendations were gleaned from 36 historic articles or books. Seven of 43 trap sites (16.3%) were described simply as …
Breeding System And Pollination Of Thermopsis Divaricarpa (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) In The Southern Rocky Mountains, Roxaneh S. Khorsand, Olufisayo Awolaja
Breeding System And Pollination Of Thermopsis Divaricarpa (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) In The Southern Rocky Mountains, Roxaneh S. Khorsand, Olufisayo Awolaja
Western North American Naturalist
Thermopsis divaricarpa (Fabaceae) is a common wildflower in the montane zone of the Colorado Rocky Mountains, but its reproductive ecology is still largely unknown. Montane meadows are recognized for their relatively high species richness and important ecosystem services. Thus, knowledge of the reproductive ecology of T. divaricarpa is useful when assessing community-level responses to climate change in the montane zone of the Rockies. We investigated the phenology, breeding system, and pollination of this species in the southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado. Our results suggest that T. divaricarpa flowers from early June to mid-July, exhibits a facultative xenogamous breeding system, and …
Distribution, Density, And Land Cover Associations Of Wintering Golden Eagles In The Southern Great Plains, Natasia R. Mitchell, Clint W. Boal, Ben R. Skipper
Distribution, Density, And Land Cover Associations Of Wintering Golden Eagles In The Southern Great Plains, Natasia R. Mitchell, Clint W. Boal, Ben R. Skipper
Western North American Naturalist
In addition to its resident Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), the Southern Great Plains of North America receives an influx of migrant Golden Eagles each winter. However, little current or quantitative information is available regarding eagle presence or the species’ land cover associations across the region. During the winters of 2014/2015 and 2015/2016, we surveyed Golden Eagles along 51 approximately 55-km-long road survey transects within a 136,800-km2 area of the Southern Great Plains of eastern New Mexico and the panhandles of Texas and Oklahoma. Our goal was to estimate the winter density of Golden Eagles in the region …
Native Fish Loss In A Transition-Zone Stream Following Century-Long Habitat Alterations And Nonnative Species Introductions, Matthew R. Haworth, Kevin R. Bestgen, Edward R. Kluender, William H. Keeley, Donald R. D'Amico, F. Boyd Wright
Native Fish Loss In A Transition-Zone Stream Following Century-Long Habitat Alterations And Nonnative Species Introductions, Matthew R. Haworth, Kevin R. Bestgen, Edward R. Kluender, William H. Keeley, Donald R. D'Amico, F. Boyd Wright
Western North American Naturalist
Habitat destruction, hydrologic alteration, and nonnative species introductions have greatly altered the composition of North American stream fish assemblages. In the western United States, intermediate-elevation transition-zone stream reaches––those located between higher-elevation mountain and lower-elevation plains areas––historically supported native fish assemblages that included sensitive species and peripheral or isolated populations of more widespread taxa. We compiled historical records and conducted sampling to examine changes to the fish assemblage in the transition-zone reach of South Boulder Creek, Colorado, USA. Because human development of transition zones altered stream and riparian ecosystems prior to sampling, we developed a historical timeline of human activities to …
Harvester Ants Reduce Seed Survivorship In Slickspot Peppergrass, A Rare Mustard Endemic To Idaho, Jennifer A. Brown, Ian C. Robertson
Harvester Ants Reduce Seed Survivorship In Slickspot Peppergrass, A Rare Mustard Endemic To Idaho, Jennifer A. Brown, Ian C. Robertson
Western North American Naturalist
Seed predation can significantly reduce the reproductive success of individual plants and their populations. The consequences of seed predation often are most pronounced for rare plant species, in which loss of seeds can have a disproportionate effect on populations. The present study examined the effects of seed predation by Owyhee harvester ants (Pogonomyrmex salinus) on seed survivorship in slickspot peppergrass (Lepidium papilliferum), a rare mustard endemic to sagebrush-steppe habitat in southwestern Idaho. Within sagebrush-steppe, L. papilliferum is restricted to microsites known as “slick spots”—shallow depressions of soil characterized by distinct clay layers and surface water retention …
The First Generation And Annual Cytogenetic Diversity Of The Simulium Arcticum Malloch Complex (Diptera: Simuliidae) At The Little Blackfoot River, Montana, Gerald F. Shields
The First Generation And Annual Cytogenetic Diversity Of The Simulium Arcticum Malloch Complex (Diptera: Simuliidae) At The Little Blackfoot River, Montana, Gerald F. Shields
Western North American Naturalist
I made six extensive collections of black fly larvae at the Little Blackfoot River (LBFR) in western Montana at roughly 2-week intervals from 25 March to 2 June 2019 to describe larval size-class frequencies and cytogenetic diversity of the first spring generation. Frequencies of seven size classes, pupae, and pupal exuviae are given, though no larvae with egg bursters (first-instar larvae) were observed. Therefore, the earliest instars were missed. Sex chromosomes of 562 larvae of this first generation were compared to those of 1260 other larvae previously analyzed from 10 dates (2003 to 2012) to determine whether sex chromosome frequencies …
Scavenging Of Animal Carcasses By Gumaga Nigricula (Sericostomatidae, Trichoptera), An Apparent Herbivore, Stephanie M. Carlson, Pablo Rodriguez-Lozano, Hana Moidu, Robert A. Leidy
Scavenging Of Animal Carcasses By Gumaga Nigricula (Sericostomatidae, Trichoptera), An Apparent Herbivore, Stephanie M. Carlson, Pablo Rodriguez-Lozano, Hana Moidu, Robert A. Leidy
Western North American Naturalist
Caddisflies within the genus Gumaga are generally considered shredders (i.e., consumers of leaf litter) or grazers (i.e., consumers of algae). We report on observations of Gumaga nigricula scavenging animal carcasses within and adjacent to isolated pools along intermittent reaches of Coyote Creek, Santa Clara County, California, USA. In particular, during the summer of 2018, we observed G. nigricula scavenging fish carcasses within isolated pools as well as bits of flesh from the bones of a black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) deposited on the stream bank. To the best of our knowledge, our observations represent the first published record …
A Noninvasive Genetic Technique Using Guano For Identification Of Corynorhinus Townsendii (Townsend’S Big-Eared Bat) Maternity Roosts, Kelly E. Williams, Richard E. Sherwin, Kaci K. Vandalen, Antoinette J. Piaggio
A Noninvasive Genetic Technique Using Guano For Identification Of Corynorhinus Townsendii (Townsend’S Big-Eared Bat) Maternity Roosts, Kelly E. Williams, Richard E. Sherwin, Kaci K. Vandalen, Antoinette J. Piaggio
Western North American Naturalist
The use of DNA from fecal samples can allow for a better understanding of the ecology of a species without capturing and handling the animals. This is particularly useful for cryptic and elusive animals, such as bats. Being able to identify critical habitat, such as maternity roosts, for bat species in areas where they depend on abandoned mines that could be slated for closure is necessary to enact appropriate protections for such roosts. In particular, Corynorhinus townsendii commonly uses abandoned mines for maternity roosts. Further, maternity roosts are difficult to identify through visual surveys when only one or a few …
Late Quaternary Voles From Persistence Cave, Black Hills, South Dakota, Christopher N. Jass, Jim I. Mead, Sandra L. Swift
Late Quaternary Voles From Persistence Cave, Black Hills, South Dakota, Christopher N. Jass, Jim I. Mead, Sandra L. Swift
Western North American Naturalist
Excavations at Persistence Cave (Black Hills, SD), produced a large sample of Quaternary microfauna including a diverse assemblage of arvicoline rodents. Identifiable lower first molars (n = 367) include specimens referred to heather vole (Phenacomys sp.), muskrat (Ondatra sp.), southern bog lemming (Synaptomys cooperi), red-backed vole (Myodes sp.), sagebrush vole (Lemmiscus curtatus), prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster), and a form of meadow vole (Microtus sp.). Direct radiocarbon dating of specimens of Lemmiscus curtatus is consistent with previous records from the Nelson–Wittenberg Site and indicates that sagebrush voles inhabited …
On The Accepted Name Of The Paria River Breadroot, Pediomelum Pariense (S.L. Welsh & N.D. Atwood) J.W. Grimes, Ashley N. Egan
On The Accepted Name Of The Paria River Breadroot, Pediomelum Pariense (S.L. Welsh & N.D. Atwood) J.W. Grimes, Ashley N. Egan
Western North American Naturalist
Two groups independently and seemingly simultaneously published the new combination of Pediomelum pariense, the Paria River breadroot. Both names were published in the second-quarter issues of separate journals in 1986. Same issue dates have led to confusion over which name takes precedence and is thus accepted. However, one issue was delayed in printing. Evidence is provided herein for acceptance of Pediomelum pariense (S.L. Welsh & N.D. Atwood) J.W. Grimes over Pediomelum pariense (S.L. Welsh & N.D. Atwood) S.L. Welsh & N.D. Atwood.
Dos grupos publicaron de forma independiente y aparentemente simultánea la nueva combinación de Pediomelum pariense, el …