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Delay Discounting: Are Magnitude Effects Moderated By Domain Effects?, David A. Williams Jr.
Delay Discounting: Are Magnitude Effects Moderated By Domain Effects?, David A. Williams Jr.
Masters Theses, 2010-2019
Delay discounting is a phenomenon wherein a commodity loses its value as the delay to its receipt increases. It may be conceptualized as a measure of patience, or impatience. There are several aspects of a commodity that contribute to its loss in value, in addition to the delay to its receipt. Specifically, there are differential rates in delay discounting across commodity types (domain effects) and commodity amounts (magnitude effects). Interestingly, magnitude effects occur almost exclusively in relation to a particular commodity type: monetary rewards. The present study sought to isolate magnitude effects from a particular quality of monetary rewards: fungibility. …
Predicting Bystander Attitudes Using Rape Myth Acceptance And Adherence To The Commodity Model Of Sex, Kimberly J. Johnson
Predicting Bystander Attitudes Using Rape Myth Acceptance And Adherence To The Commodity Model Of Sex, Kimberly J. Johnson
Masters Theses, 2010-2019
The high rate of sexual assault on college campuses has become a growing concern among college administrators. To combat the prevalence of sexual assault, colleges and universities have begun implementing mandatory bystander intervention training programs, which teach students to look for warning signs indicative of sexual assault and intervene before an assault occurs. Previous research has indicated that an individual’s endorsement of rape myths may play a role in whether or not that individual will intervene in a situation that may lead to sexual assault; however, little research has investigated from where beliefs in rape myths might stem. Sex educators …
Traumatic Experiences And Cognition: How Do Static And Dynamic Variables Contribute To Current Functioning?, Cathryn Richmond
Traumatic Experiences And Cognition: How Do Static And Dynamic Variables Contribute To Current Functioning?, Cathryn Richmond
Masters Theses, 2010-2019
Approximately 25% of children in the United States will witness or experience a traumatic event before age 4, and individuals with a history of trauma, particularly traumatic events in childhood, have a much higher likelihood of developing psychopathology in adulthood. Prior research indicates that the vast majority of individuals with a serious mental illness, particularly those in community mental health centers and psychiatric inpatient settings, have experienced at least one traumatic event in their lifetime. These individuals require special consideration in treatment planning, and a large range of neurodevelopmental and environmental factors must be taken into account when interpreting results …
The Effects Of Ordinal Data On Coefficient Alpha, Kathryn E. Pinder
The Effects Of Ordinal Data On Coefficient Alpha, Kathryn E. Pinder
Masters Theses, 2010-2019
Given coefficient alpha’s wide prevalence as a measure of internal reliability, it is important to know the conditions under which it is an appropriate estimate of reliability. The present paper explores alpha’s assumption of uncorrelated errors when used with ordinal data. Alpha overestimates true reliability when correlated errors are present. In this paper, I use a simulation study to recreate three mechanisms proposed to create correlated errors in ordinal data. The first mechanism, misclassification error, occurs when there are correlated measurement errors present in the data. The second mechanism, grouping error, occurs when there are not enough categories to represent …
Propensity Score Matching In Higher Education Assessment, Heather D. Harris
Propensity Score Matching In Higher Education Assessment, Heather D. Harris
Masters Theses, 2010-2019
The applied nature of higher education assessment does not lend itself to rigorous experimental research designs. However, assessment practitioners would like to make claims about the influence of educational programs on student learning outcomes. Propensity score matching (PSM) methods are quasi-experimental techniques that allow researchers to control for known confounding variables. In the context of higher education, PSM techniques allow assessment practitioners to control for confounding variables related to students’ self-selected participation in university programs. Research and recommendations on how to apply PSM techniques are scattered throughout several disciplines. However, additional research is needed to evaluate how well PSM techniques …
Persons Can Speak Louder Than Variables: Person-Centered Analyses And The Prediction Of Student Success, Elisabeth M. Pyburn
Persons Can Speak Louder Than Variables: Person-Centered Analyses And The Prediction Of Student Success, Elisabeth M. Pyburn
Masters Theses, 2010-2019
In order to ensure that analyses are appropriate for one’s research question(s), it is important to consider whether a person-centered or variable-centered approach is needed. Person-centered approaches are often not considered in situations for which they would be appropriate. To that end, a description of the characteristics and procedures of two common person-centered analyses (cluster analysis and mixture modeling) are provided. Although both analyses accomplish the same general aim – to group persons based on their similarity on a series of variables, thus providing ease of interpretation – the methods employed for each analysis differ considerably. As illustration, both analyses …
Teacher Child Interaction Training As A Universal Prevention Program In Preschool And Kindergarten Classrooms, Jessica Rossi
Teacher Child Interaction Training As A Universal Prevention Program In Preschool And Kindergarten Classrooms, Jessica Rossi
Dissertations, 2014-2019
The current study assessed the effectiveness of Teacher Child Interaction Training (TCIT), an adaptation of Eyberg’s Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), on teacher and child behaviors in preschool and kindergarten classrooms. The sample included four classrooms in urban, socioeconomically disadvantaged and culturally diverse settings. Two preschool classrooms were included in the first study and one preschool and one kindergarten classroom were included in the second study. Both studies used a concurrent multiple baseline design to evaluate the effects of training and coaching on teacher and child behaviors in the classroom. The intervention focused on the development of a friendly attachment …
Digital Natives: The Nature Of Technology On College Student Mental Health, Nicole Crump
Digital Natives: The Nature Of Technology On College Student Mental Health, Nicole Crump
Educational Specialist, 2009-2019
Anxiety and depression are consistent issues experienced amongst college student populations in the United States (American College Health Association, 2013). However, there is limited research on what contributes to the cause of increased student reports of anxiety and depression. While there are many contributing factors to a student’s experience of anxiety and depression, little to no research has looked at the effect of social media and nature on college student anxiety and depression. The researcher has provided a literature review on the benefits and barriers of nature and technology use on college student’s health. The researcher conducted a multivariate correlational …
An Exploration Of The Experience Of In-Home Counseling Services, Greg Czyszczon
An Exploration Of The Experience Of In-Home Counseling Services, Greg Czyszczon
Dissertations, 2014-2019
This qualitative study explores the lived experience of in-home counseling services by using a phenomenological method. In-home counseling services are used in situations where families experience extreme emotional distress, in part owing to the problematic behavior of a child. A semi-structured interview was used to elicit parents’ experience of in-home services in a geographical area that included a large portion of Virginia. The study found that the whole of parents’ experience of in-home services was dynamically influenced by constituent parts including the parent’s experience of the child, their experience of parenting, their experience of systems of care, and their experience …
Weighing In: Therapeutic Benefits Of Online Communities For Individuals With Eating Disorders, Cheri L. Greenfield
Weighing In: Therapeutic Benefits Of Online Communities For Individuals With Eating Disorders, Cheri L. Greenfield
Educational Specialist, 2009-2019
The treatment of eating disorders involves a complex approach. In recent years, a number of websites have developed in an attempt to meet the needs of individuals struggling with this set of disorders. Some of these websites are nationally recognized organizations dedicated to improve treatment and provide educational resources, while other websites have been authored by individuals with eating disorders in an attempt to create a safe community of support. This project explores various components found in online communities, examines characteristics of eating disorders, and evaluates the worth of such resources, even when in perceived contrast with traditional treatment. Rather …
The Interaction Of Patience And Resistance To Miserly Information Processing On Life Outcomes, Tristan Kirkman
The Interaction Of Patience And Resistance To Miserly Information Processing On Life Outcomes, Tristan Kirkman
Masters Theses, 2010-2019
This study examined the relationships between three factors: patience, resistance to miserly information processing (RMIP), and life outcomes. Patience, or the ability to delay gratification in exchange for a larger reward, has been associated with having fewer negative life outcomes— those who are able to wait tend to have better lives. RMIP involves the tendency to think analytically instead of using heuristics (mental shortcuts). RMIP has had only limited study in terms of its relationship to actual life outcomes, but what has been examined so far has also suggested a positive relationship. In the present study, it was found that …
Writing Fellows In An Undergraduate Psychology Course, Caroline Prendergast
Writing Fellows In An Undergraduate Psychology Course, Caroline Prendergast
Senior Honors Projects, 2010-2019
This study seeks to examine the uses of embedded writing tutoring (specifically, a Writing Fellow) in an undergraduate psychology course in order to better understand the impacts of such programs on students’ writing process, written products, and attitudes toward writing. A Writing Fellow attended lab meetings and held office hours in one section of a research methods course. The other two sections of the course served as treatment-as-usual control groups. Throughout the semester, students reported their writing process and attitudes toward writing. Student writing was evaluated using an APA-style scoring instrument. Students in the experimental and control conditions were not …
The Effects Of Having Teachers Implement Teacher Child Interaction Training On Language And Communication Development, Chelsea Ann Rainear
The Effects Of Having Teachers Implement Teacher Child Interaction Training On Language And Communication Development, Chelsea Ann Rainear
Masters Theses, 2010-2019
Prevention and intervention programs for language and communication skills are important, and should be implemented early to gain the maximum benefits. There is evidence that verbal modeling and adult verbal imitation of children may enhance these skills. Teacher training programs have been shown to be effective in modifying students’ behaviors. Speech and language are also forms of behavior, thus the same principles should apply to coaching teachers how to modify verbal behavior to improve their communication skills. McIntosh, Rizza, and Bliss (2000) discussed a need for empirically supported treatments in schools and a need for treatment manuals in order to …
Merge Of Behavior Analysis Procedures Into A Speech-Language Pathology Autism Clinic, Elizabeth Simons
Merge Of Behavior Analysis Procedures Into A Speech-Language Pathology Autism Clinic, Elizabeth Simons
Masters Theses, 2010-2019
This study developed applied behavior analysis skills in a different discipline through training and coaching speech-language pathology graduate students providing therapy services in a program for children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Two graduate students in applied behavior analysis trained 9 graduate students in speechlanguage pathology in 3 concepts: function of behavior, positive reinforcement and differential reinforcement. These trainings occurred within the framework of a systematic multiple baseline design. After training, each participant received bug-in-theear coaching on the use of positive reinforcement daily for 5 days during therapy delivery. At the end of each day therapists developed a list of …
Teacher Child Interaction Training (Tcit) Creates A Positive Classroom Environment: Improving Attachment And Management Of Child Behavior Problems, Kara Devers
Dissertations, 2014-2019
By improving the quality of early teacher-child relationships, a child may improve his socio-emotional competence and decrease problem behaviors. Teacher Child Interaction Training (TCIT), adapted from Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), is a school-based prevention program in which teachers are taught to use the principles of learning and behavior management in the classroom to enhance positive interactions and attachment, and to prevent and reduce problem behaviors in young children. In the present study, changes in teacher and child behavior were experimentally analyzed within a multiple-baseline design across two classrooms with five teachers and thirty nine preschool children. Teacher and child …
In Search Of Best Practices For Multicultural Education: Empirical Evidence From The Forum Bevi Project, Mary Beth Tabit
In Search Of Best Practices For Multicultural Education: Empirical Evidence From The Forum Bevi Project, Mary Beth Tabit
Dissertations, 2014-2019
As the composition of the United States continues to become more diverse, a corresponding need exists to facilitate understanding and positive relations among individuals from different backgrounds. Although there are many reasons for intergroup tension, one substantive source of tension derives from different cultural frames of reference, influencing the ways in which humans from different racial groups understand and relate to each other. A range of interventions have been attempted to promote positive intercultural relations such as multicultural education in schools, intergroup dialogue, and transformative learning experiences. The following reviews previous literature related to effectiveness within these domains, as well …
Self-Reported Practices Of And Attitudes Toward Reading Among Elementary-Aged English Language Learners, Sarah M. Akers
Self-Reported Practices Of And Attitudes Toward Reading Among Elementary-Aged English Language Learners, Sarah M. Akers
Educational Specialist, 2009-2019
The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of self-reported attitudes toward and practices of at-home reading on English reading abilities in English Language Learners in 3rd through 5th grade. Students' English reading abilities were measured in terms of fluency, vocabulary/background knowledge, and comprehension. Scores from the school district's reading benchmarks and English language mastery test were also obtained. Attitudes toward both academic and recreational reading were assessed, and a survey was administered to obtain information regarding students' self-reported at-home practices of reading and access to reading materials. Data was collected in early spring and again in late …
Healthy Living Skills Education: A 12-Module Group Intervention For Individuals With Serious Mental Illness, Brette Marie Stephenson
Healthy Living Skills Education: A 12-Module Group Intervention For Individuals With Serious Mental Illness, Brette Marie Stephenson
Educational Specialist, 2009-2019
Serious mental illness often strikes during adolescence, a time of life when individuals typically prepare to navigate society as independent adults. Due to its symptoms and this crucial developmental interruption, people with serious mental illness often experience difficulties with acquiring and developing life skills. They often struggle to maintain financial independence or their physical health suffers as a result of poor diet and medication side effects. Most commonly, they struggle to develop competency in navigating the social demands of life and relationships. This project is a 12-module life skills group to provide support and group interventions regarding three life areas …
Those Who Laugh, Last: Exploring The Use Of Humor As A Vehicle Of Healing Through Personal Reflection, Theory, And Practice, Eleanor Barham Whitehurst
Those Who Laugh, Last: Exploring The Use Of Humor As A Vehicle Of Healing Through Personal Reflection, Theory, And Practice, Eleanor Barham Whitehurst
Educational Specialist, 2009-2019
The premise of this paper is to examine the healing and therapeutic nature of humor in the counseling relationship. Discussion will focus on the cognitive, emotional, and physical benefits of humor, as well as the methods and techniques used to implement humor and laughter into therapeutic practice. The best practices, benefits, and recommendations for using humor in the therapeutic relationship are reviewed, emphasizing type of humor and assessing client for appropriate use. Application of humor in times of grief and loss is explored, offering insight to the resilience that can be found in the human spirit. Humor is studied as …
Inhibitory Control And Classroom Behavior In Kindergarten Children, Samantha Anne Tynan
Inhibitory Control And Classroom Behavior In Kindergarten Children, Samantha Anne Tynan
Dissertations, 2014-2019
This study examined the association between direct measures of behavioral inhibition (inhibition of prepotent response, motor inhibition, and delayed gratification) and the classroom behavior of kindergarten children. Participants included 5-6 years old kindergarten students (N=64), 35 boys and 29 girls, at two public elementary schools. Behavioral inhibition was assessed with the Night and Day test, Yes or No test, Draw-A-Line-Slowly task and a measure of Delayed Gratification. Classroom behavior was measured using the Teacher-Child Rating Scale 2.1 (T-CRS 2.1). The results showed no significant gender differences in performance on behavioral inhibition tasks or teacher ratings of classroom behavior. Positive correlations …
Understanding The Gendered Self: Implications From Ei Theory, Ei Self, And The Bevi, Christen Pendleton
Understanding The Gendered Self: Implications From Ei Theory, Ei Self, And The Bevi, Christen Pendleton
Dissertations, 2014-2019
The current study focuses on theory, data and analyses from the Forum BEVI Project (www.ibavi.org/content/featured-projects/), a national learning assessment initiative, with a particular emphasis on the “Gender Traditionalism” scale from the Beliefs, Events and Values Inventory (BEVI). Because Gender Traditionalism is central to Equilintegration Theory (EI Theory), the EI Self and the Beliefs Events and Values Inventory (BEVI), issues of definition, measurement and theory are considered with respect to this model, framework and method along with an examination of data and analyses from the BEVI, which are relevant to a deeper understanding of this construct. Results suggest that the EI …
Using Mindfulness To Explore Worldview Perspective And Enhance Intercultural Development, Rebecca J. Heselmeyer
Using Mindfulness To Explore Worldview Perspective And Enhance Intercultural Development, Rebecca J. Heselmeyer
Dissertations, 2014-2019
Multicultural counseling competence is an important part of counselor preparation and continued education. Demographic projections for the United States indicate that the population will continue to grow in diversity in the coming decades, reinforcing the need for counselors to be well trained in multicultural counseling. Research on existing approaches to multicultural counseling training (MCT), meanwhile, has identified effective strategies as well as areas needing refinement. Quality MCT needs to challenge learners to explore their racial identity, confront biases, and reflect on intersections of identities within a greater socio-cultural context, all through a safe environment designed to meet a variety of …
Cracking Invisible Barriers: A Focus On Mental Health Service Use Among Immigrant Latinos In The United States, Evenor Alfonso Aleman
Cracking Invisible Barriers: A Focus On Mental Health Service Use Among Immigrant Latinos In The United States, Evenor Alfonso Aleman
Educational Specialist, 2009-2019
Rapidly changing demographics often result in disparities in services offered for the population. Increasing Latino presence in many parts of the United States has yet to be recognized when developing adequate mental health care. This is specifically true with those who are less proficient in English. The purpose of this study is to explore the barriers many Latinos face when seeking mental health services. These barriers include sociological, cultural, and organizational factors that have been found to influence the underutilization rates of services by Latinos. By exploring these barriers, potential growth areas in the service provided for Spanish speaking clients …
Sense Of Belonging Among Middle School Students, Alexis Carson
Sense Of Belonging Among Middle School Students, Alexis Carson
Educational Specialist, 2009-2019
The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of school belonging among middle school students and contributing factors that may affect their perceptions of belonging. Specific contributing factors that were identified for this project include gender, grade level, GPA, education classification, and socioeconomic status. The participating students were 13 middle school students within a rural community. A 21 item school membership questionnaire adapted from the Psychological Sense of School Membership Scale (Goodenow, 1993) was used to assess the participant’s perceptions of belonging, rejection and acceptance within their school, as well as their participation in school related extracurricular activities …
Using Microsoft Powerpoint© To Conduct A Paired Stimulus Preference Assessment, Andrew M. Tiry
Using Microsoft Powerpoint© To Conduct A Paired Stimulus Preference Assessment, Andrew M. Tiry
Masters Theses, 2010-2019
There are two categories of preference assessments, indirect (e.g., student and teacher surveys) and direct (e.g., multiple stimulus, multiple stimulus without replacement, paired stimulus and single stimulus) preference assessments. Although indirect assessments are less time consuming, direct assessment methods are better predictors of both preference and reinforcing value. While there is a growing body of research demonstrating the advantages of direct preference assessments, little has been done to incorporate technology efficiently into the preference assessment process. The present study proposed the use of PowerPoint© as a way of use efficiently use technology in the preference assessment process. To validate the …
Auditory Masking In Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat: An Examination Of The Continuum Of Impulsivity, John Joseph O'Malley
Auditory Masking In Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat: An Examination Of The Continuum Of Impulsivity, John Joseph O'Malley
Masters Theses, 2010-2019
Signal detection theory can measure impulsive behavior. To further examine this paradigm, the researcher attempted to replicate previous findings with more experimental control and examine impulsive behaviors in a putative model of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat. Four strains of rats attempted to discriminate between the presence and absences of a 3 kHz tone within a 5-6 kHz masker; however, only one rat reached stabilization. To aid in training and reduce difficulty of the task, the researcher presented the rat wit forced-choice trials. Although the additional training increased their variability of correct responses, rats were unable to reach …
How Do We Conceptualize Depression?: A Mixed Methods Study, Mariafé Taeví Panizo
How Do We Conceptualize Depression?: A Mixed Methods Study, Mariafé Taeví Panizo
Masters Theses, 2010-2019
Despite being extensively discussed, the concepts of mental disorder in general and depression in particular remain unclear and no consensual definitions are yet established. Empirical research on how professionals and laypeople think about depression also points to tensions and lack of consensus. However, there still remains much work to be done in order to more effectively and clearly elucidate how depression is conceptualized. Specifically, there has not been an in-depth analysis of the beliefs, values, and justification that guide practitioners in their everyday work regarding mental disorders in general and depression in particular. The purpose of the current mixed methods …
Assessing Ethical Reasoning Skills: Initial Validity Evidence For The Ethical Reasoning Identification Test, Kristen Lynn Smith
Assessing Ethical Reasoning Skills: Initial Validity Evidence For The Ethical Reasoning Identification Test, Kristen Lynn Smith
Masters Theses, 2010-2019
Employers, policymakers, parents and other stakeholders value ethical reasoning (ER) skills. Thus, to help students actively engage in the ER process, stakeholders at James Madison University (JMU) redefined ER, implemented campus-wide ER interventions, and created the Ethical Reasoning Identification Test (ERIT-1) to measure students’ ability to engage in a lower-level step of the ER process. The current study examined the factor structure and reliability of the ERIT-1. Confirmatory Factor Analysis results provided support for a unidimensional factor structure, meaning stakeholders can report and analyze total scores for the ERIT-1. ERIT-1 scores also demonstrated good reliability. Correlation analyses provided initial external …
Investigating The Discrepancies Between Student Perceptions And Faculty Expectations Of Graduate-Level Statistics Preparation, Devon Hopkins Whetstone
Investigating The Discrepancies Between Student Perceptions And Faculty Expectations Of Graduate-Level Statistics Preparation, Devon Hopkins Whetstone
Masters Theses, 2010-2019
This study investigated the discrepancies between students’ perceived preparation for graduate-level study in statistics and faculty expected levels of preparation for incoming graduate students. Two 25-item surveys on a 6 point Likert scale were developed and administered to a faculty sample and a student sample for comparison. Overall results showed that students’ perceived level of preparation were equal to faculty expected levels of preparation with respect to statistical knowledge. That is, both groups endorsed the middle of the scale indicating that students generally felt somewhat prepared for graduate-level statistics and faculty generally expected students to feel somewhat prepared for their …
Serving Those Who Served: Understanding The Needs Of Student Veterans, Jessica Catherine Hayden
Serving Those Who Served: Understanding The Needs Of Student Veterans, Jessica Catherine Hayden
Educational Specialist, 2009-2019
Following the Serviceman’s Readjustment Act of 1944 (GI Bill), higher education witnessed a nationwide influx of student veterans. In the last decade, this population has continued to gain significant momentum as a result of the educational benefits offered to service members and their families within the Post-9/11 GI Bill of 2008. James Madison University recognized this growing trend and researched how to best serve the academic and personal needs of the student veteran community by conducting a needs assessment. The data from the needs assessment and literature from several university veteran taskforces were reviewed and used to develop program recommendations …