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To The Oceanographic Community, George Veronis
To The Oceanographic Community, George Veronis
Journal of Marine Research
I became Editor of the Journal of Marine Research in January of 1973 and resigned with the November, 2009 issue; although, in fact, Ken Brink essentially took over the task during the summer of 2009, when I ended up in the hospital for a period of six-months. As of this issue (Volume 68, Number 1), Ken becomes the official Editor.
Editorial, Kenneth H. Brink
Editorial, Kenneth H. Brink
Journal of Marine Research
With the completion of Volume 67 of the Journal of Marine Research, George Veronis is stepping down after having served as editor for 37 years. In the Journal’s 73-year history, there have been only three editors, and George has served the longest. During George’s tenure, the Journal has prospered and it has strengthened its position as one of the best oceanographic scholarly Journals. The entire oceanographic community should be grateful for George’s commitment to excellence, hard work and commitment. His accomplishments with the Journal are most impressive.
Tides And Overtides In Long Island Sound, Diane C. Bennett, James O'Donnell, W. Frank Bohlen, Adam Houk
Tides And Overtides In Long Island Sound, Diane C. Bennett, James O'Donnell, W. Frank Bohlen, Adam Houk
Journal of Marine Research
Using observations obtained by acoustic Doppler profilers and coastal water level recorders, we describe the vertical and horizontal structure of the currents and sea level due to the principal tidal constituents in Long Island Sound, a shallow estuary in southern New England. As expected, the observations reveal that M2 is the dominant constituent in both sea surface and velocity at all depths and sites. We also find evidence that the vertical structure of the M2 tidal current ellipse parameters vary with the seasonal evolution of vertical stratification at some sites. By comparing our estimates of the vertical structure …
Water-Mass Transformation In The Shelf Seas, Gualtiero Badin, Richard G. Williams, Jonathan Sharples
Water-Mass Transformation In The Shelf Seas, Gualtiero Badin, Richard G. Williams, Jonathan Sharples
Journal of Marine Research
The rate at which water masses are transformed from one density class to another is assessed in the shelf seas using the Walin (1982) framework. For a tidal-mixing front, the transformation is estimated using air-sea density fluxes and the diapycnal mixing diagnosed from a series of one-dimensional mixed layer models running across the shelf. These transformation rates diagnosed from the air-sea fluxes and diapycnal mixing agree with volume changes diagnosed directly from the model. The transformation from air-sea fluxes reaches a maximum amplitude typically twice that provided by diffusive mixing. This framework is extended to estimate the rate at which …
Larval Responses To Turbulence And Temperature In A Tidal Inlet: Habitat Selection By Dispersing Gastropods?, Heidi L. Fuchs, Andrew R. Solow, Lauren S. Mullineaux
Larval Responses To Turbulence And Temperature In A Tidal Inlet: Habitat Selection By Dispersing Gastropods?, Heidi L. Fuchs, Andrew R. Solow, Lauren S. Mullineaux
Journal of Marine Research
Marine larval dispersal is affected by hydrodynamic transport and larval behavior, but little is known about how behavior affects large-scale patterns of dispersal and recruitment. Intertidal habitats are characterized by strong and variable turbulence relative to shelf and pelagic waters, so larval responses to turbulence may affect both dispersal and habitat selection. This study combined observations and theoretical approaches to model gastropod larval responses to multiple physical variables in a well-mixed tidal inlet. Physical measurements and larvae were collected in July 2004 in Barnstable Harbor, Massachusetts (USA). Physical measurements were incorporated in an advection-diffusion model where larval vertical velocity is …
Effect Of Nutrient Input Frequency On The Structure And Dynamics Of The Marine Pelagic Community: A Modeling Approach, D. Macias, E. Ramírez-Romero, C. M. García
Effect Of Nutrient Input Frequency On The Structure And Dynamics Of The Marine Pelagic Community: A Modeling Approach, D. Macias, E. Ramírez-Romero, C. M. García
Journal of Marine Research
An analysis of the induced changes in both total productivity and community structure as a consequence of different pulsed nutrient inputs has been made by using two different ecosystem modeling tools. One was a modified version of the N-based model proposed by Fasham et al. (1990) for pelagic ecosystems and the other the plankton functional type model by Vichi et al. (2007). Both models lead to higher total biomass production with a pulsed nutrient input compared to a continuous supply, affecting both phytoplankton and zooplankton. Detailed responses are, however, different among plankton groups depending on the frequency of pulsed nutrient …
Oxygen Isotope Ratio, Barium And Salinity In Waters Around The North American Coast From The Pacific To The Atlantic: Implications For Freshwater Sources To The Arctic Throughflow, Michiyo Yamamoto-Kawai, Eddy C. Carmack, Fiona A. Mclaughlin, Kelly K. Falkner
Oxygen Isotope Ratio, Barium And Salinity In Waters Around The North American Coast From The Pacific To The Atlantic: Implications For Freshwater Sources To The Arctic Throughflow, Michiyo Yamamoto-Kawai, Eddy C. Carmack, Fiona A. Mclaughlin, Kelly K. Falkner
Journal of Marine Research
In 2002, oxygen isotope ratios of water (H218O/H216O), dissolved barium, and salinity were measured in surface waters around northern North America to identify freshwater sources and to provide a large-scale background for interpretation of regional inputs and processes. Oxygen isotope ratios showed that precipitation, river runoff, and sea ice meltwater were all significant contributors to the freshwater carried by the coastal component of the Arctic throughflow. Precipitation and runoff contributed <40% and >60%, respectively, to the freshwater found in surface waters along the Pacific coast. Sea ice meltwater contributed up to 65% to waters residing near …
Onset Of Time-Dependence In A Double-Gyre Circulation: Barotropic Basin Modes Versus Classical Baroclinic Modes, Hristina G. Hristova, Henk A. Dijkstra, Michael A. Spall
Onset Of Time-Dependence In A Double-Gyre Circulation: Barotropic Basin Modes Versus Classical Baroclinic Modes, Hristina G. Hristova, Henk A. Dijkstra, Michael A. Spall
Journal of Marine Research
Using a fully-implicit high-resolution two-layer quasi-geostrophic model combined with pseudo-arclength continuation methods, we perform a bifurcation analysis of double-gyre ocean flows to study their initial oscillatory instabilities. In this model, both wind- and thermally-forced flows can be represented. We demonstrate that on the branch of anti-symmetric steady-state solutions the ratio, Ω, of the flow advective speed to the long internal Rossby wave speed determines the type of oscillatory modes to first become unstable. This is the same nondimensional parameter that controls the shape of the geostrophic contours in the linear limit of the circulation. For large values of Ω, the …
Upwelling Limitation By Onshore Geostrophic Flow, P. Marchesiello, P. Estrade
Upwelling Limitation By Onshore Geostrophic Flow, P. Marchesiello, P. Estrade
Journal of Marine Research
Although coastal upwelling has now been the subject of many studies, the only available dynamical upwelling index is derived from a simple relation between upwelling intensity and alongshore winds stress. In this study, we first present a primitive equation model simulation of the New Caledonia island region to show that upwelling intensity can be limited by onshore geostrophic flow. Then, we propose a new analytical model accounting for the effect of onshore geostrophic flow on the structure of upwelling. The analytical model is shown to match remarkably well the solution of the primitive equation model. Used as an upwelling index, …
The Relation Between The Duration And Shape Of Internal Wave Groups, S. A. Thorpe
The Relation Between The Duration And Shape Of Internal Wave Groups, S. A. Thorpe
Journal of Marine Research
This paper discusses the effect of the shape of internal wave groups on their “duration” or “lifetime”—how long they retain their form before their component waves disperse. The methodology devised by Smith and Brulefert (2010) to study the dispersion of surface wave groups is extended to examine the dispersion of internal wave groups. To provide tangible examples, it is supposed that wave groups of ellipsoidal shape, symmetrical about a vertical plane, are generated in a uniformly stratified thermocline by moving periodic disturbances perturbing the base of an overlying mixed layer. The dispersion relation for internal waves is used to determine …
The Effect Of Iron- And Light-Limitation On Phytoplankton Communities Of Deep Chlorophyll Maxima Of The Western Pacific Ocean, Zackary I. Johnson, Ragini Shyam, Anna E. Ritchie, Cecile Mioni, Veronica P. Lance, James W. Murray, Erik R. Zinser
The Effect Of Iron- And Light-Limitation On Phytoplankton Communities Of Deep Chlorophyll Maxima Of The Western Pacific Ocean, Zackary I. Johnson, Ragini Shyam, Anna E. Ritchie, Cecile Mioni, Veronica P. Lance, James W. Murray, Erik R. Zinser
Journal of Marine Research
The deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) is a widespread feature in most stratified, oligotrophic waters. In addition to their well-established importance for many surface phytoplankton communities, more recent evidence suggests that iron, light or co-limitation may also be important drivers for some DCM communities. To test this hypothesis, we describe the results from six grow-out experiments, four from the Equatorial Pacific Ocean (between 150°E and 140°W), one in Western Pacific Warm Pool (9°S, 170°E) and one in the middle of the Tasman Sea (36°S). Photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) and biomass response, including Chl a and phytoplankton community structure (pennate diatoms, photosynthetic eukaryotes, …
On The Coastal-Upwelling Overturning Cell, R. E. Davis
On The Coastal-Upwelling Overturning Cell, R. E. Davis
Journal of Marine Research
The overturning cell driven by alongshore wind and coastal upwelling off central California is examined using direct observations from four underwater gliders equipped with Acoustic Doppler Profilers. These show the onshore flow that compensates for offshore Ekman transport during the month of August 2006 to occur primarily just below the Ekman Layer so that the net offshore heat transport, and by inference the net vertical transport of nutrients, is much less than if this compensating flow occurred throughout the water column. Correlation of cross-shelf flow and wind stress is used to infer the profile of Ekman transport while glider-measured alongshore …
Topographic Rectification In A Forced, Dissipative, Barotropic Ocean, K. H. Brink
Topographic Rectification In A Forced, Dissipative, Barotropic Ocean, K. H. Brink
Journal of Marine Research
Barotropic current rectification by topographic irregularities is treated for a case with bottom friction and fluctuating forcing. Geometries both with underlying shelf-slope topography and with no mean topographic slope are considered. In common with many previous studies of this sort, the resulting time-mean flow roughly follows isobaths in the direction that long topographic Rossby waves travel, but the mean flow often deviates locally from this rule. Further, as might be expected, there is an area-averaged correlation of pressure and bottom slope in the sense that would propel the mean flow. If the topographic irregularities have a length scale shorter than …
Oxygen Penetration Around Burrows And Roots In Aquatic Sediments, F. J. R. Meysman, O. S. Galaktionov, R. N. Glud, J. J. Middelburg
Oxygen Penetration Around Burrows And Roots In Aquatic Sediments, F. J. R. Meysman, O. S. Galaktionov, R. N. Glud, J. J. Middelburg
Journal of Marine Research
Diffusion is the dominant physical mechanism for the transfer of oxygen into fine-grained aquatic sediments. This diffusive uptake occurs at the sediment-water interface, but also at internal interfaces, such as along ventilated burrows or O2 releasing plant roots. Here, we present a systematic model analysis of the oxygen transfer at such biological interfaces. We list the equations for the O2 distribution, the flux, the oxygen penetration distance (OPD), the oxygenated sediment volume, and the irrigational oxygen uptake (IOU) as a function of biological parameters, such as burrow/root radius and burrow/root density. We also provide a set of computational …
Relative Displacement Probability Distribution Functions From Balloons And Drifters, J. H. Lacasce
Relative Displacement Probability Distribution Functions From Balloons And Drifters, J. H. Lacasce
Journal of Marine Research
The focus of relative (pair) dispersion studies in the atmosphere and ocean is often on the mean square particle separation or the Finite Scale Lyapunov Exponent. Much less attention has been paid to the probability density function (PDF) of pair separations, despite that this determines the dispersion. In two-dimensional (2-D), nondivergent, homogeneous flows, the PDF is governed by a Fokker-Planck equation. Analytical solutions exist for the turbulent inertial ranges, but these have rarely been compared to observations.We consider the analytical PDFs for the turbulent inertial ranges and derive a new solution for the 2-D energy range. We then compare the …
George Veronis: An Appreciation, K. H. Brink, K. K. Turekian
George Veronis: An Appreciation, K. H. Brink, K. K. Turekian
Journal of Marine Research
George Veronis was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey on June 3, 1926, one of six accomplished children of a Greek immigrant couple. He grew up in Easton, Pennsylvania, where his talent for mathematics was recognized early on. World War II interrupted his education, however, and he enlisted in the U.S. Navy where he served aboard submarines in the Pacific Ocean. With the end of the global conflict, George entered college on the G.I. Bill and graduated with a B.S. in Mathematics from nearby Lafayette College in 1950...
Impact Of High-Frequency Nonlinear Internal Waves On Plankton Dynamics In Massachusetts Bay, Zhigang Lai, Changsheng Chen, Robert C. Beardsley, Brian Rothschild, Rucheng Tian
Impact Of High-Frequency Nonlinear Internal Waves On Plankton Dynamics In Massachusetts Bay, Zhigang Lai, Changsheng Chen, Robert C. Beardsley, Brian Rothschild, Rucheng Tian
Journal of Marine Research
A simple Nutrient-Phytoplankton-Zooplankton (NPZ) model was coupled with the non-hydrostatic Finite-Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM-NH) to study the impact of high-frequency nonlinear internal waves on plankton dynamics in Massachusetts Bay (MB) during the stratified summer season. The temporal and spatial variability of phytoplankton concentration follows the vertical isopycnal displacement to the lowest order as the waves are generated by the semidiurnal tidal flow over Stellwagen Bank (SB) and propagate westward across MB. The tidally-averaged distribution of phytoplankton is characterized by three distinct zones of low subsurface concentration: (I) the western flank of Stellwagen Bank; (II) the center of Stellwagen Basin; …
Rapid Response Of The East Australian Current To Remote Wind Forcing: The Role Of Barotropic-Baroclinic Interactions, K. L. Hill, S. R. Rintoul, P. R. Oke, K. Ridgway
Rapid Response Of The East Australian Current To Remote Wind Forcing: The Role Of Barotropic-Baroclinic Interactions, K. L. Hill, S. R. Rintoul, P. R. Oke, K. Ridgway
Journal of Marine Research
The strength of the East Australian Current (EAC) is observed to vary in response to changes in basin-scale winds in the South Pacific, with a time lag of three years. First mode baroclinic Rossby waves would take 10–15 years to reach the western boundary from the center of the South Pacific, so a faster mechanism is needed to explain this link. We use an ocean general circulation model forced with idealized anomalies of wind stress curl to examine the mechanism responsible for the rapid response of the EAC. A curl perturbation in the central South Pacific produces baroclinic and barotropic …
Depth-Integrated Steric Height As A Tool For Detecting Non-Sverdrup Behavior In The Global Ocean, J. Stuart Godfrey, Jeff R. Dunn
Depth-Integrated Steric Height As A Tool For Detecting Non-Sverdrup Behavior In The Global Ocean, J. Stuart Godfrey, Jeff R. Dunn
Journal of Marine Research
Godfrey's (1989) (referred to below as G89) calculation of the global field of annual mean Depth-Integrated Steric Height, or Sverdrup et al.'s (1942) "Transport Function," (Q) is revisited, using newer products for wind stresses, temperature and salinity. Observed Q and its wind-estimated equivalent QW are compared more extensively along eastern oceanic boundaries than in G89. Q and QW are also compared along the inner edge of the Pacific western boundary, at locations where G89 theory suggests that such a comparison is possible. A similar comparison along the western Atlantic improves after a 16 Sv correction …
Measuring Lateral Heat Flux Across A Thermohaline Front: A Model And Observational Test, Barry R. Ruddick, Neil S. Oakey, Dave Hebert
Measuring Lateral Heat Flux Across A Thermohaline Front: A Model And Observational Test, Barry R. Ruddick, Neil S. Oakey, Dave Hebert
Journal of Marine Research
We develop and test a method to observationally estimate lateral intrusive heat flux across a front. The model combines that of Joyce (1977), in which lateral cross-frontal advection by intrusions creates vertical temperature gradients, and Osborn and Cox (1972) in which vertical mixing of those gradients creates thermal microstructure that is dissipated by molecular conduction of heat. Observations of thermal microstructure dissipation χT are then used to estimate the production by intrusions, and hence the lateral heat flux and diffusivity. This method does not depend on the precise mechanism(s) of mixing, or on the dynamical mechanisms driving the frontal …
Patchiness In Internal Tidal Beams, Hans Van Haren, Leo R. M. Maas, Theo Gerkema
Patchiness In Internal Tidal Beams, Hans Van Haren, Leo R. M. Maas, Theo Gerkema
Journal of Marine Research
Results are presented from measurements on internal tides and near-inertial motions, obtained using deep-towed acoustic Doppler current profilers along a single transect over the continental slope in the Bay of Biscay and, in another experiment, over a flank of Great Meteor Seamount in the Canary Basin. Each measurement lasted two days and involved repeated passage of the same track, making it possible to extract by harmonic analysis the semidiurnal (and, over Great Meteor Seamount, also the combined diurnal/near-inertial) signal. In the Bay of Biscay, the transect covered by the towing was sufficiently long to follow the internal semidiurnal tidal beam …
Moored Observations Of Bottom-Intensified Motions In The Deep Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean, M.-L. Timmermans, L. Rainville, L. Thomas, A. Proshutinsky
Moored Observations Of Bottom-Intensified Motions In The Deep Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean, M.-L. Timmermans, L. Rainville, L. Thomas, A. Proshutinsky
Journal of Marine Research
In the deep Canada Basin, below the sill depth (about 2400 m) of the Alpha-Mendeleyev Ridge, potential temperature and salinity first increase with depth, then remain uniform from about 2600 m to the bottom (approximately 3500 m). Year-long moored measurements of temperature, salinity and pressure in these deep and homogeneous bottom waters reveal significant vertical excursions with periods of about 50 days. The observed isopycnal displacements have amplitudes up to 100 m at the top boundary of the bottom layer; moored profiler measurements in the intermediate water column indicate that the amplitudes of these vertical displacements decay toward the surface …
Influence Of Warm Sst Anomalies Formed In The Eastern Pacific Subduction Zone On Recent El Niño Events, Dong-Kyu Lee, Peter Niiler
Influence Of Warm Sst Anomalies Formed In The Eastern Pacific Subduction Zone On Recent El Niño Events, Dong-Kyu Lee, Peter Niiler
Journal of Marine Research
Anomalous April–June warm surface water in the eastern Pacific convergence zone (the Great Pacific Garbage Patch) subducts and depresses the thermocline as a single waveform. This waveform propagates toward the equator much more quickly (reaching the equator in 1.5–2.5 years) than the normal transit time (5–10 years) of the meridional overturning cell. The movements of the sea-surface temperature (SST) anomalies that occurred before the 1997 and 2009 El Niños can be clearly traced to the area south of 20°N using the altimeter sea-level signals. Upon arriving near the Pacific equator, these warm water anomalies can contribute to the formation of …
The Shape Of The Main Thermocline, Revisited, Rick Salmon
The Shape Of The Main Thermocline, Revisited, Rick Salmon
Journal of Marine Research
Using the Monte Carlo method of statistical physics, we compute the equilibrium statistical mechanics of the shallow water equations, considered as a reduced-gravity model of the ocean's upper layer in a square ocean that spans the equator. The ensemble-averaged flow comprises a westward drift at low latitudes, associated with the poleward deepening of the main thermocline, and a more intense compensating eastward flow near the latitudes at which the layer depth vanishes. Inviscid numerical simulations with a model that exactly conserves mass, energy, and potential enstrophy support the theoretical prediction.
Mixing Rates Across The Gulf Stream, Part 1: On The Formation Of Eighteen Degree Water, R. Inoue, M. C. Gregg, R. R. Harcourt
Mixing Rates Across The Gulf Stream, Part 1: On The Formation Of Eighteen Degree Water, R. Inoue, M. C. Gregg, R. R. Harcourt
Journal of Marine Research
Microstructure profiles taken in February 2007 across the Gulf Stream (GS) measured the temporal and spatial variability of the intense mixing that forms Eighteen Degree Water (EDW). Strong winds, gusting to 30 m s–1, and heat fluxes up to 1000 W m–2 produced moderate-to-strong mixing in the surface mixed layer and the entrainment zone, as well as in the thermocline. In the limit of a vertically balanced heat budget, EDW formation is driven primarily by surface heat loss to the atmosphere across a region extending O(100) km south from the GS core, where entrainment heat fluxes …
Landscape And Smaller-Scale Effects Of Lugworm (Arenicola Marina) Deposit Feeding On Benthic Bacterial Assemblages, Craig J. Plante
Landscape And Smaller-Scale Effects Of Lugworm (Arenicola Marina) Deposit Feeding On Benthic Bacterial Assemblages, Craig J. Plante
Journal of Marine Research
Objectives of this study were to (1) determine whether feeding by the lugworm, Arenicola marina, reduces abundance or alters composition of sedimentary bacterial assemblages, (2) examine recovery of “disturbed” patches of egesta, and (3) test for effects on bacterial abundance, diversity and composition at spatial scales larger than individual fecal mounds. Field comparative studies in Lubec, Maine, were conducted to test for the effects of ingestion, and manipulative experiments were done to assess rates and mechanisms of recolonization of egesta. Bacterial assemblage attributes were followed using epifluorescence microscopy and DGGE analysis of 16S rDNA. Next we examined landscape-scale effects …
Excitation Of Sst Anomalies In The Eastern Equatorial Pacific By Oceanic Optimal Perturbations, Florian Sévellec, Alexey V. Fedorov
Excitation Of Sst Anomalies In The Eastern Equatorial Pacific By Oceanic Optimal Perturbations, Florian Sévellec, Alexey V. Fedorov
Journal of Marine Research
A generalized stability analysis is used to explore the excitation of sea-surface temperature anomalies in the eastern equatorial Pacific by optimal initial perturbations in temperature and salinity within an ocean general circulation model. We find perturbations that can efficiently modify the SST of the Nino3 region with an approximately 9-month delay. The time interval between the end of March and mid-April is particularly favorable for these perturbations to cause subsequent changes in the eastern equatorial Pacific. This sensitivity is related to two critical factors: during the boreal spring Equinox the heat content of the western equatorial Pacific reaches its seasonal …
The Global Oceanic Freshwater Cycle: A State-Of-The-Art Quantification, J. J. Schanze, R. W. Schmitt, L. L. Yu
The Global Oceanic Freshwater Cycle: A State-Of-The-Art Quantification, J. J. Schanze, R. W. Schmitt, L. L. Yu
Journal of Marine Research
The current capabilities of quantifying the oceanic freshwater cycle are shown based on new observations from satellite data and re-analysis models for evaporation and precipitation over the ocean. For this purpose, we analyze the homogeneity and internal consistency of eight evaporation and seven precipitation products. Discontinuities are found around 1987 for all datasets, attributable to the launch of a microwave imaging satellite. Based on a review of comparisons with independent data and these analyses, the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) and the Objectively Analyzed Ocean-Atmosphere Fluxes (OAFlux) evaporation product are combined with a state-of-the-art river discharge dataset to produce a …
From Centennial To Millennial Oscillation Of The Thermohaline Circulation, Florian Sévellec, Thierry Huck, Alain Colin De Verdière
From Centennial To Millennial Oscillation Of The Thermohaline Circulation, Florian Sévellec, Thierry Huck, Alain Colin De Verdière
Journal of Marine Research
The freshwater flux intensity is used as the main control parameter to destabilize the ThermoHaline Circulation (THC): as it increases, the classical bifurcation scenario, thermal stable steady state, millennial oscillation and haline stable steady state are reproduced in a 2D zonally-averaged ocean model under mixed boundary conditions. Both bifurcations arise through global bifurcations leading to an infinite period of the limit cycle. Here we highlight a centennial oscillation important for the instability of the thermal phase of the millennial oscillation and which could be considered as a precursor to the collapse of the THC. It is suggested that the existence …
Investigation Of The Physicochemical Features And Mixing Of East/Japan Sea Intermediate Water: An Isopycnic Analysis Approach, Il-Nam Kim, Dong-Ha Min, Dae Hyun Kim, Tongsup Lee
Investigation Of The Physicochemical Features And Mixing Of East/Japan Sea Intermediate Water: An Isopycnic Analysis Approach, Il-Nam Kim, Dong-Ha Min, Dae Hyun Kim, Tongsup Lee
Journal of Marine Research
We present spatial distributions of the mixing ratio and properties of the East/Japan Sea Intermediate Water (ESIW) at its core density layer (σθ = 27.2–27.3) based on high-quality hydrographic data observed in the East/Japan Sea (EJS) during summer 1999. ESIW is defined as a source water type showing minimum salinity and maximum dissolved oxygen concentration. ESIW plays an important role in supplying dissolved oxygen and transporting anthropogenic carbon into the intermediate/deep layers in EJS. Studying the ESIW formation and distribution processes may provide insights on EJS's shallow- to mid-depth thermohaline circulation and recent ocean changes. Here, we combine the …