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Demographic Associations Of Tobacco Use Among Georgia Secondary Students, Michael G. Cowart

Public Health Theses

As in years past, use of tobacco remains the leading cause of preventable death in this country. Smoking has been associated with elevated risks of 15 other forms of and has also been identified as a major cause of such chronic conditions as cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, bronchitis and emphysema. In 2008, an estimated 8.6 million Americans suffered from smoking-related chronic conditions (American Cancer Society, 2010).

As 80% of tobacco use begins in adolescence (Villanti, Boulay & Juon, 2010), this age group has long been the focus of intervention efforts. Furthermore, animal studies suggest that the adolescent brain is at …

College Student Reactions To Health Warning Labels: Sociodemographic And Psychosocial Factors Related To Perceived Effectiveness Of Different Approaches, Carla J. Berg, James F. Thrasher, J. Lee Westmaas, Taneisha Buchanan, Erika A. Pinsker, Jasjit S. Ahluwalia

Faculty Publications

Objective. To examine factors associated with perceiving different types of pictorial cigarette health warning labels as most effective in motivating smokers to quit or preventing smoking initiation among college students.

Method. We administered an online survey to 24,055 students attending six Southeast colleges in Fall, 2010. We obtained complete data for the current analysis from 2600.

Results. Current smoking prevalence was 23.5%. The largest majority (78.6%) consistently rated gruesome images as most effective, 19.5% rated testimonial images as most effective, and only a small proportion rated either standard (1.6%) or human suffering images (0.3%) as most effective. Subsequent analyses focused …

The Triumph And Tragedy Of Tobacco Control: A Tale Of Nine Nations, Eric A. Feldman, Ronald Bayer

All Faculty Scholarship

The use of law and policy to limit tobacco consumption illustrates one of the greatest triumphs of public health in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, as well as one of its most fundamental failures. Overall decreases in tobacco consumption throughout the developed world represent millions of saved lives and unquantifiable suffering averted. Yet those benefits have not been equally distributed. The poor and the undereducated have enjoyed fewer of the gains. In this review, we build on existing tobacco control scholarship and expand it both conceptually and comparatively. Our focus is the social gradient of smoking both within …

Smoking And Breast Cancer: Girls’ And Boys’ Reactions To Tailored, Internet Delivered Messages, Joan L. Bottorff, Chris G. Richardson, Rebecca Haines-Saah, John Oliff, Peter Hutchinson, Pamela A. Ratner, Chizimuzo T.C. Okoli, Carolyn Gotay, Kenneth Johnson

Nursing Presentations

Background

• Active smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) are causally linked to premenopausal breast cancer (BC).

• To date, there have been few efforts to raise awareness of active smoking and SHS as risk factors for BC.

Purpose

• To develop and evaluate messages for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal adolescent girls and boys to raise awareness about tobacco exposure as a risk factor for BC.

Outcomes Of An Intensive Smoking Cessation Program For Individuals With Substance Use Disorders, Milan Khara, Lindsay Killam, Chizimuzo T.C. Okoli

Nursing Presentations

BACKGROUND: Individuals with substance use disorders (SUD) are disproportionately affected by tobacco use morbidity and mortality. Yet, with adequate intervention, such individuals can be successful in their smoking cessation efforts. The Tobacco Dependence Clinic (TDC) provides tobacco dependence treatment using combined behavioural counseling and pharmacotherapy for clients through the Mental Health and Addiction Services of the Vancouver Coastal Health Authority, British Columbia, Canada.

OBJECTIVES: To a) provide smoking cessation outcomes of participants accessing the TDC b) examine predictors of program completion and smoking cessation of participants of the TDC.

METHODS: Participants of the TDC receive a structured 8 week group …

Outcomes Of A Tailored Tobacco Treatment Approach For Individuals With Substance Use Disorders And/Or Psychiatric Disorders, Chizimuzo T.C. Okoli, Milan Khara

Nursing Presentations

Summary of Key Findings

• Smoking abstinence at end of program:
• Intent to treat analysis: 31% (167/540)
• Among program completers: 41% (167/406)

• Significant predictors of abstinence:
• Having a history of an anxiety disorder is predictive of being less likely to quit smoking when compared to having no history of a psychiatric disorder.
• Having a lower CO level at program enrolment was a significant predictor of being more likely to quit.
• Attending the TDC program for a longer duration was a significant predictor of being more likely to quit.

Parental, Peer, And Tobacco Marketing Influences On Adolescent Smoking In South Africa, Reynolds A. Morrison

Public Health Theses

Tobacco use is a major preventable cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Most smokers initiate smoking in childhood, become addicted, and continue the habit into adulthood. Various factors have been shown to impact smoking behavior. It is important to determine how these factors impact smoking behavior in developing regions of the world, such as in South Africa. This study examines the association between parental smoking status; peer smoking status; exposure to pro-tobacco marketing; and current smoking status among adolescents in South Africa. It also determines which factor is the most significant predictor of current smoking status among the study population …

Gender Differences In Smoking Behaviour And Cessation, Chizimuzo T.C. Okoli, Iris Torchalla, Natalie Hemsing, Lorraine Greaves

Chizimuzo T.C. Okoli

This article reviews the literature to compare differential outcomes among men and women after smoking cessation, assess barriers they may face during cessation and provide recommendation to address gender-specific challenges in smoking cessation interventions. There is some evidence that women achieve lower abstinence rates than men after a quit attempt with nicotine replacement therapy, as well as without pharmacotherapy, and several underlying mechanisms were discussed to account for these findings. These include: (a) women have specific genetic variants that affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the medication, (b) hormonal influences increase nicotine metabolism and withdrawal symptoms, (c) women are more responsive …

Smoking Cessation And Relapse Among Pregnant African-American Smokers In Washington, Dc, Ayman El-Mohandes, M. Nabil El-Khorazaty, Michele Kieley, Marie G. Gantz

Publications and Research

Smoking is the single most preventable cause of perinatal morbidity. This study examines smoking behaviors during pregnancy in a high risk population of African Americans. The study also examines risk factors associated with smoking behaviors and cessation in response to a cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) intervention. This study is a secondary analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial addressing multiple risks during pregnancy. Five hundred African-American Washington, DC residents who reported smoking in the 6 months preceding pregnancy were randomized to a CBT intervention. Psycho-social and behavioral data were collected. Self-reported smoking and salivary cotinine levels were measured prenatally …

Smoking During Pregnancy: Its Effects On The Prevalence Of Low Birth Weight Infants, Lynda M. Colussi

Master of Public Health Program Student Publications

Objective: The purpose of this research was to determine what impact demographic characteristics and the smoking status of mothers had on the prevalence and risk for LBW births. Methods: Birth certificate data from Montgomery County, Ohio from 2006-2009 was analyzed. Among the information collected were the infant's birth weight, the mother's age, marital status, education level, race, payer status at time of delivery, WIC status, and smoking status. The impact demographic characteristics and smoking status had on the prevalence of LBW births was determined by a logistic regression model. The effect of when women smoked during pregnancy had on the …

The Relationship Between Secondhand Tobacco Smoke (Shs) Exposure And Smoking Behaviours: Designing A Program Of Research, Chizimuzo T.C. Okoli

Chizimuzo T.C. Okoli

Overview

- Background and Significance

- Study 1: Literature Review Study

- Study 2: SHS Exposure, Nicotine Dependence, and Smoking Cessation

- Study 3: Hair Nicotine as a Measure of SHS Exposure

- Study 4: Effects of Nicotine Exposure from SHS Among Bar and Restaurant Workers

- Study 5: Nicotine Dependence Symptoms among Young Never-Smokers Exposed to SHS

- Study 6: An Examination of the Relationship between Adolescents’ Initial Smoking Experience and their Exposure to Peer and Family Member Smoking

Conclusions and Future Directions

Smoking And Secondhand Tobacco Smoke Exposure: Prevalence, Prevention, Protection, And Treatment, Chizimuzo T.C. Okoli

Chizimuzo T.C. Okoli

Prevalence and Disease Burden of Smoking

Strategies for Prevention and Protection

Approaches to Tobacco Dependence Treatment

Example of a Smoking Cessation Program

Trauma, Psychiatric Disorders, Substance Use, And Smoking Among Women, Chizimuzo T.C. Okoli, Nancy Poole, Natalie Hemsing, Karin O'Leary

Chizimuzo T.C. Okoli

Despite decreasing smoking rates among women in the general population, there remain subgroups of women characterized by high nicotine dependence, who remain less able to quit.

One subgroup of women who continue to smoke at rates higher than the general population are those who: have past experiences of trauma, are vulnerable to psychiatric disorders and have substance use problems/addictions.

However, the prevalence of the co-occurrence of trauma, psychiatric disorders, and substance use problems/ addictions, with smoking among women has not previously been synthesized.

The purpose of this study is to conduct a comprehensive review to identify the prevalence of smoking …

Analysis Of Smoking Patterns And Contexts Among College Student Smokers, Nikole J. Cronk, Kari J. Harris, Solomon W. Harrar, Kathrene Conway, Delwyn Catley, Glenn E. Good

Public and Community Health Sciences Faculty Publications

Many who smoke in college do so infrequently and smoking conditions are not well-understood. We examined smoking patterns among college fraternity and sorority members (N=207) from a Midwestern university in three successive fall semesters in 2006–2008. Participants completed calendar-assisted retrospective assessments of 30-day smoking at up to 5 assessment points over 96 days. Overall smoking rates declined over the course of each semester and higher smoking on weekends was observed, with more variability among daily smokers. The most frequent categories of events to cue recall of smoking were socializing, work, and school. Findings can be used to target prevention efforts.

Development And Evaluation Of A Personalized Normative Feedback Intervention For Hispanic Youth At High Risk Of Smoking, Holly Mata

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Despite reductions in overall smoking rates, data show that adolescents continue to smoke at higher rates than adults and that adolescents living in the Texas-Mexico border area are more likely than their counterparts living elsewhere in Texas to smoke. While adult smoking in the Paso del Norte Region has decreased significantly over the past decade, area youth smoking rates exceed both state and national averages. Recent estimates report cigarette smoking among El Paso youth in the past month to be slightly more than 28% as compared with 21% among Texas youth participating in the 2009 statewide Youth Risk Behavior Survey …

Effects Of Plasma Lipids And Smoking On Cognitive Function, Oğuz Teki̇n, Adem Özkara, Burcu Yanik, M. Ramazan Yi̇ği̇toğlu, Ati̇lla İlhan, Erkan Kibrisli, İrfan Şencan, Meti̇n Canbal

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

To research the relations between plasma lipids and smoking as they affect cognitive functions. Some studies have suggested a relationship between plasma cholesterol concentration, smoking, and the frequency of cognitive disturbances. Our hypothesis was that plasma lipids and smoking are related to cognitive impairment. Materials and methods: The plasma lipid profiles and cognitive functions of the subjects were measured and the relations among plasma lipid levels, smoking, and cognitive functions were observed. The study was performed on subjects with no history of chronic disease. Mental status was evaluated by the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) in patients over 40 years of …

Risk Factors For Smoking Behavior Among University Students, Sevgi̇ Yurt Öncel, Ömer Lütfi̇ Gebi̇zli̇oğlu, Fazi̇l Ali̇ev Ali̇oğlu

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

To identify factors associated with increased smoking risks among Kırıkkale University students using a questionnaire. Smoking is a widespread habit in Turkey and a major public health problem in the world. Materials and methods: We assessed 1734 (11.6% of 15,000 total) students (869 males and 866 females, both smokers and nonsmokers) at Kırıkkale University with the questionnaire, which included questions about age, gender, smoking status of student, smoking status and education levels of parents, income, daily sports activities, smoking history (age when started or quit smoking, daily average number of cigarettes smoked, attempts to quit smoking, the reasons for starting …

Addicted Youth: The Understanding Of Smoking-Related Health Risks In Female College Students, Rebekah Agnes Ann Morris

All Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects

Young adults are at the greatest risk for initiation of smoking or becoming daily smokers. Smoking has a unique history in the United States and is associated with health risks beyond heart disease and lung cancer, many specifically affecting women. Although the majority of people are aware of the risks for heart disease and lung cancer, many other risks are not recognized. By evaluating the known knowledge of smoking-related health risks beyond and including heart disease and lung cancer in the high risk population of female college students, education programs and cessation teaching can be altered, potentially resulting in lower …

The Short Term Effect Of The Law Prohibiting Smoking In Enclosed Areas Upon The Smoking Conditions Of Employees In Kayseri, Turkey, Ahmet Öztürk, Serpi̇l Poyrazoğlu, Şule Şarli

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

A law prohibiting smoking in the enclosed areas of public and private workplaces was put into effect in Turkey on 19 May 2008. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of this law upon the smoking habits of the employees in this short period of 3 months. Materials and methods: This study was performed in Kayseri, in 3 public and 3 private workplaces, comprising 868 employees. A questionnaire was filled out, face-to-face, in the second week of August. Results: The ratio of the people supporting this smoke-free law was 68.7%. Among the employees who were smoking when …

The Cytomorphological Analysis Of Buccal Mucosa Cells In Smokers, Mustafa Göregen, Hayati̇ Murat Akgül, Cemal Gündoğdu

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

To examine the effect of smoking on normal buccal mucosa cytomorphologically. Materials and methods: Forty individuals aged between 40 and 60, comprising 23 smokers (14 male, 9 female) and 17 and non-smokers (10 male, 7 female), were included in the study. The buccal epithelial cells of these individuals were collected with a brush and the cells were measured cytomorphometrically using software. Results: The average nuclear area (NA), nuclear perimeter (NP), minimal nuclear diameter (D-min), and maximal nuclear diameter (D-max) were 46.00 ± 11.31, 28.18 ± 2.43, 6.18 ± 0.88, and 10.00 ± 0.94, respectively, in the control group, and 53.61 …

Responding To Tobacco Craving: Acceptance Versus Suppression, Erika B. Litvin

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Most treatments for substance use disorders (SUDs) are based on a model that craving is a primary cause of relapse, and therefore they emphasize skills for preventing and reducing craving. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) provides a theoretical rationale for "acceptance" of drug-related thoughts and cravings, and proscribes suppression, a more intuitive and commonly used coping strategy. However, it remains largely unknown whether various coping strategies differentially affect craving intensity, drug use behavior, or other relevant outcomes during a craving episode. Using a randomized, between-subjects design (acceptance-based coping, suppression-based coping, or no coping instructions/control), the current study compared the effect …