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Classic Article: On Properties Of Seawater Defined By Temperature, Salinity, And Pressure, George Veronis
Classic Article: On Properties Of Seawater Defined By Temperature, Salinity, And Pressure, George Veronis
Journal of Marine Research
Hydrographic station data, consisting principally of temperature and salinity determinations, have been used by physical oceanographers to develop a climatological picture of the distribution of these quantities in the oceans of the world. Density as determined by Knudsen's formula, taken together with hydrostatic and geostrophic dynamics, also provides a crude picture of oceanic flow. However, the data probably contain substantially more information than has been derived from them in the past.The quantity that is orthogonal to potential-density curves in the θS plane is suggested as a useful variable to complement the information contained in potential density. The derivation of …
Effect Modification Of Greenness In The Residential Environment On Temperature-Mortality Relationship Among Older Adults In China, Chengcheng Qiu
Effect Modification Of Greenness In The Residential Environment On Temperature-Mortality Relationship Among Older Adults In China, Chengcheng Qiu
Public Health Theses
Older adults are highly vulnerable to adverse climate-related impacts, with temperature-related mortality that are likely to vary according to geographic characteristics, vegetation abundance and socioeconomic conditions. We examined how mortality among older adults in China was associated with different temperatures over 14 years (2000-2014), and how geolocation, vegetation abundance in the residential environment and socioeconomic conditions modulate this association. We used case-crossover study design with distributed nonlinear modeling method to estimate heat- and cold-related mortality, and stratified the analysis by the level of vegetation abundance, calculated from light reflectance of remotely sensed imagery, and socioeconomic characteristics including education and residence …
Impacts Of Ambient Temperature On Foodborne Salmonella Infection, Victoria E. Shirriff
Impacts Of Ambient Temperature On Foodborne Salmonella Infection, Victoria E. Shirriff
Public Health Theses
Foodborne Disease (FBD) impacts individuals through the ingestion of foods contaminated with microbes and can lead to an array of adverse health consequences ranging from mild symptoms such as nausea to those that evolve to become life-threatening (World Health Organization, 2015a). The incidence of FBD is expected to increase in the presence of climate change due to an increase in ambient temperature creating an environment where microbes can rapidly multiply and thrive (Gregory, Johnson, Newton, & Ingram, 2009; Kovats et al., 2004). Foodborne cases of Salmonella make up the second largest cause of gastrointestinal infection in the United States (Scallan …
Multi-Decadal Trends And Variability In Temperature And Salinity In The Mid-Atlantic Bight, Georges Bank, And Gulf Of Maine, Elizabeth J. Wallace, Lev B. Looney, Donglai Gong
Multi-Decadal Trends And Variability In Temperature And Salinity In The Mid-Atlantic Bight, Georges Bank, And Gulf Of Maine, Elizabeth J. Wallace, Lev B. Looney, Donglai Gong
Journal of Marine Research
Increasing attention is being placed on the regional impact of climate change. This study focuses on the decadal scale variabilities of temperature and salinity in the Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB), Georges Bank (GB), and Gulf of Maine (GOM) from 1977 to 2016 using hydrographic survey data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Northeast Fisheries Science Center. The MAB (as defined by the shelf regions from Cape Hatteras to Cape Cod) experienced warming rates of 0.57 °C per decade during the Winter/Spring season (Jan–Apr) and 0.47 °C per decade during the Fall/Winter season (Sep–Dec). The GOM and GB, on the …
On Trend Analysis In Climatic Time Series, With Application To Surface Temperature, Victor Privalsky, Marina Fortus, Vladimir Komchatov, Eugene Borisov
On Trend Analysis In Climatic Time Series, With Application To Surface Temperature, Victor Privalsky, Marina Fortus, Vladimir Komchatov, Eugene Borisov
Journal of Marine Research
The deletion of a trend as an initial step in the analysis of climatic time series may result in the elimination of low-frequency components which constitute an integral part of climatic variability. An example is given here showing that linear trend deletion from the time series of the World Ocean annual sea-surface temperature (1850–2009) reduces the low-frequency (from 0.02 year–1 to 0.001 year–1) part of the time series spectrum by ∼40% to 80% thus severely distorting the spectrum of climate. As an additional result, it is shown that the current warming can be explained in full within …
Larval Responses To Turbulence And Temperature In A Tidal Inlet: Habitat Selection By Dispersing Gastropods?, Heidi L. Fuchs, Andrew R. Solow, Lauren S. Mullineaux
Larval Responses To Turbulence And Temperature In A Tidal Inlet: Habitat Selection By Dispersing Gastropods?, Heidi L. Fuchs, Andrew R. Solow, Lauren S. Mullineaux
Journal of Marine Research
Marine larval dispersal is affected by hydrodynamic transport and larval behavior, but little is known about how behavior affects large-scale patterns of dispersal and recruitment. Intertidal habitats are characterized by strong and variable turbulence relative to shelf and pelagic waters, so larval responses to turbulence may affect both dispersal and habitat selection. This study combined observations and theoretical approaches to model gastropod larval responses to multiple physical variables in a well-mixed tidal inlet. Physical measurements and larvae were collected in July 2004 in Barnstable Harbor, Massachusetts (USA). Physical measurements were incorporated in an advection-diffusion model where larval vertical velocity is …
Dynamics Of The Indonesian Seas Circulation. Part I – The Influence Of Bottom Topography On Temperature And Salinity Distributions, Kieran T. A. O'Driscoll, Vladimir M. Kamenkovich
Dynamics Of The Indonesian Seas Circulation. Part I – The Influence Of Bottom Topography On Temperature And Salinity Distributions, Kieran T. A. O'Driscoll, Vladimir M. Kamenkovich
Journal of Marine Research
The influence of bottom topography on the distribution of temperature and salinity in the Indonesian seas region has been studied with a high-resolution model based on the Princeton Ocean Model. One of the distinctive properties of the model is an adequate reproduction of all major topographic features in the region by the model bottom relief. The three major routes of flow of Pacific water through the region have been identified. The western route follows the flow of North Pacific Water through the Sulawesi Sea, Makassar Strait, Flores Sea, and Banda Sea. This is the main branch of the Indonesian Throughflow. …
The All-Atlantic Temperature-Salinity-Pressure Relation And Patched Potential Density, Roland A. De Szoeke, Scott R. Springer
The All-Atlantic Temperature-Salinity-Pressure Relation And Patched Potential Density, Roland A. De Szoeke, Scott R. Springer
Journal of Marine Research
The relation between temperature, salinity, and pressure in the Atlantic Ocean is examined. Most of the Atlantic resolves itself into three two-dimensional manifolds of three-dimensional thermodynamic space: a northern, more saline, branch, and a southern, fresher, branch, each quite independent of pressure, and between them a bridge, on which density is uniform at constant pressure. The properties of the branches are crucial to the construction of joint potential density surfaces, patched together at 1000 db intervals. By resolving more finely in pressure (illustrated with 200 db spacing), a finer system of patched potential density surfaces can be obtained, and indeed …
Temperature Structure And Mixed Layer In The Kuroshio Region Over The Izu Ridge, Kimio Hanawa, Izumi Hoshino
Temperature Structure And Mixed Layer In The Kuroshio Region Over The Izu Ridge, Kimio Hanawa, Izumi Hoshino
Journal of Marine Research
Temperature data taken over the Izu Ridge during 1964–1986 were analyzed to present the mean temperature structure and the mixed layer in the Kuroshio Region. Since the Kuroshio radically changes its position over the Izu Ridge, in order to construct the rational mean fields, we made composite analyses of the data using a coordinate with its origin at the Kuroshio axis. In the southern part of the Kuroshio axis, the 15 and 12°C isotherms lie at depths of about 400 and 550 m, respectively, in all months analyzed. These depths are shallower by 250 m than those of the Gulf …
Spatial Patterns In Temperature And Chlorophyll On Nantucket Shoals From Airborne Remote Sensing Data, May 7-9, 1981, Janet W. Campbell, Wayne E. Esaias
Spatial Patterns In Temperature And Chlorophyll On Nantucket Shoals From Airborne Remote Sensing Data, May 7-9, 1981, Janet W. Campbell, Wayne E. Esaias
Journal of Marine Research
Spatial patterns in 4 aerial mappings of temperature and chlorophyll over Nantucket Shoals were analyzed using a variety of statistical techniques. The goal was to determine whether statistical methods could provide insight concerning phytoplankton dynamics on the Shoals. Statistical techniques included a covariance analysis of large scale trends and a spectral analysis of detrended data. Airborne remote sensors had provided the necessary synopticity in which to observe temporal variability on scales of 0.5–2 days. Maximum correlations between chlorophyll, temperature and depth occurred at nonzero lags, suggesting westward movement of water over the Shoals and a time lag in phytoplankton growth. …
Dynamics Of Temperature And Chlorophyll Structures Above A Seamount: An Oceanic Experiment, Amatzia Genin, George W. Boehlert
Dynamics Of Temperature And Chlorophyll Structures Above A Seamount: An Oceanic Experiment, Amatzia Genin, George W. Boehlert
Journal of Marine Research
Three hydrographic surveys comprised of densely spaced XBT and CTD stations were conducted over Minami-kasuga Seamount, in the northwest Pacific (21°36′N, 143°38′E). A cold dome, similar to a Taylor column, was observed above the seamount top during the first survey. Uplifted isotherms penetrated to the lower euphotic zone and were associated with higher chlorophyll concentrations. Vertical displacement of uplifted isotherms decayed with elevation above the seamount, so that both temperature and chlorophyll anomalies were undetectable at depths less than 80 m. Relatively high chlorophyll concentrations in a layer from 80 m to 100m depth formed a distinctive deep chlorophyll maximum …
Spatial And Temporal Effects Of Salinity, Temperature And Chlorophyll On The Communities Of Zooplankton In The Southeastern Bering Sea, Sharon L. Smith, Julio Vidal
Spatial And Temporal Effects Of Salinity, Temperature And Chlorophyll On The Communities Of Zooplankton In The Southeastern Bering Sea, Sharon L. Smith, Julio Vidal
Journal of Marine Research
Analyses of 402 samples collected from late March through early June in 1980 have shown that the two communities of zooplankton over the southeastern shelf of the Bering Sea are kept separate spatially by the lack of advection and frontal characteristics of the salinity distributions. The abundance of copepods over the middle shelf, between 50 and 100 m isobaths approximately, was highly correlated with seasonal warming of the surface layer, while abundances of copepods over the outer shelf and slope were not. The spring bloom of phytoplankton influenced abundances over the middle shelf more profoundly than the outer shelf; of …
Seasonal Variability Of Temperature And Salinity In The Labrador Current, John R.N. Lazier
Seasonal Variability Of Temperature And Salinity In The Labrador Current, John R.N. Lazier
Journal of Marine Research
Most of the available temperature and salinity data from the waters above the Labrador continental shelf and slope are assembled and analyzed for seasonal variations. It is first demonstrated that the horizontal temperature and salinity gradients are small in the waters over the shelf relative to the gradients across the slope where the strongest part of the Labrador Current is trapped....
Low-Frequency Temperature Fluctuations Between Ocean Station Echo And Bermuda, W. Sturges, Alan Summy
Low-Frequency Temperature Fluctuations Between Ocean Station Echo And Bermuda, W. Sturges, Alan Summy
Journal of Marine Research
Hydrographic data at Ocean Station Echo (35N, 48W) form an almost continuous 6-year series ending in 1973. The temperature fluctu ations at periods longer than about 8 months appear to be largely from the first vertical mode, and at periods of about 7 to 4 months from the second. These fluctuations are found to be coherent with those seen in the Panulirus data, at Bermuda, if the travel time for group velocity is included....
Simultaneous Pressure, Velocity And Temperature Measurements In The Florida Straits, Carl Wunsch, Mark Wimbush
Simultaneous Pressure, Velocity And Temperature Measurements In The Florida Straits, Carl Wunsch, Mark Wimbush
Journal of Marine Research
We present a descriptive picture of the variability in the Florida Current as measured by a large number of current meters, temperature sensors, and bottom mounted pressure sensors in the period March-August, 1974. Because of the very high velocities, only measurements made in the near-bottom region were possible. The tidal regime is found to be somewhat more complex than postulated from earlier measurements....
Latitudinal Relationships Among Temperature And Selected Plant Nutrients Along The West Coast Of North And South America, S.-J. Zentara, D. Kamykowski
Latitudinal Relationships Among Temperature And Selected Plant Nutrients Along The West Coast Of North And South America, S.-J. Zentara, D. Kamykowski
Journal of Marine Research
The relationships among temperature and selected plant nutrients (nitrate, phosphate and silicate) were determined in marine waters for 10° latitudinal (longitudinal) bands along the west coast of North and South America. Data within each 10° band were obtained from the U.S. National Oceanographic Data Center, the Canadian Oceanographic Data Center or major oceanographic institutions....
Note On The Significance Of A Previous Rossby Wave Fit To Internal Temperature Fluctuations In The Eastern Pacific, Lorenz Magaard, James M. Price
Note On The Significance Of A Previous Rossby Wave Fit To Internal Temperature Fluctuations In The Eastern Pacific, Lorenz Magaard, James M. Price
Journal of Marine Research
This note refers to a paper by Emery and Magaard (1976), where it was shown that low frequency internal temperature fluctuations in parts of the Eastern Pacific can, to a large extent, be interpreted by a baroclinic Rossby wave model. Fitting a generalized wave model to the same data used by Emery and Magaard shows that the Rossby wave model yields not only a good but, in a certain sense, the best fit, which reinforces the case for the existence of baroclinic Rossby waves in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
The Density Of Seawater Solutions At One Atmosphere As A Function Of Temperature And Salinity, Frank J. Millero, Agustin Gonzalez, Gary K. Ward
The Density Of Seawater Solutions At One Atmosphere As A Function Of Temperature And Salinity, Frank J. Millero, Agustin Gonzalez, Gary K. Ward
Journal of Marine Research
The relative density (d – d0) of diluted and evaporated standard seawater solutions have been determined at one atmosphere with a magnetic float densimeter and a suspension balance from 0.5 to 40‰ salinity and 0 to 40°C….
On The Potential Temperature In The Abyssal Pacific Ocean, Arnold W. Mantyla
On The Potential Temperature In The Abyssal Pacific Ocean, Arnold W. Mantyla
Journal of Marine Research
A new map of the potential temperature at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean has been prepared It allows a more detailed description of the abyssal flow than has been possible before. In addition to the generally northward flow of the Pacific Bottom Water, some evidence is presented for the manner of modification of the Bottom Water, by vertical mixing and geothermal heating, into Pacific Deep Water, which must return southward above the Bottom Water layer....
Preliminary Look At Feasibility Of Using Marine Reports Of Sea Surface Temperature For Documenting Climatic Change In The Western North Atlantic, Michèle Fieux, Henry Stommel
Preliminary Look At Feasibility Of Using Marine Reports Of Sea Surface Temperature For Documenting Climatic Change In The Western North Atlantic, Michèle Fieux, Henry Stommel
Journal of Marine Research
The nature and quality of portions of the Marine Deck of sea-surface temperature (SST) records for Marsden Squares 114 and 78 (20°-40°N, 50°-60°W) have been examined to determine their suitability for historical analysis of SST, and for evidence of climatic variation. Apparently the data is numerous enough to demonstrate, using six-year means for individual months, a warming from 1910-1920 to a maximum in 1950-1960, and thereafter a cooling, coherent over both square (both in winter and summer), trends consistent with other sources of data.
Temperature And Salinity Tolerances Of Young Gulf Of California Grunion, Leuresthes Sardina (Atheriniformes: Atherinidae), William W. Reynolds, Donald A. Thomson
Temperature And Salinity Tolerances Of Young Gulf Of California Grunion, Leuresthes Sardina (Atheriniformes: Atherinidae), William W. Reynolds, Donald A. Thomson
Journal of Marine Research
Temperature and salinity tolerances were determined for laboratory-reared larval and juvenile Gulf of California grunion, Leuresthes sardina. The fish were hatched in the laboratory from artificially fertilized eggs obtained from spawning adults captured with a beach seine....
Comments On Veronis' Paper, "On Properties Of Seawater Defined By Temperature, Salinity, And Pressure", O. I. Mamayev
Comments On Veronis' Paper, "On Properties Of Seawater Defined By Temperature, Salinity, And Pressure", O. I. Mamayev
Journal of Marine Research
Veronis (1972: 227), in the above paper, has stated that "The quantity that is orthogonal to potential-density curves in the θS [T–S] plane is suggested as a useful variable to complement the information contained in potential density." He denotes this quantity with τ.
On Properties Of Seawater Defined By Temperature, Salinity, And Pressure, George Veronis
On Properties Of Seawater Defined By Temperature, Salinity, And Pressure, George Veronis
Journal of Marine Research
Hydrographic station data, consisting principally of temperature and salinity determinations, have been used by physical oceanographers to develop a climatological picture of the distribution of these quantities in the oceans of the world. Density as determined by Knudsen's formula, taken together with hydrostatic and geostrophic dynamics, also provides a crude picture of oceanic flow....
Relationship Of Potential Temperature And Silicate In The Deep Waters Between Cape Lookout, North Carolina, And Bermuda, Unnsteinn Stefánsson, Larry P. Atkinson
Relationship Of Potential Temperature And Silicate In The Deep Waters Between Cape Lookout, North Carolina, And Bermuda, Unnsteinn Stefánsson, Larry P. Atkinson
Journal of Marine Research
The relationship between potential temperature…
Meridional Distribution Of Temperture-Salinity Characteristics Of Pacific Ocean Surface Water, Ronald J. Lynn
Meridional Distribution Of Temperture-Salinity Characteristics Of Pacific Ocean Surface Water, Ronald J. Lynn
Journal of Marine Research
This paper describes the meridional distribution of the temperature-salinity (t-s) characteristics of Pacific Ocean surface water in a sector between 120° W and 180°, and from the Aleutian Island Arc to the Antarctic ice….
Vertical Distribution Of Wind Speed, Temperature And Humidity Above A Water Surface, R. G. Fleagle, J. W. Deardorff, F. I. Badgley
Vertical Distribution Of Wind Speed, Temperature And Humidity Above A Water Surface, R. G. Fleagle, J. W. Deardorff, F. I. Badgley
Journal of Marine Research
An observational program is described which has been used to obtain an accurate determination of vertical profiles of wind speed, temperature, and vapor pressure over a salt water inlet with an over-water air fetch of about five miles. The wind profiles show systematic anomalies of 1 or 2 %, which are not explainable as instrumental or observational error. The curvature of wind profiles over water shows the same dependence on Richardson number as that found by others over land. Temperature profiles are similar in this respect, but curvature of the vapor pressure profiles shows little dependence on stability. Values of …
On The Reliability Of Field Measurements Of Temperature And Salinity In The Ocean, Warren S. Wooster, Bruce A. Taft
On The Reliability Of Field Measurements Of Temperature And Salinity In The Ocean, Warren S. Wooster, Bruce A. Taft
Journal of Marine Research
In order to evaluate the reliability of recent field measurements of temperature and salinity we have followed the behavior of certa in pairs of reversing thermometers through many reversals and have examined the distribution of closely spaced measurements of temperature and salinity at intermediate depths. The errors of measurement are comparable to those of the classical expeditions and are small with respect to sampling and other errors in the upper layers of the ocean. The effect of measurement errors on computed values of specific volume anomaly, of geopotential anomaly, and of geostrophic current speed was examined.
Sea Temperature Variations Associated With Tidal Currents In Stratified Shallow Water Over An Irregular Bottom, Dale F. Leipper
Sea Temperature Variations Associated With Tidal Currents In Stratified Shallow Water Over An Irregular Bottom, Dale F. Leipper
Journal of Marine Research
Unusual features of the large and nearly periodic variations in sea temperature which are observed in shallow stratified water along the coast of southern California may be caused by tidal stirring over an irregular bottom and by subsequent horizontal and vertical oscillating movements associated with tides.
Growth And Setting Of Larvae Of Venus Mercenarid In Relation To Temperautre, V. L. Loosanoff, W. S. Miller, P. B. Smith
Growth And Setting Of Larvae Of Venus Mercenarid In Relation To Temperautre, V. L. Loosanoff, W. S. Miller, P. B. Smith
Journal of Marine Research
Larvae of the hard shell clam, Venus mercenaria, were grown to metamorphosis at constant temperatures of 30.0, 27.0, 24.0, 21.0 and 18.0° C ± 1.0° C. The rate of growth of the larvae was generally, but not always, more rapid at high than at low temperatures. Within this range small differences in temperature, such as 1.0 or 2.0°, were not extremely important in affecting the rate of growth....
The Field Use Of A Salinity-Temperature-Depth Recorder, William L. Ford
The Field Use Of A Salinity-Temperature-Depth Recorder, William L. Ford
Journal of Marine Research
A salinity-temperature-depth recorder that provides a continuous record of the salinity and temperature of sea water has been described by Jacobson. The present paper is a discussion of the use of this instrument in the field and of its application to a variety of hydrographic problems.