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Articles 91 - 120 of 151
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Bayesian Mind: Making Sense Of Probability-Based Decision Making Strategies, Kunjoon Byun
Bayesian Mind: Making Sense Of Probability-Based Decision Making Strategies, Kunjoon Byun
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
Bayesian probability problems are notoriously difficult for people to solve accurately. Base rate neglect refers to the hypothesis that people ignore base rate information in preference for individuating information when making these probability judgments (Kahneman & Tversky, 1973). Correct answers to base rate neglect problems often require complex Bayesian calculations involving probability information embedded within realistic event descriptions. The past research emphasis on base rate neglect responses for such problems has overlooked the fact that responses can actually vary widely across participants and within participants from one problem to the next. The verbal protocol analyses of participants’ decision making processes …
The Relationship Among Teacher Job Satisfaction, Trust In The Principal, And Principal Support, Natalie Elizabeth Lytle
The Relationship Among Teacher Job Satisfaction, Trust In The Principal, And Principal Support, Natalie Elizabeth Lytle
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
Every year across the United States, teachers feel higher demands placed on them. Teacher turnover rates are increasing, and fewer teachers are entering the field of education. Job dissatisfaction due to administrators’ dispositions is one of the reasons teachers often cite when leaving the profession. The purpose of this research study is to identify the relationship among three variables: teacher job satisfaction, principal support, and trust teachers have in their principal. Quantitative data from the Principal Support Scale, Omnibus T-Scale, and Teacher Satisfaction Scale were analyzed to assess the relationship among the three variables. The data revealed that the relationship …
The Role Of Impulsivity In Dietary Restraint And Counter-Regulation, Wen Winnie Zhuang
The Role Of Impulsivity In Dietary Restraint And Counter-Regulation, Wen Winnie Zhuang
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
Dietary restraint, or chronically controlling one's weight through diet, is a difficult pursuit. When faced with tempting foods, only a minority of restrained eaters manage to regulate their intake. Impulsivity, a multidimensional construct implicated in addictive behaviors, may be a factor that predicts regulation. The goals of the current study were twofold: firstly, we examined the effect of consuming a diet-violating preload on state impulsivity, and secondly, we examined how dietary restraint and changes in state impulsivity interact to influence subsequent overeating. In a laboratory study, female participants (n=146) with differing levels of dietary restraint provided measures of their state …
Selling Race In America: Ideologies Of Labor, Color, And Social Order In Nineteenth- And Twentieth-Century Advertising Imagery, Meghan Bryant
Selling Race In America: Ideologies Of Labor, Color, And Social Order In Nineteenth- And Twentieth-Century Advertising Imagery, Meghan Bryant
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
Scholars have studied American advertising in terms of collectible Americana, histories of printing technology, and consumer culture. These approaches leave a gap in our understanding of American advertising in terms of its role as a powerful carrier of ideological value and a critical participant in national discourses on race and American identity. My study examines nineteenth- and twentieth-century advertising imagery and visual culture—including postcards, prints, and other related ephemera—reading such images as conscious commentary on contemporary racial, social, and economic issues. I employ traditional art historical methods to examine advertising imagery and ephemera, bridging the fields of labor, food, health, …
Finding Their Place In An American City: Perspectives On African Americans And French Creoles In Antebellum St. Louis, Anna K. Roberts
Finding Their Place In An American City: Perspectives On African Americans And French Creoles In Antebellum St. Louis, Anna K. Roberts
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
“The Valor and Spirit of Bygone Times”: The Memory of the Battle of St. Louis and the Persistence of St. Louis’s Creole Community, 1820-1847 In the context of the American Revolution, the Battle of St. Louis is a mere footnote, resulting in under 100 casualties. But to the St. Louisans who experienced it – mostly French civilians living in a Spanish territory, many of whom lost loved ones in the battle – it was the defining event of their lifetimes. This paper focuses on two antebellum tellings of the battle story - Thomas Hart Benton's speech in the United States …
Patterns Of Abundance And Community Dynamics In Atlantic Coastal Sharks, Cassidy Peterson
Patterns Of Abundance And Community Dynamics In Atlantic Coastal Sharks, Cassidy Peterson
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
No abstract provided.
Influence Of Structural Complexity And Location On The Habitat Value Of Restored Oyster Reefs, Melissa Ann Karp
Influence Of Structural Complexity And Location On The Habitat Value Of Restored Oyster Reefs, Melissa Ann Karp
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
In the Chesapeake Bay, < 1% of the historic oyster population remains, and efforts have been increasing to restore oysters and the services they provide. Building reefs that successfully provide ecosystem services–especially habitat and foraging grounds–may require different restoration techniques than those previously used, and success may depend on reef morphology (complexity), location, and environmental conditions. Salinity and habitat complexity are two important factors that may interact to effect benthic communities and predator-prey interactions on restored reefs. The goals of this project were: (1) Characterize the benthic communities on restored oyster reefs in lower Chesapeake Bay, and (2) examine the effects of structural complexity and salinity on benthic communities and predator-prey interactions. A two-year field survey of restored reefs was carried out in four rivers in lower Chesapeake Bay to characterize faunal communities on restored reefs and to quantify the effect of reef complexity on faunal communities. A laboratory mesocosm experiment was conducted to examine the effect of reef complexity on predator foraging. In total, 61 macrofaunal species were identified among all samples, and restored reefs supported on average, 6,169 org/m2 and 67.88 g-AFDW/m2. There were significant differences in the community composition and diversity among the rivers, and salinity was the environmental factor that best explained the observed differences in species composition across the rivers. Salinity and rugosity (i.e., structural complexity) both positively affected diversity, while salinity negatively affected macrofaunal abundance and biomass. Oyster density and rugosity positively affected macrofaunal biomass, and oyster density positively affected mud crab, polychaete, and mussel densities. In the mesocosm experiment, predator foraging, measured by proportion and number of prey consumed, was significantly reduced in the presence of oyster shell structure. However, predators were able to consume more prey when prey density was increased, even in the presence of oyster shell structure. These results combine to enhance our understanding of the benefits of increased habitat complexity for both prey and predators on restored oyster reefs. Increasing complexity worked to increase the abundance, biomass, and diversity of organisms inhabiting restored reefs, and even though predator consumption was reduced in the presence of structure compared to non-structured habitat, predators were able to consume more prey individuals when prey density was increased. Therefore, increasing the structure of oyster reef habitat may benefit prey species by providing refuge habitat, and benefit predators by providing an increased abundance of available prey items.
Radiant Exposure: The Art And Spectacle Of The X-Rayed Body In American Visual Culture, Lita Tirak
Radiant Exposure: The Art And Spectacle Of The X-Rayed Body In American Visual Culture, Lita Tirak
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
Radiant Exposure analyzes how American painting, photography, cinema, and graphic design creatively visualized X-rays to represent the body under forms of invasive scrutiny. I will historicize a variety of works produced between 1895 and the present, which consist of actual X-ray photographs and artistic simulations of their visual effects. Visual culture scholars and art historians have identified the X-ray as an important development in modern experience, perception, and the visual arts, but they have situated the X-ray's aesthetic bearing in the first thirty years after Wilhelm Röntgen’s discovery of the X-ray. I argue that since their invention, X-rays have persisted …
On Shelf-Slope Water Mass Exchanges Near Washington Canyon And Norfolk Canyon In The Mid-Atlantic Bight, Haixing Wang
On Shelf-Slope Water Mass Exchanges Near Washington Canyon And Norfolk Canyon In The Mid-Atlantic Bight, Haixing Wang
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
The physical exchanges between shelf and slope water masses are important drivers of biological productivity in the shelfbreak region of the Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB). Based on two ocean glider surveys that were conducted in Autumn 2013, and concurrent wind and satellite based sea surface height observations, this study investigates the dynamic mechanisms of wind, surface height variation, water column hydrographic structure, and canyon topography in driving shelf-slope water mass exchanges across the shelfbreak near Norfolk Canyon and Washington Canyon in the MAB. Over the outer shelf, sea surface height variation and wind are important drivers of cross-shelfbreak transport through geostrophic …
Density Dependence And Clonal Integration In Common Milkweed, Asclepias Syriaca, Mary Danielle Seward
Density Dependence And Clonal Integration In Common Milkweed, Asclepias Syriaca, Mary Danielle Seward
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
The density of individuals in a population has the potential to affect growth and death rates of that population. This effect of density is called density dependence and can be negatively or positively related to a vital rate. In most populations, increasing density leads to lower growth rates, which is negative density dependence. Positive density dependence, or Allee effects, occurs when increasing density leads to an increase in a vital rate, such as increasing survival in large herds. However, in clonal plants, there is the potential for the effects of density to be ameliorated. Clonal plants produce genetically identical progeny …
Oh Shenandoah! The Northern Shenandoah Valley's Black Borderlanders Make Freedom Work During Virginia's Reconstruction, 1865-1870, Donna Camille Dodenhoff
Oh Shenandoah! The Northern Shenandoah Valley's Black Borderlanders Make Freedom Work During Virginia's Reconstruction, 1865-1870, Donna Camille Dodenhoff
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
During Virginia’s Reconstruction, the freedpeople of the Northern Shenandoah Valley experienced an uneven oppression. They took full advantage of a stable Reconstruction regime and the advocates they found among local Republican reformers, northern missionary society representatives and Freedmen’s Bureau agents to make their freedom meaningful. The control the freedpeople gained over their labor, as well as the success they enjoyed in reclaiming their children from white households and establishing independent institutions assured their status as a free people rather than as emancipated dependents. Nor were the freedpeople plagued with persistent, organized white terrorist tactics. But they did not achieve equal …
Teachers' Perceptions Of Contextual Influences On Instructional Decision-Making Regarding The Use Of Educational Technology In Secondary Social Studies, Adam P. Barger
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
This research study was designed to explore the potential connections between teachers’ contexts and their instruction. Specifically, I explored how teachers perceived contextual influences on technology-related instructional decisions in secondary social studies classrooms. I defined teachers’ contexts as comprised of curricular, interpersonal, and organizational or institutional factors existing on three organizational layers, described as macro, meso, and micro. Through a multiple case study design and interpretivist perspective, I studied three cases of individual social studies teachers working in the shared environment of one high school. I viewed the teachers as curricular-instructional gatekeepers (Thornton, 2005) working in a contested classroom space …
Dietary Mercury Exposure In Male Zebra Finches Does Not Decrease Their Attractiveness To Females, Virginia Greene
Dietary Mercury Exposure In Male Zebra Finches Does Not Decrease Their Attractiveness To Females, Virginia Greene
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
Choosing a high-quality mate contributes strongly to increased reproductive success in birds. Female birds assess quality in males, in part, via condition-dependent signals such as male songs and plumage. The production of attractive signals can be disrupted by environmental stressors, however, including environmental toxins. Mercury, a globally-increasing pollutant, is one such toxin. Mercury exposure has been shown to affect song, plumage, bill color, and mating behaviors in male birds, but the effect of these changes on the outcome of female mate choice is unknown. These effects on condition-dependent signals indicate that mercury could potentially alter males’ attractiveness to females, as …
The Gilded South/Exporting Abortion, Jenna Frances Ray
The Gilded South/Exporting Abortion, Jenna Frances Ray
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
This master's portfolio consists of two distinct essays. The first concerns the development of the American South, and the specific role of the Confederacy, with regard to questions of foreign expansion. The second concerns the way that abortion policy as a subject of American foreign policy changes as a result of the 1973 Supreme Court ruling on Roe v. Wade.
Does Sound Help Prevent Birds From Flying Into Objects?, Nicole Ingrassia
Does Sound Help Prevent Birds From Flying Into Objects?, Nicole Ingrassia
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
Bird strike is the often fatal collision between a bird and a surface, such as a window or tower. Collisions kill millions of birds each year in the US alone, and cost industries millions of dollars per year. as more buildings, wind turbines, communication towers and other structures are built, bird strikes and its associated costs are predicted to increase. Researchers have explored mitigative measures to alleviate bird strikes but to date none have solved this growing problem. Recent research suggests that current technologies fail because their design does not take into account birds' sensory ecology, including habituation to loud …
A Program Evaluation Of Teacher Perceptions On The Fidelity Of Implementation Of Professional Learning Communities., Elondra D. Napper
A Program Evaluation Of Teacher Perceptions On The Fidelity Of Implementation Of Professional Learning Communities., Elondra D. Napper
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
No abstract provided.
Quantitative Analysis Of Periodic Breathing And Very Long Apnea In Preterm Infants., Mary A. Mohr
Quantitative Analysis Of Periodic Breathing And Very Long Apnea In Preterm Infants., Mary A. Mohr
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
No abstract provided.
Investigating Fraudulent And Privacy Activities In Online Business., Haitao Xu
Investigating Fraudulent And Privacy Activities In Online Business., Haitao Xu
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
No abstract provided.
Understanding Security Threats In Cloud, Zhang Xu
Understanding Security Threats In Cloud, Zhang Xu
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
As cloud computing has become a trend in the computing world, understanding its security concerns becomes essential for improving service quality and expanding business scale. This dissertation studies the security issues in a public cloud from three aspects. First, we investigate a new threat called power attack in the cloud. Second, we perform a systematical measurement on the public cloud to understand how cloud vendors react to existing security threats. Finally, we propose a novel technique to perform data reduction on audit data to improve system capacity, and hence helping to enhance security in cloud. In the power attack, we …
"Dread Of Elder Titles": John Haywood And The Occult Origins Of The Confederacy, Charles Allen Wallace
"Dread Of Elder Titles": John Haywood And The Occult Origins Of The Confederacy, Charles Allen Wallace
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
This work unearths the dark work of John Haywood (1762–1826), an overlooked Tennessee historian and judge who provided foundational historical and legal arguments for the Confederate nation. Published in 1819, his apocalyptic Southern history, The Christian Advocate, simultaneously justified Indian Removal and simplified white Southerners’ claims of title to land. He thus became the first thinker to give Southerners a sense of place in the deep history of the South; the first to convince them they belonged where they lived. andrew Jackson, for example, memorized passages from the Christian Advocate to convince himself: Southern Indians are the armies of Gog …
"What Would Jesus Do?": Modern Revival In The Marketplace, 1896-2000s., Jennifer L. Hancock
"What Would Jesus Do?": Modern Revival In The Marketplace, 1896-2000s., Jennifer L. Hancock
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
No abstract provided.
Chesapeake Coastal Community Flood Vulnerability--Prediction And Verification, Alexander D. Renaud
Chesapeake Coastal Community Flood Vulnerability--Prediction And Verification, Alexander D. Renaud
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
Fast moving hurricanes and stationary nor’easters have resulted in significant flood damage in Chesapeake tidewater communities. The Chesapeake Bay region is one of A m erica’s most vulnerable regions with respect to sea-level rise, which will only increase storm surge impacts over upcoming decades. While the general trends are well documented, there is limited information relevant to specific communities’ relative flood risk and response. The dearth o f data is especially troublesome given the lengthy period o f time generally needed for communities to plan and implement adaptive action. This study contributes to the regional understanding of flood and sea-level …
Development Of Forested Wetland Ecological Functions In A Hydrologically Controlled Field Experiment In Virginia, Usa, Herman W. Hudson
Development Of Forested Wetland Ecological Functions In A Hydrologically Controlled Field Experiment In Virginia, Usa, Herman W. Hudson
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
Forested headwater wetlands provide numerous ecosystem functions and services and are often disturbed, impacted, or destroyed due to their position in the landscape. This has led to many successful and unsuccessful attempts to restore these important ecosystems. Returning trees to these restored ecosystems has proven to be particularly challenging. to increase successful forested headwater wetland restoration, this dissertation recommends tree species and stocktypes that could be planted to return lost ecosystem structure and ecological functions. This dissertation focuses on a created experimental system that investigates the responses of seven species of native wetland trees planted using three stocktypes in three …
Sturgeon (Acipenseridae) Phylogeny, Biogeography, & Ontogeny., Katie May Laumann
Sturgeon (Acipenseridae) Phylogeny, Biogeography, & Ontogeny., Katie May Laumann
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
Thought of as "ancient" fishes, 25 broadly recognized extant sturgeon species are classified in four genera (Acipenser, Huso, Pseudoscaphirhynchus, and Scaphirhynchus). Molecular and morphological analyses have led to broad but conflicting changes to sturgeon phylogeny. For example, the position of Scaphirhynchus among other sturgeons had been contentious, and various sets of sturgeon species have been proposed to make up the subfamily Husinae. Here, a molecular phylogeny of sturgeons, based on the full mitogenome, is presented. In this phylogeny, Scaphirhynchus is recovered with strong support as basal to the other sturgeons. Huso huso is recovered as basal within a clade containing …
Modeling Flocculation And Deflocculation Processes Of Cohesive Sediments, Xiaoteng Shen
Modeling Flocculation And Deflocculation Processes Of Cohesive Sediments, Xiaoteng Shen
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
The transport and fate of cohesive sediments are responsible for many engineering, environmental, economic and policy issues that relate to, for example, siltation and dredging in navigation channels, water quality, water turbidity, pollutant transports, and biological ecosystem responses. Our current understanding, however, is insufficient to conduct accurate quantitative predictions of these processes. This is because the cohesive particles in natural waters will flocculate, which determines the settling, and thus the deposition behaviors. The simulation of flocculation processes is a primary challenge since the time variation of Floc Size Distribution (FSD) is controlled by a partial differential equation that also contains …
Characterization Of Interfacial Interactions By Functionalized Afm Probes, Laura Rickard Dickinson
Characterization Of Interfacial Interactions By Functionalized Afm Probes, Laura Rickard Dickinson
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
Interfacial interactions play a crucial role in many complex materials systems, determining many of their properties. However, characterization of these interactions, especially at the micro- to nanometer length scales is experimentally challenging. Consequently, insufficient knowledge of these systems limits technological advances in important applications. In this work, custom functionalized atomic force microscopy (AFM) probes were developed to measure the interaction forces in two important systems: petroleum reservoirs and nanocomposites. Our work seeks a deeper understanding of the specific interactions that occur in these two systems so that modified approaches can be developed to improve them. Petroleum recovery is concerned with …
Optical Characterization Of Interface Magnetization In Multifunctional Oxide Heterostructures, Fan Fang
Optical Characterization Of Interface Magnetization In Multifunctional Oxide Heterostructures, Fan Fang
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
Multifunctional oxides attract much attention recently. The strong correlated electron system involves the notable properties of colossal magnetoresistance, ferroelectric tunneling and spin transport, with the coupling of electron, spin and orbital degrees of freedom. their rich functional behavior is of potential use for nanoelectronics and data storage. Particularly interesting are the mulitferroic materials, which exhibit simultaneously electric and magnetic ordering properties. Understanding the interface coupling mechanism of these two order parameters are critical to future development of high-performance spintronic devices. The goal of this dissertation is to elucidate the interfacial magnetoelectric (ME) coupling with optical characterization method -- magnetization-induced second-harmonic …
Floristic Change Spanning 45 Years Of Global Change In The College Woods, Williamsburg, Va, Caitlin Cyrus
Floristic Change Spanning 45 Years Of Global Change In The College Woods, Williamsburg, Va, Caitlin Cyrus
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
The College Woods, located in Williamsburg, VA, is a natural preserve of approximately 960 acres owned by the College of William & Mary. The Woods supports a relatively diverse flora in a mature coastal-plain forest which has been under long-term biological study by members of the College. This thesis contributes to the ongoing investigation of the Woods by documenting floristic and vegetation changes that have occurred over the last 45 years amidst a rising and uncontrolled white-tailed deer population. Three main research questions are addressed: (1) How has floristic diversity, composition, and species abundance changed since the last floristic survey …
Factors Affecting Temporal Variation In Occupancy Of Two Common Species Of Butterflies In Woodlands Of The Eastern United States, Papilio Glaucus And Eurytides Marcellus., Angela Louise Zappalla
Factors Affecting Temporal Variation In Occupancy Of Two Common Species Of Butterflies In Woodlands Of The Eastern United States, Papilio Glaucus And Eurytides Marcellus., Angela Louise Zappalla
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
Identifying key factors of habitat quality and the extents at which they operate is invaluable to the understanding of the biology of a species. Key factors defining habitat quality for many common butterfly species have yet to be determined. Diverse methods are used to define habitat quality for butterflies. Some of these, such as mark-release-recapture or distance sampling, can be difficult to implement. Occupancy modeling is less invasive and generally less expensive than these other methods. Occupancy modeling is based on repeated presence-absence surveys. Occupancy is the probability that a species is present at a given site after accounting for …
Alexandrium Monilatum In The Lower Chesapeake Bay: Sediment Cyst Distribution And Potential Health Impacts On Crassostrea Virginica, Sarah Pease
Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects
The toxin-producing harmful algal bloom (HAB) species Alexandrium monilatum has long been associated with finfish and shellfish mortalities in the Gulf of Mexico. In the summer of 2007, A. monilatum re-emerged as a bloom-forming species in the Chesapeake Bay. Over the last decade, late summer blooms of A. monilatum have been expanding in range in the lower Chesapeake Bay and have reached record-high densities, particularly in the lower York River. This dinoflagellate species overwinters in the sediments as a resting cyst, and upon excystment under suitable environmental conditions produces blooms the following summer. The research presented here includes the first …