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Directions In Gender Research In American Indian Societies: Two Spirits And Other Categories, Beatrice Medicine
Directions In Gender Research In American Indian Societies: Two Spirits And Other Categories, Beatrice Medicine
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
Indigenous social role categories that represent third and fourth gender characteristics, such as the Lakota (Sioux) winkte and the Dino (Navajo) n and other Native terms, mark the status of these individuals. However, they are often blanketed by the term, berdache, in social science literature. Contextualization in an ethnographic frame is essential to greater comprehension of these roles. A critical review of contemporary research and the writings of the Native occupants of these categories has resulted in an all encompassing term: "Two Spirits." Coterminously, Native terms for lesbians are also emerging. However, all Native gay males and lesbians have …
Cultural Interpretation Of Dying And Death In A Non-Western Society: The Case Of Nigeria, Frank Eyetsemitan
Cultural Interpretation Of Dying And Death In A Non-Western Society: The Case Of Nigeria, Frank Eyetsemitan
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
Using Western theories and perspectives as models, this chapter discusses the cultural interpretation of dying and death in a non-Western society. Also discussed, based on the historical, political, and cultural history of Nigeria, are the implications of dying and death for death preparation, the problem of death- causation diseases without external symptoms, and the special plight of widows. Suggestions are made on how to change current practices to alleviate the conditions of widows. The Nigerian experience provides a model for other non-Western societies with similar historical, political, and cultural backgrounds.
Cross-Cultural Research On The Five-Factor Model Of Personality, Robert R. Mccrae
Cross-Cultural Research On The Five-Factor Model Of Personality, Robert R. Mccrae
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
The Five-Factor Model (FFM) is a comprehensive taxonomy of personality traits, which are tendencies to show consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions. Although it was originally identified in the United States, the model appears to describe personality structure well in a wide variety of cultures, suggesting that personality trait structure is universal. Age changes--decreases in Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Openness and increases in Agreeableness and Conscientiousness from adolescence to adulthood--also appear to be universal, as are gender differences. Current studies comparing the mean levels of personality traits across cultures show systematic patterns, but their interpretation is uncertain. The FFM is …
Culture, Psychology, And Education, David Matsumoto
Culture, Psychology, And Education, David Matsumoto
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
In my view, the study of culture provides three main contributions to our understanding of human behavior and mental processes. First there is great knowledge to impart about cultural similarities and differences in behavior, and these form the basis for improving psychological theories. Second the study of culture is a prime example of critical thinking in the field, as cross-cultural research begs the question about whether our notions of truth and psychological principles are applicable to people beyond those whom were studied. Third research on intercultural adjustment provides us with clues about possible psychological constructs that may be universally necessary …
Kluckhohn And Strodtbeck's Values Orientation Theory, Michael D. Hills
Kluckhohn And Strodtbeck's Values Orientation Theory, Michael D. Hills
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
People's attitudes are based on the relatively few, stable values they hold. Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's (1961) Values Orientation Theory proposes that all human societies must answer a limited number of universal problems, that the value-based solutions are limited in number and universally known, but that different cultures have different preferences among them. Suggested questions include humans' relations with time, nature and each other, as well as basic human motives and the nature of human nature. Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck suggested alternate answers to all five, developed culture-specific measures of each, and described the value orientation profiles of five SW USA cultural …
Life-Span Developmental Psychology: Midlife And Later Years In Western And Non-Western Societies, Frank Eyetsemitan
Life-Span Developmental Psychology: Midlife And Later Years In Western And Non-Western Societies, Frank Eyetsemitan
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
This chapter discusses the basis on which studies have been done on the later years of life in Western and non-Western cultures. It suggests that because Westerners value independence, most research on aging in Western societies has focused on how to help the individual maintain his or her functional independence throughout the life-span. Non-Westerners, on the other hand, value interdependence. Therefore, most research on aging has focused on the availability of social support in later life. But with Westernization influences in non-Western societies, there should be a shift in research efforts in order to accommodate a new understanding of aging …
Encouraging Depth Rather Than Surface Processing About Cultural Differences Through Critical Incidents And Role Plays, Richard Brislin
Encouraging Depth Rather Than Surface Processing About Cultural Differences Through Critical Incidents And Role Plays, Richard Brislin
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
Intercultural interactions will increase in the future given international business ventures, immigration patterns, recognition of minority group rights in various countries, and other social changes. People can prepare themselves by participating in formal educational and training programs that deal with understanding cultural differences and with communication across cultural boundaries. One approach to education and training is to analyze critical incidents that depict people in intercultural encounters that involve a misunderstanding or a difficulty. In addition to identifying exact reasons for the difficulties, people can also learn about research-based concepts that assist in understanding many other intercultural interactions they are likely …
Sojourners To Another Country: The Psychological Roller-Coaster Of Cultural Transitions, Nan M. Sussman Ph.D.
Sojourners To Another Country: The Psychological Roller-Coaster Of Cultural Transitions, Nan M. Sussman Ph.D.
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
Cultural sojourners are temporary visitors to another country who return to their home country. They can be students enrolled in a foreign university or corporate employees assigned to an international branch of their company. This chapter explores the psychological aspects of the cultural transition cycle experienced by the sojourner. The concepts of enculturation and cultural identity are introduced followed by a discussion of a transition model which focuses on awareness, adjustment, adaptation, self-concept change, cultural identity response and repatriation. Ideas for minimizing repatriation distress are suggested.
Odysseus Wandered For 10, I Wondered For 50 Years, Harry C. Triandis
Odysseus Wandered For 10, I Wondered For 50 Years, Harry C. Triandis
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
No abstract provided.
Levels Of Analysis In Cross-Cultural Psychology, Peter B. Smith
Levels Of Analysis In Cross-Cultural Psychology, Peter B. Smith
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
Cross-cultural psychologists seek to understand the nature of culture, a concept that can only be understood at the collective, supra-individual level. In most areas of psychology, researchers treat each individual as a separate source of data. Cross-cultural psychologists therefore need a clear understanding of the relationship between individual-level and group or collective-level analysis. Selected studies are reviewed that illustrate the way in which research may yield results that differ at different levels of analysis. Indications are given as to how cross-cultural psychologists can best handle the complexities of culture-related measurements for individuals and groups.
Cultural Factors In Complex Decision Making, Stefan Strohschneider
Cultural Factors In Complex Decision Making, Stefan Strohschneider
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
Complex decision-making is conceptualised as the process of problem solving in meaningful and important, but complex, dynamic and partially opaque situations. This process is open to a number of cultural influences, among them educational practices, environmental predictability, and power distance. Two empirical studies that explore into the cultural relativity of this type of decision making use interactive computer simulations of complex problems as research instruments. There are a number of behavioural differences between participants from India and Germany which can be explained within a culture-theoretical framework and give reason for the plea to include cultural factors in theories on human …
Bilingualism: Language, Memory And Applied Issues, Jeanette Altarriba
Bilingualism: Language, Memory And Applied Issues, Jeanette Altarriba
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
Bilingualism, or the knowledge of more than one language, is quite prevalent throughout the world. However, much of the cognitive literature that exists on language processing and memory retrieval has included participants who are monolingual speakers. The current chapter introduces the ways in which bilingualism has been investigated in the areas of autobiographical memory, memory recall, and communication in applied settings. The notion of code-switching or language-mixing is introduced as a strategic means through which bilingual memory may be fruitfully investigated.
Cultural Explorations Of Human Intelligence Around The World, Robert J. Sternberg
Cultural Explorations Of Human Intelligence Around The World, Robert J. Sternberg
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
The goal of this article is to review cultural explorations of human intelligence around the globe. The article opens in the first part with a consideration of cultural studies that suggest that there is more to intelligence than IQ. It continues with the suggestion for what that "more" might be, namely, "successful intelligence." The second part of the article thus describes the theory of successful intelligence, as well as data from various cultures that support the theory. The third part of the article considers cultural conceptions, of implicit theories of intelligence. It is concluded that cultural studies suggest that conventional …
Studying Personality Traits Across Cultures: Philippine Examples, A. Timothy Church, Marcia S. Katigbak
Studying Personality Traits Across Cultures: Philippine Examples, A. Timothy Church, Marcia S. Katigbak
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
Trait perspectives are dominant in the study of personality cross-culturally. We review the questions addressed by researchers who study personality traits across cultures, including, among others, whether traits are used in all cultures to understand persons and their behavior, the universality versus culture-specificity of traits, the validity of imported and indigenous measures of personality traits, and the meaningfulness of trait comparisons across cultures. We then summarize evidence relevant to these questions in one collectivistic culture, the Philippines. Overall, personality research in the Philippines supports the applicability of traits and trait theory as a basis for understanding persons and their behavior …
Are Sexual Promiscuity And Relationship Infidelity Linked To Different Personality Traits Across Cultures? Findings From The International Sexuality Description Project, David P. Schmitt
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
Over 17,000 participants responded to self-report measures of sexuality and personality as part of the International Sexuality Description Project. It was expected that romantic relationship infidelity would be associated with the personality traits of disagreeableness and a lack of conscientiousness across most cultures. Sexual promiscuity, on the other hand, was expected to relate to extraversion across most cultures. Analyses across 58 cultures from 52 nations revealed that romantic relationship infidelity was significantly associated with disagreeableness and low levels of conscientiousness across most cultures. Sexual promiscuity was related to extraversion across many, but not most, cultural regions. The expected pattern of …
Cultural Variations In Parental Support Of Children's Play, Maureen Vandermaas-Peeler
Cultural Variations In Parental Support Of Children's Play, Maureen Vandermaas-Peeler
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
The purpose of this reading is to highlight the importance of play for children's development and to examine the role of parents in supporting children's play in various cultures. Although play is believed to be universal, the amount of attention devoted to play in a particular society depends in part on the cultural beliefs about the nature of childhood, and on the adults' specific goals for their young children. Researchers have found that some parents consider themselves appropriate social partners for their young children, but in many communities it is older siblings and peers who are the children's primary play …
Environmental Attitudes And Behaviors Across Cultures, P. Wesley Schultz
Environmental Attitudes And Behaviors Across Cultures, P. Wesley Schultz
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture
One of the fundamental aspects of culture is the relationship it prescribes between individuals and environment. Am I part of the natural environment, or am I separate and perhaps superior to nature? The answer to this question influences the types of attitudes that individuals within a given culture are likely to develop, the types of environmental behaviors that individuals are likely to adopt, and more generally, beliefs about how to solve environmental problems. This chapter examines differences in attitudes about environmental issues across cultures. We distinguish between egoistic environmental attitudes, and biospheric environmental attitudes, and summarize recent cross-cultural research on …