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Predation Of Cockles (Cerastoderma Edule) By The Whelk (Buccinum Undatum) Under Laboratory Conditions, Jws Scolding, Ca Richardson, Mw Luckenbach
Predation Of Cockles (Cerastoderma Edule) By The Whelk (Buccinum Undatum) Under Laboratory Conditions, Jws Scolding, Ca Richardson, Mw Luckenbach
VIMS Articles
The feeding rate and behaviour of whelks (Buccinum undatum) offered cockles (Cerastoderma edule) in laboratory experiments were examined. When presented with cockles in a range of sizes (10–40 mm), 14 B. undatum (34.6–88.3 mm), held individually in aquaria, consumed a wide size range of cockles. Small whelks (<40 >mm) consumed cockles (<23 >mm), whereas large whelks, (>60 mm) ate a greater number of larger cockles (>30 mm) and a wider size range of cockles (12–40 mm) than smaller whelks. The majority (90%) of the shells of the predated cockles were undamaged and the few …
New In Situ Method For Measuring Seston Uptake By Suspension-Feeding Bivalve Molluscs, Re Grizzle, Jk Greene, Mark Luckenbach, Ld Coen
New In Situ Method For Measuring Seston Uptake By Suspension-Feeding Bivalve Molluscs, Re Grizzle, Jk Greene, Mark Luckenbach, Ld Coen
VIMS Articles
The most commonly used methods for measuring the amount of seston removed from the water column (uptake) by populations of suspension-feeding bivalve molluscs involve taking discrete water samples followed by laboratory analyses. Here we describe a new method based on in situ fluorometry that provides rapid measurement of seston removal rates. The new system is comprised of two identical units, each consisting of an in situ fluorometer, data logger and peristaltic pump with plastic tube attached to a deployment device. The deployment device allows precise placement of the fluorometer probe and intake end of the plastic tube so that in …
Organisms Associated With Oysters Cultured In Floating Systems In Virginia, Usa, Fx O'Beirn, Paige G. Ross, Mark Luckenbach
Organisms Associated With Oysters Cultured In Floating Systems In Virginia, Usa, Fx O'Beirn, Paige G. Ross, Mark Luckenbach
VIMS Articles
The number and abundance of macro-faunal taxa was estimated from six floating structures (floats) used to culture the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) near Chincoteague Island. Virginia, USA. After a 10-mo grow-out period, all organisms found among and attached to the cultured oysters were counted. The final mean size of oysters was 80.5 (14.7 SD) mm. Overall, 45 species of macrofauna were recorded with the number of species in the floats ranging from 24 to 36. There was no relationship between the number of taxa and the density of oysters in the floats. Total abundances of associated organisms were estimated at …
Settlement And Survival Of The Oyster Crassostrea Virginica On Created Oyster Reef Habitats In Chesapeake Bay, Janet A. Nestlerode, Mark W. Luckenbach, Robert J. Diaz
Settlement And Survival Of The Oyster Crassostrea Virginica On Created Oyster Reef Habitats In Chesapeake Bay, Janet A. Nestlerode, Mark W. Luckenbach, Robert J. Diaz
Reports
Efforts to restore Crassostrea virginica oyster reef habitats in Chesapeake Bay typically begin with the placement of hard substrata, such as oyster shell, in the form ofthreedimensional mounds on the seabed to serve as a base for oyster recruitment and growth. A shortage of sufficient volumes of oyster shell for creating large-scale reefs has led to widespread use of other materials, such as surf clam (Spisula solidissima) shell, as a substitute for oyster shell. We monitored oyster recruitment, survival, and growth on intertidal and subtidal reefs constructed shucked oyster and surf clam shell. Results indicate that oyster settlement occurred on …
Annual Report Of The Virginia Institute Of Marine Science Eastern Shore Laboratory 2002, Eastern Shore Laboratory
Annual Report Of The Virginia Institute Of Marine Science Eastern Shore Laboratory 2002, Eastern Shore Laboratory
Reports
No abstract provided.
Eastern Shore Laboratory, Virginia Institute Of Marine Science
Eastern Shore Laboratory, Virginia Institute Of Marine Science
Miscellaneous
Handbook describing the Eastern Shore Laboratory, giving a brief history, location, staff, facilities and equipment information.
A Study Of The Arkshell Clams, Noetia Ponderosa (Say 1822) And Anadara Ovalis (Bruguière 1789), In The Oceanside Lagoons And Tidal Creeks Of Virginia, Katherine A. Mcgraw, Michael Castagna, Loveday Conquest
A Study Of The Arkshell Clams, Noetia Ponderosa (Say 1822) And Anadara Ovalis (Bruguière 1789), In The Oceanside Lagoons And Tidal Creeks Of Virginia, Katherine A. Mcgraw, Michael Castagna, Loveday Conquest
VIMS Articles
Two species of arkshell (''blood'') clams. Noelia ponderosa and Anadara ova/is. have recently been targeted by watermen on the eastern shore of Virginia for sale to both East and West Coast markets in the United States. Until 1991. fishermen caught both species in the harvest of oysters and hard clams, and discarded them as bycatch with little value. Very little is known about either species of blood clam. and preliminary data from a pilot study in 1993 indicated that they were being over-fished. We conducted a survey in September 1994 in the oceanside lagoon system along the eastern shore of …
Comparative Study Of Seed From Northern And Southern Hatcheries, Joshua Merritt, Paige G. Ross
Comparative Study Of Seed From Northern And Southern Hatcheries, Joshua Merritt, Paige G. Ross
Reports
Seed from Northern and Southern (hereafter called local) hatcheries was procured in May 2000. Oysters delivered by the Northern hatchery were on time and of the desired size ~3mm). Seed from the local hatchery, however, arrived several days later and were too small to go into field nursery containers and were subsequently held in upwellers and then transferred to the field nursery gear. Figure 1 shows growth as measured by mean shell height (mm) for both strains. Note that the local seed took N20 days longer to reach grow-out size (indicated by first sieve).
Oyster Reef Restoration: Convergence Of Harvest And Conservation Strategies, Dl Breitburg, Ld Coen, Mark Luckenbach, Roger L. Mann, M Posey, J. A. Wesson
Oyster Reef Restoration: Convergence Of Harvest And Conservation Strategies, Dl Breitburg, Ld Coen, Mark Luckenbach, Roger L. Mann, M Posey, J. A. Wesson
VIMS Articles
Oyster reef restoration, protection, and construction are important to meeting harvest, water quality, and fish habitat goals. However, the strategies needed to achieve harvest and conservation goals have often been considered to be at odds. We argue that these goals are. in fact, compatible and that the same strategies will promote a sustainable harvest of the resource, increased filtration of estuarine waters, and increased provision of structured habitat for finfish, crabs, and other organisms that utilize oyster reefs or receive benefit indirectly from them. Creation or designations of unharvested sites (refuge sites) are key components of these strategies. Unharvested reefs …
Toward Design Criteria In Constructed Oyster Reefs: Oyster Recruitment As A Function Of Substrate Type And Tidal Height, Fx O'Beirn, Mark Luckenbach, Ja Nestlerode, Gm Coates
Toward Design Criteria In Constructed Oyster Reefs: Oyster Recruitment As A Function Of Substrate Type And Tidal Height, Fx O'Beirn, Mark Luckenbach, Ja Nestlerode, Gm Coates
VIMS Articles
Restoration of degraded oyster reef habitat generally begins with the addition of substrate that serves as a reef base and site for oyster spat attachment. Remarkably, little is known about how substrate type and reef morphology affect the development of oyster populations on restored reefs. Three-dimensional, intertidal reefs were constructed near Fisherman's Island, Virginia: two reefs in 1995 using surfclam (Spisula solidissima) shell and six reefs in 1996 using surfclam shell, oyster shell, and stabilized coal ash. We have monitored oyster recruitment and growth quarterly at three tidal heights (intertidal, mean low water, and subtidal) on each reef type since …
Comparative Field Study Of Crassostrea Gigas (Thunberg, 1793) And Crassostrea Virginica (Gmelin, 1791) In Relation To Salinity In Virginia, Gustavo W. Calvo, Mark Luckenbach, Standish K. Allen, Eugene Burreson
Comparative Field Study Of Crassostrea Gigas (Thunberg, 1793) And Crassostrea Virginica (Gmelin, 1791) In Relation To Salinity In Virginia, Gustavo W. Calvo, Mark Luckenbach, Standish K. Allen, Eugene Burreson
VIMS Articles
To evaluate and compare the performance of triploid juvenile C. gigas (mean shell height = 19.2 mm) and triploid juvenile Crassostrea virginica (mean shell height = 31.7 mm), 600 oysters of each species were deployed for 1 year in floating mesh cages at three replicate sites within low, medium, and high salinity regimes (respectively,25%) in the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Coast of Virginia. The comparative performance of the two oyster species varied with salinity. At low salinity sites, cumulative mortality of C. virginica (10%) was significantly (P < .05) lower than that of C. gigas (63%), and over-all mean growth rate of C. virginica (2.9 mm mo(-1)) was significantly (P < .05) higher than that of C. gigas (1.6 mm mo(-1)). At medium salinity sites, survival and growth rate of C. virginica and C. gigas were nor significantly (P > .05) different. Both species experienced moderately high cumulative mortality at the medium …
Eastern Shore Laboratory, Virginia Institute Of Marine Science, College Of William And Mary, Mark Luckenbach
Eastern Shore Laboratory, Virginia Institute Of Marine Science, College Of William And Mary, Mark Luckenbach
VIMS Articles
The Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) Eastern Shore Laboratory (ESL) is located in the coastal village of Wachapreague, Virginia, on the landward margin of a mid-Atlantic barrier island-salt marsh-la goon system. The facility serves as both a field station in support of re search and teaching activities and as a site for resident research in coastal ecology and aquaculture. By virtue of its access to the unique coastal habi tats, excellent water quality, and an extensive seawater laboratory, the fa cility affords educational and re search opportunities not available elsewhere within the region.
Population Structure Of The Arkshell Clams Noetia Ponderosa And Anadara Ovalis In The Oceanside Lagoons And Tidal Creeks Of Virginia And Implications For Fisheries Management, Kay A. Mcgraw, Michael Castagna, Sally D. Dennis
Population Structure Of The Arkshell Clams Noetia Ponderosa And Anadara Ovalis In The Oceanside Lagoons And Tidal Creeks Of Virginia And Implications For Fisheries Management, Kay A. Mcgraw, Michael Castagna, Sally D. Dennis
Reports
Two species of arkshell (blood) clams, Noetia ponderosa and Anadara ovalis, have · recently been targeted by watermen on the Eastern Shore of Virginia for sale to east coast markets. Until 1991 fishermen caught both species in conjunction with the harvest of oysters and hard clams and considered them of little value. Very little is known about either species, and preliminary data from our pilot study in 1993 indicated that blood clams were being overfished. In September, 1994 we conducted a survey in the oceanside lagoon system along the Eastern Shore and collected data on density, abundance, habitat preference, and …
Preliminary Evaluation Of Water Quality In Tidal Creeks Of Virginia's Eastern Shore In Relation To Vegetable Cultivation, Mark W. Luckenbach, Morris H. Roberts Jr., Keith Boyd
Preliminary Evaluation Of Water Quality In Tidal Creeks Of Virginia's Eastern Shore In Relation To Vegetable Cultivation, Mark W. Luckenbach, Morris H. Roberts Jr., Keith Boyd
Reports
In response to concerns raised about the impacts of vegetable cultivation using plastic ground covers on water quality, we have initiated a broad-scale, systematic study of water quality in seaside tidal creeks of Virginia' s Eastern Shore. Our objective was to determine if acute toxicity associated with heavy metals or pesticides was more prevalent in tidal creeks with drainage areas which include this agricultural practice than in those which do not. Though such correlations do not confirm cause and effect, they may serve as the basis for future, more targeted investigations and for some immediate changes in land management practices …
Evaluation Of Dredge Fishing Activity On The Seaside Of Virginia's Eastern Shore, December 1994 - November 1995, Mark W. Luckenbach, James E. Wesson
Evaluation Of Dredge Fishing Activity On The Seaside Of Virginia's Eastern Shore, December 1994 - November 1995, Mark W. Luckenbach, James E. Wesson
Reports
Dredging has a long history in Virginia's commercial fisheries. In general, dredges are scraping or digging apparatuses that harvest as they are towed behind boats under power. Mechanical dredges have been used with sail power to harvest oysters since the mid- l 800's. Crabs have been harvested by power dredges since at least 1900, while dredge fishing of clams, which reside deeper in the substrate, began somewhat later. Individual crab dredges in Virginia can be a maximum of 8 ft wide and are usually pulled in pairs for a maximum total width of 16 ft. The dredge has a scraping …
Settlement Of Oyster (Crassostrea-Virginica) Larvae - Effects Of Water-Flow And A Water-Soluble Chemical Cue, Ej Turner, Rk Zimmerfaust, Ma Palmer, M Luckenbach, Nd Pentcheff
Settlement Of Oyster (Crassostrea-Virginica) Larvae - Effects Of Water-Flow And A Water-Soluble Chemical Cue, Ej Turner, Rk Zimmerfaust, Ma Palmer, M Luckenbach, Nd Pentcheff
VIMS Articles
Although previous evidence indicates that larvae of benthic marine invertebrates can respond to waterborne cues in still water, the importance of waterborne cues in mediating natural settlement out of flowing water has been questioned. Here, we summarize the results of flume experiments demonstrating enhanced settlement of oyster larvae in small target wells (circles of 7-cm diam) with the release of a waterborne settlement cue compared to identical substrates without the cue. In concurrent still-water experiments, more oyster larvae settled in solutions of waterborne cue than in seawater controls. Velocity and electrochemical measurements of a conservative tracer verified that at low …
Age, Growth Rate, Sexual Dimorphism And Fecundity Of Knobbed Whelk Busycon Carica (Gmelin, 1791) In A Western Mid-Atlantic Lagoon System, Virginia, Micheal Castagna, John H. Kraeuter
Age, Growth Rate, Sexual Dimorphism And Fecundity Of Knobbed Whelk Busycon Carica (Gmelin, 1791) In A Western Mid-Atlantic Lagoon System, Virginia, Micheal Castagna, John H. Kraeuter
VIMS Articles
Growth, onset of sexual maturity, and sexual reversal in laboratory-reared Busycon carica have been examined. Animals first matured at 9 years of age. The first sign of maturity in all animals we reared was the presence of the penis. At 12.4 years of age, one of the animals laid an egg case that did not contain embryos. This animal, and all others, still retained a penis. At 13.5 years, three egg cases were laid and over half the animals had undergone sex reversal (loss of the penis). Field studies have shown that egg strings are laid in the fall on …
Some Observations On Arkshell Clams, Noetia Ponderosa And Anadara Ovalis, And Implications For Fisheries Management, Katherine A. Mcgraw, Michael Castagna
Some Observations On Arkshell Clams, Noetia Ponderosa And Anadara Ovalis, And Implications For Fisheries Management, Katherine A. Mcgraw, Michael Castagna
Reports
Two species of arkshell or "blood" clams, "Noetia ponderosa" (ponderous ark) and "Anadara ovalis" (blood ark), have been harvested by watermen on the Eastern shore in Virginia since 1991. There is little information on the life history of these species in Virginia waters. The intensive harvesting of blood clams and paucity of data on important factors such as distribution, densities, growth rates, and size-age relationships present a problem for management of the fishery. The primary purpose of this study is to provide some basic information on blood clams for management of the fishery. We focused on age-size relationships and growth …
Index Of Papers Published In The Journal Of Shellfish Research Volumes 1-10 (1981-1991), Michael Castagna, Nancy Lewis, Charles Mcfadden, Mary Gibbons
Index Of Papers Published In The Journal Of Shellfish Research Volumes 1-10 (1981-1991), Michael Castagna, Nancy Lewis, Charles Mcfadden, Mary Gibbons
VIMS Articles
No abstract provided.
Vims Hatchery Operations Manual, Mary Gibbons, Kenneth Kurkowski, Michael Castagna
Vims Hatchery Operations Manual, Mary Gibbons, Kenneth Kurkowski, Michael Castagna
Reports
No abstract provided.
Shell And Pallet Morphology In Early Developmental Stages Of Teredo Navalis Linne (Bivalvia : Teredinidae), S. Cynthia Fuller, Ya-Ping Hu, Richard Lutz, Michael Castagna
Shell And Pallet Morphology In Early Developmental Stages Of Teredo Navalis Linne (Bivalvia : Teredinidae), S. Cynthia Fuller, Ya-Ping Hu, Richard Lutz, Michael Castagna
VIMS Articles
Dimensions of the shell and provinculum distinguish Teredo novalis larvae from the larvae o[ other bivalve mollusks. In the present scanning electron microscopic stud) of shell and pallet morphology during early ontogenetic stages of this species, the characteristic teredinid provinculum, with two interlocking pairs of small teeth and a wide central loath and socket was well-developed in shells 90 μm long. Provinculurn length ranged from 44 to 51 μm during the larval period. Average lengths of provincular teeth of the left valve were 9.6 μm for the anterior tooth and 8.2 μm for the posterior tooth; in the right valve, …
Biological Control Of Crab Predation On Hard Clams Mercenaria Mercenaria (Linnaeus, 1758) By The Toadfish Opsanus Tau (Linnaeus) In Tray Cultures, Robert Bisker, Michael Castagna
Biological Control Of Crab Predation On Hard Clams Mercenaria Mercenaria (Linnaeus, 1758) By The Toadfish Opsanus Tau (Linnaeus) In Tray Cultures, Robert Bisker, Michael Castagna
VIMS Articles
Oyster toadfish Opsanus tau (Linne) were tested as biological controls of crab predation on juvenile hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria (Linne) in trays with crushed stone aggregate. Clam survival after 34 weeks was 69.5% in the presence of toadfish and 2.3% in trays without toadfish. Toadfish reduced the total number of crabs (mud crabs and blue crabs). Crabs in trays with toadfish present had smaller carapace widths.
Predation By The Oyster Toadfish Opsanus Tau (Linnaeus) On Blue Crabs And Mud Crabs, Predators Of The Hard Clam Mercenaria Mercenaria (Linnaeus, 1758), Robert Bisker, Mary Gibbons, Michael Castagna
Predation By The Oyster Toadfish Opsanus Tau (Linnaeus) On Blue Crabs And Mud Crabs, Predators Of The Hard Clam Mercenaria Mercenaria (Linnaeus, 1758), Robert Bisker, Mary Gibbons, Michael Castagna
VIMS Articles
The oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau (Linne), reduces predation by xanthid and portunid crabs on juvenile hard clams, Mercenaria mercenaria (Linne), in field cultures. This study examined the influence of size and species on the predator-prey relationship between toadfish and crabs. The mud crabs Eurypanopeus depressus (Smith), Neopanope sayi (Smith), and Panopeus herbstii Milne Edwards of 5-40 mm carapace width and blue crabs Callinectes sapidus Rathbun of 77-105 mm carapace width were offered to toadfish of 70-322 mm total length. Toadfish predation rates on mud crabs were higher with increasing toadfish size and lower with increasing crab size. Toadfish injured or …
Fishery And Culture Of Selected Bivalves In Mexico: Past, Present And Future, Erik Baqueiro, Michael Castagna
Fishery And Culture Of Selected Bivalves In Mexico: Past, Present And Future, Erik Baqueiro, Michael Castagna
VIMS Articles
This paper reviews the culture of selected bivalves of Mexico. Most species are utilized locally, but there is potential for some exports. The culture and fisheries of bivalves are often hampered by lack of information and restrictive regulations. Pinctada mazatlanica was grown for pearls and pearl shell production in the early 1900s. The methods used for its culture are reviewed. The culture of a few commercial species has shown encouraging results. Over 10,000 kilometers of coastal area with more than 1.5 million hectares of coastal lagoons and bays, plus a subtropical climate, give Mexico a great potential for the development …
Predation On Single Spat Oysters Crassostrea Virginica (Gmelin) By Blue Crabs Callinectes Sapidus Rathbun And Mud Crabs Panopeus Herbstii Milne-Edwards, Robert Bisker, Michael Castagna
Predation On Single Spat Oysters Crassostrea Virginica (Gmelin) By Blue Crabs Callinectes Sapidus Rathbun And Mud Crabs Panopeus Herbstii Milne-Edwards, Robert Bisker, Michael Castagna
VIMS Articles
Single spat oysters Crassostrea virginica of four size classes (3.4-24.6 mm mean shell heights [SH]) were offered to six size classes of blue crabs Ca/linectes sapidus (9.3-85.5 mm mean carapace width [CW]) and five size classes of mud crabs Panopeus herbstii (7.1-34.4 mm mean CW) for 48 hr. Predation rate, recorded as the number of dead oyster spat/crab/day, was directly proportional to crab size and inversely proportional to oyster size. Mud crabs of 34.4 mm CW and blue crabs of 85 .5 mm CW had predation rates of 22.5 and 16.7 spat/crab/day on oyster spat of 24.6 and 24.4 mm …
Effect Of Air-Supersaturated Sea Water On Argopecten Irradians Concentricus (Say) And Crassostrea Virginica (Gmelin), Robert Bisker, Michael Castagna
Effect Of Air-Supersaturated Sea Water On Argopecten Irradians Concentricus (Say) And Crassostrea Virginica (Gmelin), Robert Bisker, Michael Castagna
VIMS Articles
Argopecten irradians concentricus and Crassostrea virginica were exposed to several different levels of supersaturated seawater at temperatures ranging from 10 to 2!°C. Gas bubble trauma occurred at a total gas saturation level of 116%, causing mortality in juvenile A. i. concentricus and reduced growth in juvenile C. virginica.
Mollusk Culture For The Chesapeake Bay, Michael Castagna
Mollusk Culture For The Chesapeake Bay, Michael Castagna
VIMS Books and Book Chapters
The water quality of the Chesapeake Bay has suffered a decline over the last 5 decades due to anthropomorphic activities. Insidious additions of industrial and farm pollutant to the Bay have created a situation where in many areas there are periodic sub lethal levels of chemicals. Although the juveniles and adults seem to survive these levels, they are obviously interfering with some early life stage of the living organisms that make up the bay fauna. Species whose early life history takes place out of the Bay (i.e. Cal!inectes sapidus) are less affected by this problem than those species whose eggs, …
Responses Of The Hard Clam Mercenaria Mercenaria (Linne) To Induction Of Spawning By Serotonin., M.C. Gibbons, M. Castagna
Responses Of The Hard Clam Mercenaria Mercenaria (Linne) To Induction Of Spawning By Serotonin., M.C. Gibbons, M. Castagna
VIMS Articles
lam size, sex of clam, concentration of serotonin, and site of administration of serotonin were found to influence the mduction of spawning in the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria (Linne). Overall, male clams greater than 36.4 mm thickness were ~ore likely_ to spawn in response to ser~ton~n i_njection at concentrations of 0.2 or 2.0-mM. Administration of serotonin by injection m the antenor adductor muscle resulted m sJgmficantly more spawnings than intragonadal injection or dispersal in water surrounding the incurrent siphon.
The Effect Of Various Levels Of Air-Supersaturated Seawater On Mercenaria Mercenaria (Linne), Mulinia Lateralis (Say), And Mya Arenaria Linne, With Reference To Gas-Bubble Disease, Robert Bisker, Michael Castagna
The Effect Of Various Levels Of Air-Supersaturated Seawater On Mercenaria Mercenaria (Linne), Mulinia Lateralis (Say), And Mya Arenaria Linne, With Reference To Gas-Bubble Disease, Robert Bisker, Michael Castagna
VIMS Articles
Supersaturated seawater was produced in a flow-through system by injecting air into a pressurized seawater line. Mercenaria mercenaria, Mulinia lateralis, and Mya arenaria were exposed to several different levels of supersaturated seawater at temperatures ranging from 5 to 17°C. Gas-bubble disease occurred at total gas saturation levels of 108% in juveniles of M. lateralis and 114% in juveniles of M. arenaria. Air blisters in the tissue, flotation, and mortality were observed at these levels. Reduced growth in juveniles of M. mercenaria was found at a total gas saturation level of 115%.
The Effects Of Seed Size, Shell Bags, Crab Traps, And Netting On The Survival Of The Northern Hard Clam Mercenaria Mercenaria (Linne), John N. Kraeuter, Michael Castagna
The Effects Of Seed Size, Shell Bags, Crab Traps, And Netting On The Survival Of The Northern Hard Clam Mercenaria Mercenaria (Linne), John N. Kraeuter, Michael Castagna
VIMS Articles
Seed size at planting is the dominant factor affecting hard clam survival to marketable size when field grow-out techniques are used. The use of plastic mesh nets, crab traps, and wire mesh bags (filled with oyster shells) alone or in combination can be used to increase survival of hard clams of ~ 6 to 8-mm shell height. These techniques do not provide sufficient protection for 2-mm seed. The combination of net + crab trap + shell bag was nearly twice as effective as the net alone when 10 to 14-mm seed was used and over five times as effective as …