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Three Faces Of Deference, Paul Horwitz

Paul Horwitz

Deference – the substitution by a decision maker of someone else’s judgment for its own – is a pervasive tool of constitutional doctrine. But although it has been studied at more abstract levels of jurisprudence and at very specific doctrinal levels, it has received surprisingly little general attention in constitutional scholarship. This Article aims to fill that gap.

This Article makes three primary contributions to the literature. First, it provides a careful examination of deference as a doctrinal tool in constitutional law, and offers a taxonomy of deference. In particular, it suggests that deference can best be understood as relying …

The Public Network, Thomas B. Nachbar

Thomas B Nachbar

This article addresses the timely yet persistent question of how best to regulate access to telecommunications networks. Concerns that private firms may use their ownership of communications networks to their own economic advantage has led many to propose restrictions, variously referred to as “network neutrality” or “open access” proposals, on network operators. To date, the network neutrality debate has focused almost exclusively on economic arguments for or against such regulation. Taking a step back from current debates, this paper seeks to derive from established law the accepted bases for imposing nondiscrimination rules and then to work forward to ask whether …

All Sprawled Out: How The Federal Regulatory System Has Driven Unsustainable Growth, Chad Emerson

Chad Emerson

No abstract provided.

Matching Actions To Words: The Promotion Of Tribal Soivereignty Through Negotiated Rulemaking, Joseph M. Cottle

Joseph M Cottle

On May 25, 2006, the National Indian Gaming Commission (NIGC) proposed a new definition concerning bingo games and new classification standards for Class II games. The proposed rules likely will require Native American tribes to eliminate their Class II games or enter tribal-state negotiations to conduct Class III games. The process of proposing these rules deprived tribes of sovereignty since the tribes were not able to participate in the drafting of the proposed rules, the rules shift many Class II games to Class III games with weighty economic and political costs to tribes, and the ability to object to game …

Fitting The Pension Protection Act Of 2006 Into The Defined Contribution Paradigm, Crystal L. Lyons

Crystal L. Lyons

No abstract provided.

Local Public Entrepreneurship And Judicial Intervention In A Euro-American And Global Perspective, Fernando Christian Iaione

Fernando Christian Iaione

Local public entrepreneurship is a concept which encompasses a variety of activities carried out by local governments to foster local economic development. The first part of this paper puts forward local public entrepreneurship as a windfall of the right to local self-government. In the second part two cases are presented - one from EU and one from US - where local public entrepreneurship is playing a major role. However, in the EU the ECJ jurisprudence is discouraging local governments to engage in such activities thereby undermining the right to local self-government. By contrast, the US legal system actively encourages a …

Local Public Entrepreneurship And Judicial Intervention In A Euro-American And Global Perspective, Christian Iaione

Fernando Christian Iaione

Local public entrepreneurship is a concept which encompasses a variety of activities carried out by local governments to foster local economic development. The first part of this paper puts forward local public entrepreneurship as a windfall of the right to local self-government. In the second part two cases are presented - one from EU and one from US - where local public entrepreneurship is playing a major role. However, in the EU the ECJ jurisprudence is discouraging local governments to engage in such activities thereby undermining the right to local self-government. By contrast, the US legal system actively encourages a …

Local Public Entrepreneurship And Judicial Intervention In A Euro-American And Global Perspective, Fernando Christian Iaione

Fernando Christian Iaione

Local public entrepreneurship is a concept which encompasses a variety of activities carried out by local governments to foster local economic development. The first part of this paper puts forward local public entrepreneurship as a windfall of the right to local self-government. In the second part two cases are presented - one from EU and one from US - where local public entrepreneurship is playing a major role. However, in the EU the ECJ jurisprudence is discouraging local governments to engage in such activities thereby undermining the right to local self-government. By contrast, the US legal system actively encourages a …

Standing To Sue In The Absence Of Prosecution: Can A Case Be Too Controversial For Case Or Controversy?, David T. Hardy

David T. Hardy

The Supreme Court has recognized that, except in highly unusual situations, a plaintiff has “harm in fact,” and thus standing to sue, if a criminal statute outlaws conduct in which he intends to engage and which is arguably within the protections of the Constitution. Three Circuits have, however, evolved contradictory strings of caselaw, in which certain challenges are assessed in accord with the Supreme Court’s teachings, while other, indistinguishable, challenges are subjected to much stricter standards, standards which are almost impossible to meet. The Circuits rarely attempt to reconcile the two sets of decisions, and when they do, the resolution …

Immigration, Anti-Terrorism Measures, And National Security: Exploring The Use Of Security Certificates Under Canada’S Immigration And Refugee Protection Act (Irpa), Kamaal Zaidi

Kamaal Zaidi

In the wake of the 9-11 attacks, several nations have introduced security legislation in various forms that affected their immigration system. Security certificates are administrative tools designed to safeguard the national security of Canada by detaining individuals suspected of having links to terrorism or other forms of serious criminality. This form of detention has provided few due process rights for accused non-citizens, forming the basis of much criticism. In addressing this concern, the judiciary (through the Supreme Court of Canada and Federal Courts) has recognized the lack of due process protections afforded to these individuals, particularly in the context of …

The Individuals With Disabilities Education Improvement Act - Why Considering Only One Individual At A Time Creates Untenable Situations For Students And Educators, Megan M. Roberts

Megan M. Roberts

Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA), teachers must modify the classroom environment and lessons to meet the individual needs of each child with a disability. When more than one child with a disability is present in a given classroom, this required individual consideration can be problematic, as the special arrangements for one student may undermine the arrangements for another. Despite the vast growth in the number of students with disabilities and the pressure on schools to comply with the IDEIA requirements, the law has not yet addressed these increasingly frequent situations. This article reviews how the IDEIA …

The Play's The Thing: A Theory Of Taxing Virtual Worlds, Bryan T. Camp

Bryan T Camp

The Play’s The Thing: A Theory of Taxing Virtual Worlds: Bryan T. Camp Abstract Taxation is shadow life. As our culture monetizes more and more life activities, the shadow grows. This article looks at the potential tax issues arising from a new life activity: online role-playing games in virtual worlds. Currently, some 12 million people regularly play such games and the number is growing. Exploring the reach of the Tax Code into virtual world transactions not only responds to the potentially practical needs of millions of U.S. taxpayers, it also permits a reevaluation of core principles of income tax as …

Bringing Balance To Indian Gaming, Matthew L.M. Fletcher

Matthew L.M. Fletcher

This Article proposes to codify the revenue sharing agreements already implemented, assuming the tribe consents; mandate all future casino-style gaming compacts include revenue sharing; and codify the Secretarial procedures designed to reestablish the enforcement mechanism. This proposal would cement the on-the-ground reality of Indian gaming that tribes and states have relied upon since 1996. Reform of the law of Indian gaming should focus on the underlying structure of the law of Indian gaming rather than the symptoms.

Congress enacted the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act in 1988 as a compromise between Indian tribes and states. Congress required tribes to compact with …

Privatization And The Effectiveness Of Monitoring Agencies, Alexander Volokh

Alexander Volokh

The privatization literature depicts the choice whether to contract out as a tradeoff between excessive private investment in quality-reducing cost saving and inadequate public investment in cost-increasing quality improvement, under circumstances where neither the amount of investment nor the cost or quality outcomes are contractible. This paper shows that a monitoring regime, which can verify the benefit of the service at a cost, can bring the investment levels of the private contractor closer to the optimum, while it may not be able to improve the performance of the public sector. Monitors can be captured, and the possibility of capture may …

Delegating Discrimination: Why Discretionary Licensing Statutes Controlling Concealed Carry Weapons Permits Contravene The Rule Of Law, Robert J. Endorf

Robert J. Endorf Jr.

The most significant change in this nation's firearm regulation in almost fifty years is the majority of states adopting liberalized rules for the carrying of concealed firearms. The political debate surrounding theses new "shall issue" licensing laws has almost unanimously confused two distinct issues. The debate has centered on whether states should issue many licenses, or virtually no licenses; however, because many licensing statutes date back to the turn of the twentieth century and were originally passed for highly suspect motives, such as outright racism or xenophobia, the issue of how best to issue licenses has been buried under the …

One Step In The Right Direction: An Analysis Of Ferc's Reporting Requirement For Status Changes For Public Utilities With Market-Based Rate Authority, Richard R. Bradley

Richard R Bradley

No abstract provided.

Canons, The Plenary Power Doctrine And Immigration Law, Brian G. Slocum

Brian G. Slocum

There is a fundamental dichotomy in immigration law. On one hand, courts have consistently maintained that Congress has “plenary power” over immigration and reject most constitutional challenges on that basis. On the other hand, courts frequently use canons of statutory construction in an aggressive fashion to help interpret immigration statutes in favor of aliens. Immigration scholars have almost exclusively focused on the plenary power doctrine. They have either ignored the important role that canons have played in immigration law or have viewed canons as serving only a temporary and marginally legitimate role as substitutes for the lack of constitutional rights …

Publications Authored By William Luneburg, William V. Luneburg

William V. Luneburg

This bibliography contains a list of publications authored by William Luneburg. Publications are organized by subject category.

A Modern Disaster: Agricultural Land, Urban Growth, And The Need For A Federally Organized Comprehensive Land Use Planning Model, Jess M. Krannich

Jess M. Krannich

No abstract provided.

The Real Problem With New Source Review, Shi-Ling Hsu

Shi-Ling Hsu

No abstract provided.

The History Of School Trust Lands In Nevada: The No Child Left Behind Act Of 1864, Christopher J. Walker

Christopher J. Walker

This Article details the history of the federal school lands grant program in Nevada - the first federal initiative to support public education in the new state. After providing a brief overview of federal land management history in the West, the Article presents the story of school lands in Nevada - tracing its birth in Congress and at the Nevada Constitutional Convention in 1864; analyzing the changes made by state constitutional amendments and court decisions; exploring Congress's attempts to adapt the program to Nevada's needs in the form of the two-million-acre grant of 1880 and the 30,000-acre exchange of 1926; …

Adequate Access Or Equal Treatment: Looking Beyond The Idea To Section 504 In A Post-Schaffer Public School, Christopher J. Walker

Christopher J. Walker

In light of the Supreme Court's decision this Term in Schaffer v. Weast, this Note analyzes the current state of special education law and argues that parents, attorneys, and advocates should look beyond the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) to Section 504 in the post-Schaffer public school. This Note shows how these two standards operate in the context of state special schools for the blind and deaf. A state-by-state survey of thirty states' special school admission policies and practices reveals the IDEA's limitations and Section 504's potentially complementary role.

Although other works have briefly compared the IDEA and Section …

Expensing Isn't The Only Option: Alternatives To The Fasb's Stock Option Expensing Proposal, Benjamin A. Templin

Benjamin A. Templin

This article reviews the arguments for and against the proposal of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) to require that corporations expense options. It identifies two major goals of the proposed rule: (1) clarity in financial statements, and (2) a reduction of corporate fraud by removing the incentive of options. To address these two goals, the article adopts a framework of Information Reforms v. Rules of the Game Reforms. The article starts with a history of FASB Statement No. 123 (Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation) and also analyzes proposed legislation in Congress attempting to block the measure, the proposed Stock Option …

On The Role Of Cost-Benefit Analysis In Environmental Law, Shi-Ling Hsu

Shi-Ling Hsu

Legal scholarship on the role of cost-benefit analysis in environmental law is often stimulating, but does not seem to be changing anybody's mind. The entrenchment of a camp of detractors and a camp of advocates of cost-benefit analysis parallels the impasse that has stymied environmental law for over a decade. Professors Lisa Heinzerling and Frank Ackerman have co-authored a book that captures most of the arguments from the detractor side, and have done so skillfully and powerfully. However, this review criticizes the book's contribution to perpetuating this intellectual stalemate. The book does this by focusing on an environmental theory of …

Fairness Versus Efficiency In Environmental Law, Shi-Ling Hsu

Shi-Ling Hsu

Like many other areas of law, the development of environmental law has been strongly influenced by notions of fairness. This should not be surprising, since environmental law has been developed by lawyers, who are self-selected to be fairness-oriented and trained to think in terms of fairness. While large environmental gains have been achieved in the thirty-year history of environmental law, progress seems to have reached a plateau. Partisanship has poisoned the debate on how best to proceed in making further environmental progress. I attribute the failings and the current stalemate in environmental law to our obsession with fairness. Fairness-thinking has …

A Two-Dimensional Framework For Analyzing Property Rights Regimes, Shi-Ling Hsu

Shi-Ling Hsu

This article proposes an integrative framework wherein all property regimes can be expressed as a function of two fundamental characteristics: (i) whether the dominant right is a use right or an exclusion right (or some degree thereof), and (ii) the size of the party jointly holding the dominant right. This article will show how all property regimes can be characterized by these two variables. By analyzing property regimes in such a framework, property regimes can be related to each other, and conditions can be identified under which the regimes function best. I introduce four fundamental property regimes: the Individual Use, …

A Game-Theoretic Approach To Regulatory Negotiation And A Framework For Empirical Analysis, Shi-Ling Hsu

Shi-Ling Hsu

While regulatory agencies have been engaging in negotiation with regulated parties and other stakeholders for decades now, careful study of the implications of such negotiations have lagged. In particular, while several commentators have now staked out intellectual ground on the theoretical ramifications of regulatory negotiation, empirical analyses of regulatory negotiations have been lacking. This article analyzes the implications of regulatory "reinvention" as the latest in a series of administrative initiatives aimed at achieving better rulemaking and adjudication through negotiations. Reinvention is commonly understood to mean those programs that utilize negotiated agreements to implement regulatory requirements imposed by various environmental statutes. …

The Evolution Of The Public Trust Doctrine And The Degradation Of Trust Re- Sources: Courts, Trustees And Political Power In Wisconsin, Melissa K. Scanlan

Melissa K. Scanlan

The public trust doctrine is rooted in ancient Roman law and the Wisconsin Constitution. Ancient Roman jurists be- lieved that the natural law concept that the waters are common to all was not subject to the changing whims of legis- latures. Similarly, modern theorists assert that a constitutionally-based doctrine will be more insulated from politics. This Comment demonstrates the limits of these theories. The trust doctrine is not immutable. Based on interviews with the trustees of Wisconsin's water resources, this Comment uncovers the constraints on the trustees. It shows that trust resources are at risk due to politically-motivated decisions and …