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Social Rank And Foraging Behavior In Rats: Effects Of Food Size, Density And Distribution, Maria Phelps
Social Rank And Foraging Behavior In Rats: Effects Of Food Size, Density And Distribution, Maria Phelps
Digitized Theses
A number of field studies, conducted with birds, have found that dominant birds aggress against subordinate birds to attain priority of access to food. However, the level of aggression exhibited by dominant birds varied in accord with a cost-benefit analysis of the physical properties and spatial organization of the resource base. When the costs of aggression exceeded the benefits gained from resource defense, dominant birds decreased the level of aggression. Because rats also forage in groups and form functional social hierarchies, it was predicted that dominant rats, like dominant birds, would decrease aggression as a function of three resource attributes. …
Maternal Depression, Perceptions, Contextual Stress, And Parenting, Christine Marie-Antoinette Wekerle
Maternal Depression, Perceptions, Contextual Stress, And Parenting, Christine Marie-Antoinette Wekerle
Digitized Theses
The relationship between maternal depression and parenting was explored in three distinct ways: (1) the direct effect of maternal depression, as it is measured proximally and distally to parenting, (2) the moderation of proximal and distal maternal depression by contextual stress, and (3) the mediation of proximal and distal maternal depression by maternal perceptions of child problem behaviour. Two aspects of maternal behaviour were examined: aversive parenting (negative control strategies, negative affect, lack of positive control strategies) and positive affect (positive affect and affection).;A community sample of 95 mother-child dyads participated in 12, 1-hr in-home behavioural observations. Also, mothers completed …
The Quality Of Mother-Infant Interactions In Families At Risk For Maladaptive Parenting, Anne Krupka
The Quality Of Mother-Infant Interactions In Families At Risk For Maladaptive Parenting, Anne Krupka
Digitized Theses
Two related studies of mother-infant interactions during the first year were carried out. In Study 1, the process of attachment was examined from a developmental psychopathology perspective. In Study 2, an intervention program based on attachment theory was evaluated. The findings revealed a possible pathway to insecure attachment relationships, and provided a rationale for theory-based early prevention.;Study 1 was cross-sectional and longitudinal with 68 high-risk mother-infant dyads (mean maternal age, 17.9 years). A multimethod approach including home observations, questionnaires, interviews, and coding of key episodes, was used to measure cognitive and socioemotional characteristics of the infants and different aspects of …
The Dimensionality Of Managerial Third-Party Interventions In Conflict Among Subordinates And Their Relationship With Desired Outcomes, Patrick Gregory Irving
The Dimensionality Of Managerial Third-Party Interventions In Conflict Among Subordinates And Their Relationship With Desired Outcomes, Patrick Gregory Irving
Digitized Theses
The purpose of this thesis was to conduct preliminary research designed to move toward the development of a prescriptive model of managerial third-party intervention in conflicts between subordinates. Similarities have been noted between Sheppard's (1984) recommendations for the development of such a model and the Vroom-Yetton model of managerial decision making (Vroom & Jago, 1988: Vroom & Yetton, 1973).;Two studies were conducted that examined aspects of Sheppard's recommendations. Study 1 was designed to examine the underlying dimensionality of a set of 25 conflict intervention strategies derived from the literature. Participants were asked to rate the similarity-dissimilarity of pairs of strategies. …
Personality-Oriented Job Analysis, Maryann Frances Fraboni
Personality-Oriented Job Analysis, Maryann Frances Fraboni
Digitized Theses
The purpose of the present research was to develop a personality-oriented job analysis measure that could be used to identify non-cognitive person attitudes relevant to a given job. One application of this new job analysis measure could be to use it within a person-job (P-J) fit predictive framework.;Three studies were conducted. The first study was aimed at testing an initial item pool developed for the personality-oriented job analysis measure and selecting the best items for each scale. The job analysis measure was constructed to assess (a) 15 personality traits measured by the Jackson Personality Inventory (Jackson, 1994) and (b) 12 …
The Role Of Literal Meaning In Proverb Comprehension, Nigel E. Turner
The Role Of Literal Meaning In Proverb Comprehension, Nigel E. Turner
Digitized Theses
According to the 'Standard Pragmatic Model of Language', a person initially attempts to understand figurative sentences such as metaphors and proverbs in terms of their literal meaning and only processes the figurative meaning when the literal meaning is found inadequate. Experimental studies have failed to support this model; however, many of these studies confounded literalness with conventionality. Furthermore, the role of literal meaning during figurative language comprehension remains unresolved. The purpose of this thesis is to conduct a more valid test of the Standard Pragmatic Model, and to determine the role of literal meaning during proverb comprehension. In the first …
Self-Concept Dimensions Associated With Eating Disturbance, Sandra Ann Yuen
Self-Concept Dimensions Associated With Eating Disturbance, Sandra Ann Yuen
Digitized Theses
The present thesis provided a detailed examination of the self-concept variables associated with eating disturbance. Two distinct self-concept variables, namely, the content and evaluative dimensions of self, were evaluated in relation to global measures of bulimia nervosa. These self-concept dimensions were further examined in relation to the eating pathology and general maladjustment features of bulimia, including the behavioural, motivational, and cognitive-affective components of eating disturbance.;Study 1 examined the actual and ideal self-concept content dimensions and the self-certainty and attribute importance evaluative self-dimensions, across the domains of body image, depressive personality, sociability, and social roles. Individuals reporting higher levels of bulimia …
Depression And Vulnerability: The Role Of Mood And Depression History On Cognitive Processing, Scott Bradley Mccabe
Depression And Vulnerability: The Role Of Mood And Depression History On Cognitive Processing, Scott Bradley Mccabe
Digitized Theses
Cognitive theorists hypothesize the existence of a causal cognitive vulnerability for depression that exists as either a continuously observable trait-like difference (i.e., the main-effects model) or a latent factor observable only in interaction with life events or mood (i.e., the interaction effects model). The current investigation examined the main-effects model and one form of the interaction-effects model that emphasizes current mood as the activator of latent cognitive vulnerability, the Differential Activation Hypothesis (DAH). When primed by sad mood, vulnerable individuals purportedly process environmental information in a manner similar to currently depressed individuals, making them more vulnerable for depression.;Studies of cognition …
Traits, Situations, And Managerial Behaviour: Test Of A Trait Activation Hypothesis, Robert Preston Tett
Traits, Situations, And Managerial Behaviour: Test Of A Trait Activation Hypothesis, Robert Preston Tett
Digitized Theses
Results supporting the predictive validity of assessment centres (e.g., Gaugler, Rosenthal, Thornton & Bentson, 1987) are at odds with widely reported findings that behavioural consistency among assessment centre exercises is low (e.g., Sackett & Dreher, 1982). Lack of behavioural consistency raises doubts as to how assessment centres work. Drawing from principles of person-situation interactionism, a trait activation hypothesis is proposed to help explain the conflicting findings and direct development of valid simulation exercises. The hypothesis holds that the behavioural expression of a trait requires arousal of that trait by trait-relevant situational cues. Cross-situational consistency in behaviour is thereby conceived to …
The Effects Of Preadministration Of Nmda Antagonists On Kindling With Carbachol, Deborah Michelle Saucier
The Effects Of Preadministration Of Nmda Antagonists On Kindling With Carbachol, Deborah Michelle Saucier
Digitized Theses
This thesis evaluated the hypothesis that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activity is essential for the development of kindling and/or the maintenance of the kindled state in male hooded rats. Kindling was produced by the infusion of carbachol, a muscarinic cholinergic agonist, directly into either the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala or the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. The infusions of carbachol took place over 70 seconds and were given every 2 days. At a previously determined time before the infusion of carbachol, either APV (DL-aminophosphonovaleric acid, infused into the site of recording) or NPC 17742 (2R,4R,2S-(2-amino-4,5(cyclohexyl)-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid, i.p.) was given. Both …
Infants' Use Of Spatial Co-Location In A Cross-Modal Perception Task, Kimberley Diane Fenwick
Infants' Use Of Spatial Co-Location In A Cross-Modal Perception Task, Kimberley Diane Fenwick
Digitized Theses
The role of spatial co-location between sight and sound in infants' cross-modal learning was examined. In Experiments 1 and 2, 4- and 6-month-old infants were familiarized with toys and an accompanying soundtrack using a cross-modal learning paradigm. Across conditions, spatial congruity between sight and sound was varied so that the sound was: (1) co-located with one toy (40 cm from midline); (2) 20 cm to the far side of one toy toward midline; (3) 20 cm to the far side of one toy opposite midline; and (4) 60 cm to the far side of one toy opposite midline. In Experiment …
An Examination Of Whether Irony And Sarcasm Are Different Terms For The Same Psychological Construct, Christopher James Lee
An Examination Of Whether Irony And Sarcasm Are Different Terms For The Same Psychological Construct, Christopher James Lee
Digitized Theses
Researchers have studied counterfactual statements, such as "There's not a cloud in the sky!" uttered during a violent thunderstorm, both as instances of irony (Jorgensen, Miller & Sperber, 1984; Kreuz & Glucksberg, 1989; Katz & Lee, 1993) and as instances of sarcasm (Gibbs, 1986; Kreuz & Glucksberg, 1989). It is not surprising that some terms are used inconsistently in a young field of investigation such as the psycholinguistics of irony and sarcasm. However. the inconsistent use of the terms irony and sarcasm across different empirical studies is problematic when research participants are asked to judge whether or not counterfactual statements …