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Assessing The Impact Of Spiritual And Relational Teaching On Student Learning, Jillian Ferrell, Jeffrey Reber
Assessing The Impact Of Spiritual And Relational Teaching On Student Learning, Jillian Ferrell, Jeffrey Reber
Journal of Undergraduate Research
According to the mission and aims of Brigham Young University, one of the outcomes of a BYU experience should be that it is spiritually strengthening. BYU is not alone in desiring this kind of experience. A faculty and student survey collected by UCLA’s Higher Education Research Institute (HERI) (Lindholm, Szelényi, Hurtado, & Korn, 2005) found that perhaps up to 80 percent of students nationwide have an interest in spirituality and almost half say that it is “essential” that colleges encourage the personal expression of spirituality. Unfortunately, only 30 percent of faculty nationwide agree that colleges should be concerned with facilitating …
Development Of A Self-Determination Theory Measure Of Adolescent’S Motivations To Abstain From Sex And Alcohol, Jacob Curtis, Sam Hardy
Development Of A Self-Determination Theory Measure Of Adolescent’S Motivations To Abstain From Sex And Alcohol, Jacob Curtis, Sam Hardy
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Adolescent sex and alcohol use are issues today in America. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012), about a third of high school students report having had sex in the previous three months, and 79% of twelfth graders have drunk alcohol at least once in their lifetime. There has been a cost for society. Teen childbearing cost U.S. taxpayers $10.9 billion in 2008 (The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, 2011), and underage drinking cost Americans over $62 billion in 2010 (Underage Drinking Enforcement Training Center, 2011).
Role Of Ros (Reactive Oxygen Species) On Cocaine-Induced Da Release In The Nac, Jacqueline Solomon, Dr. Scott Steffensen
Role Of Ros (Reactive Oxygen Species) On Cocaine-Induced Da Release In The Nac, Jacqueline Solomon, Dr. Scott Steffensen
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Cocaine as a stimulant drug causes Dopamine (DA), a neurotransmitter, to be released in the Accumbens Nucleus (NAc). It accomplishes this by its well-known actions on the DA transporter (DAT). When the DAT is blocked, more DA stays in the synaptic cleft, leading to rewarding and pleasurable sensations. While in the synaptic cleft, DA undergoes excessive oxidation, giving rise to oxidative stress (OS) which causes neural damage. The OS has been shown in damaging the pleasure pathway and makes it so that addictive pathways are formed. In this research study we saw that Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Scavengers can eliminate …
Neural Mechanisms: Nicotine And Alcohol Co-Dependence, Jordan Spencer, Dr. Scott Steffensen
Neural Mechanisms: Nicotine And Alcohol Co-Dependence, Jordan Spencer, Dr. Scott Steffensen
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Alcohol abuse is prevalent in today’s society, causing an economic burden to the US of several hundred billions of dollars annually in direct costs alone. Several reports have estimated that 80% of those with a dependence on alcohol are also smokers. While smoking rates in the general population have decreased in recent decades, the use of NIC has remained high (approximately 70-75%) in individuals who regularly use alcohol. Often taken in concert, the use of tobacco and alcohol are leading causes of preventable death in the United States. In addition, there is strong evidence of co-dependence – individuals who smoke …
The Impact Of Exercise On Memory: A Neurological Investigation Of The Recommendations Made By The American Heart Association, Seth Spencer, Dr. C Brock Kirwan
The Impact Of Exercise On Memory: A Neurological Investigation Of The Recommendations Made By The American Heart Association, Seth Spencer, Dr. C Brock Kirwan
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Many studies have shown a correlation between physical exercise and healthy cognitive processing. It has been shown extensively that regular exercise has a positive impact on brain health. One example is a study that linked increased exercise with greater performance on as shown via a Stroop Color-Word test [1]. Similarly, regular exercise has been shown to be related to improved memory and object recognition [2]. Another study has shown that even a single session of exercise can alter functional connectivity in the brain as measured by the resting-state fMRI [3]. The problem with this literature is an utter lack of …
The Role Of Α6 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors On Dopamine Release, Michaela Squire, Dr. Scott Steffensen
The Role Of Α6 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors On Dopamine Release, Michaela Squire, Dr. Scott Steffensen
Journal of Undergraduate Research
With today’s society’s alcohol abuse, there has been a large economic burden of several hundred billion dollars annually. In addition, 80% of those who are dependent on alcohol are also smokers, and the use of nicotine has remained relatively high in those who use alcohol, displaying the co-dependence of nicotine and alcohol. Due to the high percentage of apparent co-dependence of nicotine and ethanol (EtOH), it has been theorized that the addictive nature of these drugs may act through similar mechanisms, specifically through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on presynaptic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons. The purpose of this project was to …
Gains And Losses, Cassie Widdison, Dr. Christopher Kirwan
Gains And Losses, Cassie Widdison, Dr. Christopher Kirwan
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Regions of the brain, such as the medial temporal lobe (MTL), including the hippocampus and the adjacent MTL cortex, facilitate recognition memory performance (Squire, Stark, & Clark, 2004). The hippocampus is known for its ability to encode and retrieve memories through two processes called pattern separation and pattern completion (Mcclelland, Mcnaughton, & Oreilly, 1995). Pattern separation is a computational process in which the memory representations of similar stimuli are made as dissimilar as possible. This allows one to recall differences between old stimuli and similar, but novel stimuli. Pattern completion is a computational process where a memory representation is retrieved …
Psychological Predictors Of Injury In Marathon Runners, Dallin Christensen, Ben Ogles
Psychological Predictors Of Injury In Marathon Runners, Dallin Christensen, Ben Ogles
Journal of Undergraduate Research
While training for and participation in marathons provides substantial health benefits, there is also a high incidence of musculoskeletal injury in marathon runners. Previous research has identified correlation between various cognitive running strategies and running related injury. In particular, association, which is exemplified when runners focus on and maintain awareness of their body and physical factors crucial to performance, has been shown to predict injury (Masters and Ogles). Dissociation is employed when a runner diverts attention away from their body and physical feedback to anything external to themselves. While dissociation was originally hypothesized to increase injury risk, previous research suggests …
Neural Mechanisms Of Inhibitory Control: Predictors Of Eating Behavior In Obesity, Kaylie Carbine, Michael Larson
Neural Mechanisms Of Inhibitory Control: Predictors Of Eating Behavior In Obesity, Kaylie Carbine, Michael Larson
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Obesity is a prominent public health concern associated with increased risk of high blood pressure, chronic diseases, and mortality (National Institutes of Health, 2011). Understanding the neural underpinnings of obesity may prove beneficial for effective weight control interventions. Specifically, decreased ability to inhibit responses toward food-related cues may be associated with impulsive eating and subsequent weight gain (Batterink, Yokum, & Strice, 2010). Response inhibition is defined as one’s ability to withhold a prominent response in order to correctly respond to environmental or taskrelevant information (Ko & Miller, 2013). Weight and inhibitory control are negatively correlated, indicating that individuals with reduced …
P300 Latency In Alzheimer’S Disease: A Meta-Analysis And Meta-Regression, David Payne Bennett, Dawson Hedges
P300 Latency In Alzheimer’S Disease: A Meta-Analysis And Meta-Regression, David Payne Bennett, Dawson Hedges
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Developing a biomarker for accurate assessment and detection of Alzheimer’s disease was the goal of our research. The P300 component of the event-‐related potential has been indicated to apparently change with the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. As measuring the P300 is non-‐invasive and relatively easy, we sought to investigate abnormalities in the latency of the P300 in probable Alzheimer’s disease compared to healthy controls. Should such abnormalities be present, they would constitute a strong foundation for clinically significant biomarkers.
Adaptation Of D2 Dopamine Receptors Following Acute Ethanol, Brian Behnke, Scott Steffensen
Adaptation Of D2 Dopamine Receptors Following Acute Ethanol, Brian Behnke, Scott Steffensen
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The purpose of my experiment was To study the effects that ethanol (EtOH) has on the D2 receptors (D2R) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA), in order to determine if D2 is a key contributor to an alcohol addictive state.
Memory Processes In Autism, Storm Atwood, Dr. C Brock Kirwan
Memory Processes In Autism, Storm Atwood, Dr. C Brock Kirwan
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The prevalence of autism, a neurodevelopmental disorder impairing social interaction, communication, and behavior, has risen from 1 in 110 affected to 1 in 88 affected (Centers for Disease Control, 2012). The rise in prevalence of autism has increased the awareness of autism and increased the desire and need for more research. In general, it has been found that memory performance remains largely unchanged in autism. For example, a recent study on recognition memory in autism found that there was no difference in the ability of an autistic participant versus a control participant in identifying whether a stimulus was old or …
The Effects Of Genes On The Stress Response, S. Andrew Aston
The Effects Of Genes On The Stress Response, S. Andrew Aston
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) acts as one of the primary coordinators of the physiological, behavioral, and autonomic stress response. CRH secreted from the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus initiates the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis response by signaling the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary. ACTH then travels to the adrenal glands, leading to the release of cortisol Thus, CRH plays a key role in preparing an individual to adaptively respond to a stressful situation.
The Neural Correlates Of Anxiety, Learning And Memory In Autism, C. Brock Kirwan
The Neural Correlates Of Anxiety, Learning And Memory In Autism, C. Brock Kirwan
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Autism is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social communication as well as substantial behavioral rigidity. Autism often has a devastating impact on the wellbeing of affected individuals and their families, as well as in community settings such as schools and health care systems. Recent research suggests that some aspects of learning and memory are impaired in autism, but the exact pattern of impaired and spared functions remains unclear. This sponsored MEG project used cross-disciplinary methods to address two main aims: 1) the relationship between anxiety and associative learning and 2) the impact of autism on long-term declarative memory …
Development Of Student Research Resources And Training Material For Functional And Structural Mri-Based Research At Byu, Neal K. Bangerter, Erin Bigler, Brock Kirwan
Development Of Student Research Resources And Training Material For Functional And Structural Mri-Based Research At Byu, Neal K. Bangerter, Erin Bigler, Brock Kirwan
Journal of Undergraduate Research
This project was aimed at providing in-depth training and mentoring for a small group of students to address the large anticipated demand for accessible research and training resources at BYU’s new MRI Research Facility. The facility opened summer of 2013, and demand has been steadily increasing by groups across campus interested in doing research using the BYU MRI machine. The resources and mentoring environment that was established with funds from this MEG have laid the groundwork for an explosion of student mentoring that is taking place at the MRI facility.
Return With Trauma: Understanding The Experiences Of Early Returned Missionaries, Kristine J. Doty, S. Zachary Bullock, Harmony Packer, Russell T. Warner, James Westwood, Thomas Ash, Heather Hirsch
Return With Trauma: Understanding The Experiences Of Early Returned Missionaries, Kristine J. Doty, S. Zachary Bullock, Harmony Packer, Russell T. Warner, James Westwood, Thomas Ash, Heather Hirsch
Issues in Religion and Psychotherapy
No abstract provided.
University Counseling Groups For International Students: Impact On Group Leaders And Members, Mark Beecher, Ph.D.,, Mark Beecher
University Counseling Groups For International Students: Impact On Group Leaders And Members, Mark Beecher, Ph.D.,, Mark Beecher
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Academic Objectives: All of the objectives in the grant proposal were met. Included is each of the objectives from the original proposal and how each has been met.
Measurement Of Sleep Patterns In Infants With Positional Plagiocephaly, Anna Packard, Jotham Manwaring
Measurement Of Sleep Patterns In Infants With Positional Plagiocephaly, Anna Packard, Jotham Manwaring
Journal of Undergraduate Research
A significant increase in misshapen or flattened heads (positional plagiocephaly) in infants has been recognized since pediatricians began advising parents to position their infants supine for sleep in 1992 in order to diminish the risk for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (Back-to-Sleep Program, American Academy of Pediatrics, 1992). Prior to 1992, the incidence of positional plagiocephaly was quite rare (< 1/300) [Capri, 1999] and was usually observed in children who were neglected, institutionalized, or developmentally delayed (Figure 1). Recent research has found an association between supine positioning for sleep as a result of the Back-to-Sleep program and plagiocephaly (Turk, 1996). The incidence of plagiocephaly is now greater than 1/50 newborns (Kane, Mitchell, and Craven, 1996), resulting in upwards of 20 new referrals for cranial asymmetry per week in one of the authors’ clinical practice (KHM). Other unintended consequences of the Back to Sleep Program include a change in the roundedness of the head in the new generation of children. Prior to 1992 the normal Caucasian cephalic index or ratio of width-to-length was mean of 0.76; now it is 0.85 to 0.90 and this appears to be permanent. In addition, the infants with plagiocephaly have been shown to have delayed acquisition of gross motor skills, such as of rolling over and sitting, by approximately 2 months. Additionally, evidence of diminished motor coordination at 6 years has been showed compared to normocephalics peers.
Effects Of Light Stimulation On Long-Term Potentiation In Dopamine Neurons In The Nucleus Accumbens, Eliza Lee Warren, Dr. Scott C. Steffensen
Effects Of Light Stimulation On Long-Term Potentiation In Dopamine Neurons In The Nucleus Accumbens, Eliza Lee Warren, Dr. Scott C. Steffensen
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Light therapy has been utilized to treat alcoholics in the past (Zalewska- Kaszubska & Obzejta, 2004), and opiate dependent rats (Mirzaii-Dizgah, Ojaghi, Sadeghipour-Roodsari, Karimian, & Sohanaki, 2009). Unfortunately, research is limited and still little is known. It was the aim of this study to determine what these effects are, specifically in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Dopamine (DA) release in the shell of the NAc has been shown to be a contributing factor in addiction. As DA levels in the NAc are raised, behavior reinforcement occurs. Addictive drugs hijack this system by raising levels of DA in the NAc, and raising …
Brainwaves Of Memory: A Study On Memory Discrimination And Memory Generalization, Emily White, Dr. Brock Kirwan
Brainwaves Of Memory: A Study On Memory Discrimination And Memory Generalization, Emily White, Dr. Brock Kirwan
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Memory discrimination requires forming distinct, separate memories and depends on the process of pattern separation. Memory generalization allows you to retrieve previously-stored memories that may be grouped in memory among other, similar events and depends on the process of pattern completion. Interestingly, both of these complementary processes are mediated by the hippocampus. This means that the hippocampus must switch between pattern separation and pattern completion, a process which may be slow enough for us to measure experimentally.
Effects Of Light Stimulation On Long-Term Potentiation In Dopamine Neurons In The Nucleus Accumbens, Eliza Lee Warren, Dr. Scott C. Steffensen
Effects Of Light Stimulation On Long-Term Potentiation In Dopamine Neurons In The Nucleus Accumbens, Eliza Lee Warren, Dr. Scott C. Steffensen
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Light therapy has been utilized to treat alcoholics in the past (Zalewska- Kaszubska & Obzejta, 2004), and opiate dependent rats (Mirzaii-Dizgah, Ojaghi, Sadeghipour-Roodsari, Karimian, & Sohanaki, 2009). Unfortunately, research is limited and still little is known. It was the aim of this study to determine what these effects are, specifically in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Dopamine (DA) release in the shell of the NAc has been shown to be a contributing factor in addiction. As DA levels in the NAc are raised, behavior reinforcement occurs. Addictive drugs hijack this system by raising levels of DA in the NAc, and raising …
Relationship Conflict In College Students At Utah Universities: Dating Violence And Help-Seeking Behavior, Kevin Rushton, Dr. Niwako Yamawaki
Relationship Conflict In College Students At Utah Universities: Dating Violence And Help-Seeking Behavior, Kevin Rushton, Dr. Niwako Yamawaki
Journal of Undergraduate Research
This study was a secondary analysis of the data collected in Dr. Ridge’s study, “Relationship Conflict in College Students at Utah Universities: Dating Violence Assessment.” That project was a large-scale assessment of dating violence victimization and perpetration in incoming college freshmen and upperclassmen at all ten colleges and universities in Utah, including Brigham Young University. The brief online survey assessed factors associated with dating violence victimization and perpetration, including background and personal factors, self and personality factors (i.e., self-esteem, entitlement), and relationship attitudes and other factors (i.e., attachment).
Adaptation Of Dopamine Release With Chronic Ethanol Exposure And Withdrawal, Ronald Lopez, Dr. Scott Steffensen
Adaptation Of Dopamine Release With Chronic Ethanol Exposure And Withdrawal, Ronald Lopez, Dr. Scott Steffensen
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Alcohol addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder that has enormous impact on society. Alcohol is one of the most abused drugs. Advancement in the understanding of the brain mechanisms underlying the abuse of alcohol will pave the way for more effective treatment strategies that could reverse dependence on this drug and save lives and resources throughout the world.
Developing Clinical Evaluative Norms In A Residential Setting, Melissa Richardson, Dr. Jared Warren
Developing Clinical Evaluative Norms In A Residential Setting, Melissa Richardson, Dr. Jared Warren
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Providing feedback to clinicians has been shown to reliably increase duration of treatment and leads to significantly improved outcomes in adult populations (Lambert et al., 2001), though little has been done for youth populations. Using feedback systems aid clinicians by allowing means for them to obtain valuable information about the baseline and contributors to a patient’s mental illness as well as the progression of the patient throughout treatment. This study used this notion of feedback to utilize a new psychotherapy outcome measure, the Treatment Support Measure (TSM) in the context of a youth residential treatment center (RTC) setting to determine …
Analyzing The Power Of Individual Genes: Maternal Gene Influence On The Serotonin Transporter Gene, Patrick O'Connell, Dr. James Dee Higley
Analyzing The Power Of Individual Genes: Maternal Gene Influence On The Serotonin Transporter Gene, Patrick O'Connell, Dr. James Dee Higley
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The present analysis considers a mother gene-by-infant gene interaction of the serotonin transporter gene polymorphism (hereafter 5-HTTLPR). This is to our knowledge the first study to analyze this type of interaction. Two principle variants of this gene, a short allele (related to decreased 5-HTT expression), and a long allele, have been identified in both human and nonhuman primates. This provides 3 distinct genotypes: the homozygous short allele (ss), the heterozygotes (Ls), and the homozygous long allele genotype (LL); which have been shown to influence a variety of behaviors, principally those related to impulsive aggression (Higley & Barr, 2008) and anxiety …
Do Gaba(A) Receptors Switch For All Drug Dependence?: Examining The Dopamine-Dependent Pathways Of Alcohol Addiction, Catie Nielson, Dr. Scott Steffensen
Do Gaba(A) Receptors Switch For All Drug Dependence?: Examining The Dopamine-Dependent Pathways Of Alcohol Addiction, Catie Nielson, Dr. Scott Steffensen
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The prevailing model for addiction proposes that neurotransmission of dopamine (DA) in the brain reward system is dysregulated, with enhanced levels during acute drug exposure and reduced levels during drug dependence and withdrawal. One emerging view is that during drug addiction, GABA(A) receptors switch the effect of GABA neurons on DA neurons from inhibitory to excitatory. This has been demonstrated for opiate addiction (Vargas-Perez et al., 2009). Our lab has previously demonstrated that GABA neurons become tolerant to acute ethanol and hyperexcitable during chronic ethanol (Gallegos et al., 1999), which may explain why dopamine neurotransmission is reduced during withdrawal. The …
Temperament In Social Dominance, Jason Lefrandt, Dr. James Higley
Temperament In Social Dominance, Jason Lefrandt, Dr. James Higley
Journal of Undergraduate Research
During the internship at the University of California, Davis Primate Center this summer 2013, I have had the privilege of learning in various capacities as a research assistant. My main project that I was involved with was under Erna Tarara, a trained primatologist that did her field studies in Africa working on baboons. Together, we collect behavioral data that would help John Capitatio’s BioBehavioral Assessment (BBA) research on rhesus macaques.
Patient Attrition At The Brigham Young University Counseling And Career Center: Obstacles And Opportunies In Care, Viktor Koltko, Dr. Tyler Pedersen
Patient Attrition At The Brigham Young University Counseling And Career Center: Obstacles And Opportunies In Care, Viktor Koltko, Dr. Tyler Pedersen
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Premature termination from treatment is a common problem across all psychotherapeutic settings. Dropout undermines the potential benefits of therapy to those in need and also reduces overall cost-effectiveness of treatment. Research indicates that those who terminate unilaterally from therapy are more likely to be dissatisfied with services, are less likely to have improved, and are typically more impaired and hence in need of services. Current research yields no consensus as to the causes of early client termination from therapy. Results of prior studies indicate that wait-time before and between sessions, client improvement, dislike of the therapist, dissatisfaction with services provided, …
Comparative Temperament Assessment Between Mother And Infant: A Preliminary Look At Cross-Fostering, Jenna Jackson, Dr. James Dee Higley
Comparative Temperament Assessment Between Mother And Infant: A Preliminary Look At Cross-Fostering, Jenna Jackson, Dr. James Dee Higley
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Environment can shape temperament, although temperament is thought mainly to be biologically inherited. Thus, mothers’ temperament is often similar to the infants’ temperament. Previous studies in rhesus monkeys have shown that infants have a similar temperament to their mothers, and that there is a potential genetic influence.1 In fact, the rh5-HTTLPR (serotonin transporter gene) and the rh-MAOA-LPR gene have been linked to affecting temperament, interacting between the mothers and infants. However, only male infants exhibit this effect; female infants’ temperament was not correlated with their mothers’ temperament.
Effects Of Locus Of Control On The Neural Mechanism Of Error Processing, Kaylie Carbine, Dr. Michael Larson
Effects Of Locus Of Control On The Neural Mechanism Of Error Processing, Kaylie Carbine, Dr. Michael Larson
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Performance monitoring is the ability to assess behavior and make necessary adjustments (Ullsperger & von Cramon, 2001). Performance monitoring can be examined through event-related potentials (ERPs), which are indicators of the brain’s electrical activity in response to a specific stimulus (Luck, 2005). One specific ERP is the error-related negativity (ERN), which is a negative peak that occurs 50 to 100 ms after an erroneous response (Dehaene, Posner, & Tucker, 1994; Gehring, Goss, Coles, Meyer, & Donchin, 1993). Although there are many theories regarding the functional significance of the ERN, it is believed to signal when there is an internal detection …