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Tunable Compressive Mechanical Behavior Of Ice-Templated Materials, Sashanka Akurati
Tunable Compressive Mechanical Behavior Of Ice-Templated Materials, Sashanka Akurati
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations
The inherent hierarchical microstructural organization in natural materials is responsible for their excellent mechanical properties beyond that predicted by the simple rule-of-mixtures. Further exhibit synergy between strength and toughness, otherwise mutually exclusive in brittle materials. Conventional processing methods are unable to replicate hierarchical microstructures in engineering ceramics akin to that observed in natural materials. Ice-templating has emerged as a potential technique to fabricate bioinspired hierarchical materials. This process involves simultaneous unidirectional solidification and phase segregation of aqueous suspensions. Ice-templated porous ceramic materials have received significant attention for overcoming several limitations of conventional ceramic foams currently used in numerous engineering applications. …
Analysis Of A Non-Equilibrium Vortex Pair As Aircraft Trailing Vortices, Manuel Ayala
Analysis Of A Non-Equilibrium Vortex Pair As Aircraft Trailing Vortices, Manuel Ayala
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations
Shortly after the roll-up evolution of the vortex sheet behind the wings of an aircraft, a coherent counter-rotating vortex pair emerges. Presence of this vortex pair in the downstream of an aircraft, creates unsafe conditions for other aircraft, especially near airport runways. Fundamental knowledge of the physics that govern the formation, duration and dissipation of aircraft wake vortices is desirable in order to improve aircraft operational safety. This study uses non-equilibrium pressure theory to develop an accurate model describing the physical behavior of the vortex pair created by an aircraft in the early to mid-field vortex regime. An isolated aircraft …
The Effect Of Through Thickness Reinforcement On Debonding Behavior Of Skin/Stringer Configuration, Yogaraja Sridhar
The Effect Of Through Thickness Reinforcement On Debonding Behavior Of Skin/Stringer Configuration, Yogaraja Sridhar
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations
Investigation of this study is to the determine the crack propagation and disbonding in the bonded region of the skin and stringer specimen. An adhesive layer has been used to bond the skin and stringer by using a heat press operation. After the bonding, a drilling method has been adopted to install the through thickness reinforcement in the specimen. The key role of the through thickness reinforcement is to increase the stiffness and strength of the panels and to prevent the crack propagation or disbonding of the panels. The reinforcement was installed in pure (Pristine) samples and in defect samples …
Development And Applications Of Adjoint-Based Aerodynamic And Aeroacoustic Multidisciplinary Optimization For Rotorcraft, Ramiz Omur Icke
Development And Applications Of Adjoint-Based Aerodynamic And Aeroacoustic Multidisciplinary Optimization For Rotorcraft, Ramiz Omur Icke
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations
Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is one of the most popular proposed solutions for alleviating traffic problems in populated areas. In this context, the proposed types of vehicles mainly consist of rotors and propellers powered by electric motors. However, those rotary-wing components can contribute excessively to noise generation. Therefore, a significant noise concern emerges due to urban air vehicles in or around residential areas. Reducing noise emitted by air vehicles is critically important to improve public acceptance of such vehicles for operations in densely populated areas.
Two main objectives of the present dissertation are: (1) to expand the multidisciplinary optimization to …
Modeling Interactions In Concentrated Ceramic Suspensions Under Ac Electric Field, Naga Bharath Gundrati
Modeling Interactions In Concentrated Ceramic Suspensions Under Ac Electric Field, Naga Bharath Gundrati
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations
Colloidal processing of ceramics manipulates the interaction forces using additives or external energy field between the suspending particles to fabricate complex structures. Under AC electric field, mutual dielectrophoretic (DEP) forces between particles create particle chaining. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is adopted to control ceramic particles in the colloidal suspension, which can benefit from employing DEP forces to externally control the fabrication of ceramic materials with desired porosity and hierarchical structure. To this end, it is crucial to understand the interactions between ceramic particles in aqueous media and AC electric field. The dynamic interactions of ceramic particles under AC electric field are modelled …
Gradient-Based Tradeoff Design For Engineering Applications, Lena Alexis Royster
Gradient-Based Tradeoff Design For Engineering Applications, Lena Alexis Royster
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations
This research presents a formal method for gradient based tradeoff design including methods that extend to cases with singularities and cases with more performance characteristics then design variables. The goal is to find revised design variables that can achieve the targeted performance characteristics and remove any violations to the constraint functions. The tradeoff design problem is formulation in the framework of the Sequential Quadratic Programming and is solved using the gradient based method. The optimal solution is the search direction, s, which represents the most effective way to reduce the current objective and correct the current violation. In this research …
Improved Strain Gage Instrumentation Strategies For Rotorcraft Blade Measurements, Timothy S. Davis
Improved Strain Gage Instrumentation Strategies For Rotorcraft Blade Measurements, Timothy S. Davis
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations
In this work, a new strategy is presented to wire, calibrate, and measure strain gages for rotor blade testing that will provide more information and is robust to individual gage loss. The additional information can be used in several ways. including reducing redundancy, offering rapid identification of damage locations, and in some cases reducing risk allowing tests to continue to collect calibrated data after one or more sensors have failed. This strategy replaces the classical four-gage full Wheatstone bridge with four separately wired quarter bridges that are combined into a full bridge in the data acquisition system using a calculated …
A Model-Based Systems Engineering Approach To E-Vtol Aircraft And Airspace Infrastructure Design For Urban Air Mobility, Heidi Selina Glaudel
A Model-Based Systems Engineering Approach To E-Vtol Aircraft And Airspace Infrastructure Design For Urban Air Mobility, Heidi Selina Glaudel
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations
This paper serves to contribute to Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) by following the NASA Systems Engineering Handbook framework for a Systems Engineering (SE) design approach to an Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (e-VTOL) aircraft and the incorporating airspace infrastructure. The focus of this study is, by using the MBSE model created, to capture the technical requirements definition and design intent of the vehicle and airspace inclusive of community specific knowledge derived from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) NextGen Urban Air Mobility (UAM) Concept of Operations (ConOps) version 1.0. The stakeholder requirements derived from the FAA UAM NextGen ConOps will form …
Drive Leg And Stride Leg Ground Reaction Forces Relationship To Medial Elbow Stress And Velocity In Collegiate Baseball Pitchers, Brett Smith
Biomedical Engineering Theses & Dissertations
This study examines several different kinetic variables in relation to pitch velocity and elbow varus torque in collegiate baseball pitchers using force plates, an inertial measurement unit, and a radar unit. The purpose of this study is to investigate the kinetic variables being measured and their relationship to pitch velocity and loads being placed on the medial elbow. Twelve collegiate baseball pitchers participated in this study, which was approved by the IRB. Impulse of the drive leg in the anterior-posterior direction, stride leg peak force in the anterior-posterior (AP) direction, elbow varus torque, and pitch velocity were all measured. Two …
Parametric Study Of Residual Stresses In Wire And Arc Additive Manufactured Parts, Hisham Khaled Jamil Abusalma
Parametric Study Of Residual Stresses In Wire And Arc Additive Manufactured Parts, Hisham Khaled Jamil Abusalma
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations
Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is a cost-effective additive manufacturing process due to its capability to fabricate large metal parts with high deposition rate and low equipment cost. Although this method is gaining popularity in manufacturing industry, more research is needed to understand process parameters’ effects on residual stress (RS) distribution and part distortion. As such, a 3D thermo-elastic-plastic transient model was established in ABAQUS and employed to investigate the effect of process parameters such as the torch speed, the deposition power and the interlayer dwell time on RS distribution and distortion in WAAM part. The numerical model utilized …
Numerical Analysis Of A Roadway Piezoelectric Harvesting System, Abdul Rahman Badawi
Numerical Analysis Of A Roadway Piezoelectric Harvesting System, Abdul Rahman Badawi
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations
Highways, streets, bridges, and sidewalks with heavy traffic dissipate a considerable amount of waste mechanical energy every day. Piezoelectric energy harvesting devices are a very promising technology that can convert the waste mechanical energy to clean and renewable energy to enhance the sustainability of infrastructures. Research efforts in large-scale energy harvesting have led to the advancement of piezoelectric devices to the point that large-scale implementation is starting to become more feasible. The energy harvested by these devices can be used in many ways such as providing heating or cooling, melting ice, monitoring structural conditions in bridges and tunnels, and powering …
Hardware Development For The Generation Of Large-Volume High Pressure Plasma By Spatiotemporal Control Of Space Charge, Nikhil Boothpur
Hardware Development For The Generation Of Large-Volume High Pressure Plasma By Spatiotemporal Control Of Space Charge, Nikhil Boothpur
Electrical & Computer Engineering Theses & Dissertations
While generating a plasma under laboratory conditions, any attempt to scale the pressure and volume leads to instabilities due to the build-up of localized space-charge. This poses a challenge in the design of the discharge chamber, type of excitation field, and the type of gas that is used in the discharge. This work investigates a spatially and temporally varying electric field to control the formation of space-charge in large-volume (greater than 5 mm in the smallest dimension) near atmospheric pressure. The simulations show that in a space-charge dominated transport, the charged species disperse both in azimuthal and radial directions in …
The Effect Of Compaction Temperature And Pressure On Mechanical Properties Of 3d Printed Short Glass Fiber Composites, Pushpashree Jain Ajith Kumar Jain
The Effect Of Compaction Temperature And Pressure On Mechanical Properties Of 3d Printed Short Glass Fiber Composites, Pushpashree Jain Ajith Kumar Jain
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations
Among many thermoplastics that are used in engineering, polyamide 6 (nylon 6) is an extremely versatile engineering thermoplastic. Nylon filled with glass fibers has higher mechanical strength and high wear resistance than general purpose nylon. 3D printed composites, based on fused filament modeling, typically suffer from poor bead-to-bead bonding and relatively high void content, limiting their mechanical properties
This thesis explores the effect of compaction pressure and temperature on improving the mechanical properties of 3D printed composites. Engineering moduli in the printing and transverse to printing direction, as well as ultimate strength were measured using the tensile testing with Digital …
Conical Orbital Mechanics: A Rework Of Classic Orbit Transfer Mechanics, Cian Anthony Branco
Conical Orbital Mechanics: A Rework Of Classic Orbit Transfer Mechanics, Cian Anthony Branco
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations
Simple orbital maneuvers obeying Kepler’s Laws, when taken with respect to Newton’s framework, require considerable time and effort to interpret and understand. Instead of a purely mathematical approach relying on the governing relations, a graphical geometric conceptual representation provides a useful alternative to the physical realities of orbits. Conic sections utilized within the full scope of a modified cone (frustum) were employed to demonstrate and develop a geometric approach to elliptical orbit transformations. The geometric model in-question utilizes the rotation of a plane intersecting the orbital frustum at some angle β (and the change in this angle) in a novel …
Detailed Modeling Of The Flash Hydrolysis Of Algae For Biofuel-Production In Comsol Multiphysics, Noah Joseph Legrand
Detailed Modeling Of The Flash Hydrolysis Of Algae For Biofuel-Production In Comsol Multiphysics, Noah Joseph Legrand
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations
Algae-derived biofuels are being commercialized as an important renewable energy source. Like any new technology, conversion improvements are desired, including reductions in process complexity and better utilization of the entire microalgae feedstock. The Old Dominion Biomass Laboratory has focused on flash hydrolysis for algae biofuel production. That process involves rapidly heating algae and water mixed as a slurry to a subcritical state. Results from small-scale bench tests are promising, but process scale up is a challenge. Currently there exists a pilot laboratory scale system utilizing induction heating in order to reach controlled reaction temperatures with a reaction duration of 10 …
A Parametric Analysis Of A Turbofan Engine With An Auxiliary Bypass Combustion Chamber – The Turboaux Engine, Kaleab Fetahi
A Parametric Analysis Of A Turbofan Engine With An Auxiliary Bypass Combustion Chamber – The Turboaux Engine, Kaleab Fetahi
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations
A parametric study of a novel turbofan engine with an auxiliary combustion chamber, nicknamed the TurboAux engine is presented. The TurboAux engine is conceived as an extension of a low-bypass turbofan engine with an auxiliary bypass annular combustion chamber around the core stream. The study presented in this thesis is motivated by the need to facilitate clean secondary burning of fuel at temperatures higher than conventionally realized, from air exiting the low-pressure compressor. The parametric study starts by analyzing the turbojet engine and its performance with and without an afterburner segment attached. Following that, the conventional turbofan and its mixing …
Model Based Systems Engineering For A Venture Class Launch Facility, Walter Mcgee Taraila
Model Based Systems Engineering For A Venture Class Launch Facility, Walter Mcgee Taraila
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations
A study of Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) applied to a small-lift launch facility is presented. The research uses Systems Modeling Language (SysML) products and functional diagrams to document the structure, controls, electrical power, hydraulic, safety mechanisms, software, and fluid ground systems on a launch pad. The research is motivated by the need to design complex systems with an unambiguous understanding that improves communication, quality, productivity, and reduces risk. A model is developed following the ISO/IEC-15288 technical process framework. The stakeholder requirements are defined and analyzed to provide traceability to individual systems and subsystems. An architectural design is realized and implemented …
Finite Element Analysis Investigation Of Hybrid Thin-Ply Composites For Improved Performance Of Aerospace Structures, Alana M. Zahn
Finite Element Analysis Investigation Of Hybrid Thin-Ply Composites For Improved Performance Of Aerospace Structures, Alana M. Zahn
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations
Commercial and private aircraft have a need for strong yet light materials in order to have the most ideal performance possible. This study looks at the use of thin-ply composite materials to improve the performance of aircraft structures by means of weight savings and/or strength increase when compared to laminates that are composed of exclusively standard-ply materials. In order to perform an investigation based solely on finite element analysis, validation efforts were performed using test data from open hole tension, open hole compression, notched tension, and notched compression specimens. Once the models were validated sufficiently, the same modeling practices were …
Energy Harvesting Using Flextensional Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters In Resonance And Off-Resonance Modes, Mohamed A. Shabara
Energy Harvesting Using Flextensional Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters In Resonance And Off-Resonance Modes, Mohamed A. Shabara
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations
Energy harvesting technologies are integrated into various modern devices and systems. These systems include Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems, Internet of Things (IoT), various types of energy harvesters are integrated in many engineering applications such as automotive, aerospace and ocean engineering. In order to develop a fully functioning stand-alone system, it is essential to integrate it with a built in power source such as a battery or a power generator. Also, in many situations, city power sources might not be available. Therefore, reliable, renewable and sustainable local power generators are desired. Piezoelectric energy harvesting (PEH) technologies, which are piezoelectric material-based devices, …
Mechanism Of Compaction With Wrinkle Formation During Automatic Stitching Of Dry Fabrics And The Size Effect Of Compression Molded Discontinuous Fiber-Reinforced Composites, Anibal Benjamin Beltran Laredo
Mechanism Of Compaction With Wrinkle Formation During Automatic Stitching Of Dry Fabrics And The Size Effect Of Compression Molded Discontinuous Fiber-Reinforced Composites, Anibal Benjamin Beltran Laredo
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations
With an ever-increasing demand for composites, more ways of manufacturing them are becoming popular and widely used. Stitching of dry fabrics is an efficient method for improving delamination resistance. Discontinuous fiber reinforced composites can be used as a lightweight alternative material for metals through a process of compression molding, which allows for complex shape manufacturing while offering structural grade mechanical properties.
This study demonstrates how the stitching of dry fabrics can be adapted to more complex surfaces. The consequences of stitching of curvilinear surfaces can result in defect formation. Therefore, to understand the physical formation of possible defects, experimental characterization …
Role Of Anisometric Particles In Ice-Templated Porous Ceramic Structure And Mechanical Properties, Mahesh Banda
Role Of Anisometric Particles In Ice-Templated Porous Ceramic Structure And Mechanical Properties, Mahesh Banda
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations
Open-cell macroporous ceramics have a significant impact on advancing various engineering endeavors such as bone-tissue engineering, lithium-ion batteries, filtration, thermal insulation, impact protection, etc. While pore orientation in conventional open-cell foams is random, in recent years, significant interest has grown in utilizing directionally porous ceramics in these applications to enhance performance. Ice-templating has emerged as a versatile technique that can synthesize directionally macroporous ceramics with low pore tortuosity. Although the fabrication is relatively straightforward, the challenge is that there are numerous variables associated with this technique, which can have significant effects on the final structure and macroscopic properties. As a …
A Study Of The Aeroacoustics Of Swept Propellers For Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Arthur David Wiedemann
A Study Of The Aeroacoustics Of Swept Propellers For Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Arthur David Wiedemann
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations
In recent years, small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have increased in availability and use in both public and commercial sectors. This increased use of small UAVs or “drones” has the unfortunate consequence of introducing excessive noise into communities where they operate. Implementation of noise reduction methods is necessary if we wish to see expanded use of drones in public areas. With electric propulsion, the primary source of noise is the rotor/propeller used in contemporary multi-rotor configurations. In this thesis, the aerodynamics and acoustic behavior of various swept propellers is examined with computational and experimental methods.
A family of propeller geometries …
Through-Thickness Reinforcement And Repair Of Carbon Fiber Based Honeycomb Structures Under Flexure And Tension Of Adhesively Bonded Joints, Aleric Alden Sanders
Through-Thickness Reinforcement And Repair Of Carbon Fiber Based Honeycomb Structures Under Flexure And Tension Of Adhesively Bonded Joints, Aleric Alden Sanders
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations
Repair and reinforcement of composite honeycomb structures is an area of concern as higher demands are being placed on high strength, lightweight structural materials, such as carbon fiber reinforced plastics and corresponding honeycomb structures. A common issue with these structures is when a delamination in the facesheet may form and spread, leading to a failure scenario. An investigation of adding a through thickness reinforcement (TTR) to these structures at the sample level that undergo four-point-bending, tension, and joining methods is conducted throughout this thesis. The embedding of pultruded carbon fiber rods is found to be an ideal addition to composite …
Investigating The Feasibility And Stability For Modeling Acoustic Wave Scattering Using A Time-Domain Boundary Integral Equation With Impedance Boundary Condition, Michelle E. Rodio
Investigating The Feasibility And Stability For Modeling Acoustic Wave Scattering Using A Time-Domain Boundary Integral Equation With Impedance Boundary Condition, Michelle E. Rodio
Mathematics & Statistics Theses & Dissertations
Reducing aircraft noise is a major objective in the field of computational aeroacoustics. When designing next generation quiet and environmentally friendly aircraft, it is important to be able to accurately and efficiently predict the acoustic scattering by an aircraft body from a given noise source. Acoustic liners are an effective tool for aircraft noise reduction and are characterized by a frequency-dependent impedance. Converted into the time-domain using Fourier transforms, an impedance boundary condition can be used to simulate the acoustic wave scattering by geometric bodies treated with acoustic liners
This work considers using either an impedance or an admittance (inverse …
Compaction And Residual Stress Modeling In Composite Manufactured With Automated Fiber Placement, Von Clyde Jamora
Compaction And Residual Stress Modeling In Composite Manufactured With Automated Fiber Placement, Von Clyde Jamora
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations
Automated fiber placement is a state-of-the-art manufacturing process that allows for complex layup patterns and can quickly place, cut, and restart composite tows. However, with this type of manufacturing process layup defects are inevitable, and manufacturing defects propagate after curing. Process modeling is the considered approach for exploring the defect prediction. Two different but related works were conducted, which are the thermochemical and hyperelastic model and the residual deformation model. For the model before cooling, a hyperelastic model and a thermo-chemical were made to simulate the compaction and heat transfer. Temperature dependent properties that are a function of degree of …
Thermal Contact Resistance Measurement And Related Uncertainties, Amanda Elizabeth Stark
Thermal Contact Resistance Measurement And Related Uncertainties, Amanda Elizabeth Stark
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations
Thermal contact resistance is an important parameter in detailed thermal analysis and design of aerospace systems. The ability to determine thermal contact resistance reliably can have a significant impact on the fidelity of thermal models—particularly for space applications. The 2004 NASA Langley Research Center thermal contact resistance test apparatus has been employed to evaluate two methods for inferring estimated interface surface temperatures so that thermal contact resistance can be calculated more accurately. The traditional method of extrapolation is a steady-state approach, while the new method utilizes inverse heat transfer techniques to account for inherent unsteadiness in these quasi-steady-state measurements. The …
Effect Of The Physical Micro-Environment On Cell Adhesion And Force Exertion, Mohamad Eftekharjoo
Effect Of The Physical Micro-Environment On Cell Adhesion And Force Exertion, Mohamad Eftekharjoo
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations
Physical characteristics of the microenvironment, such as geometry and stiffness, influence cell adhesion and contractile forces. Here, we determined how these physical factors influenced cell force exertion and adhesion in two specific contexts that have broad relevance.
Fibroblasts are cells in connective tissues that interact with a fibrous extracellular matrix (ECM) that have a predominantly one-dimensional (1D) (fibrillar) geometry. However, it has been unclear as to how the 1D nature of the fibrillar ECM influences the forces exerted by fibroblasts. Here, we used fibroblast cells adherent on fibronectin lines on polyacrylamide (PAA) gels of stiffness 13 and 45 kPa to …
Extension Of A Penalty Method For Numerically Solving Constrained Multibody Dynamic Problems, Troy Newhart
Extension Of A Penalty Method For Numerically Solving Constrained Multibody Dynamic Problems, Troy Newhart
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations
Numerical analysis of constrained static and multibody dynamic systems has become an integral part of engineering analysis with the continued improvements in technology and software availability. Many methods currently exist for numerically solving constrained static and dynamic systems. The applicability of a penalty method for constrained static solutions is observed in many academic texts and papers. The appeal for using a penalty method in statics pertains to its ease of implementation, computational suitability, and accuracy. This thesis extends a static penalty method for use with constrained multibody dynamics to observe if the penalty method’s benefits are similar for a dynamics …
A Cfd Study Of Steady Fully Developed Laminar Flow Through A 90-Degree Bend Pipe With A Square Cross-Sectional Area, Subodh Sushant Toraskar
A Cfd Study Of Steady Fully Developed Laminar Flow Through A 90-Degree Bend Pipe With A Square Cross-Sectional Area, Subodh Sushant Toraskar
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations
Fluid flow through a closed curved conduit has always been a topic of extensive research, as it has many practical and industrial applications. The flow is generally characterized by a presence of secondary flow, vortical motions and pressure losses for different flow regimes. These observed irregularities may positively or negatively impact the flow. They are beneficial for cases where mixing of fluids is required, usually observed for multiphase flow regimes or detrimental for cases involving particles in the fluid. There are also instances where a particle-laden fluid transported through the curved pipe was directly related to corrosion- erosion related problems. …
Numerical Modeling Of Shoreline Response To Storm Tides And Sea Level Rise, Akash Sahu
Numerical Modeling Of Shoreline Response To Storm Tides And Sea Level Rise, Akash Sahu
Civil & Environmental Engineering Theses & Dissertations
In this study, an integrated hydrodynamic, wave, and sediment transport modeling approach is developed for predicting the spatiotemporal variation of erosion of a sandy shoreline due to storm surge, wave action, tidal variations, and relative sea level rise (RSLR). The study site is located at the northern most portion of the city of Norfolk, Virginia, and it is of importance to the city, both in terms of tourism and for the protection that it provides for upland properties against storms. The region, in general, experiences the highest rate of RSLR on the U.S. East Coast which should result in high …