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Herbicide Management Alters Fungal Biomass And Community Composition In Great Lakes Coastal Wetlands, Erica Danae Lathers
Herbicide Management Alters Fungal Biomass And Community Composition In Great Lakes Coastal Wetlands, Erica Danae Lathers
Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
Wetlands provide many ecosystem services, and invasive species and their management can alter these services. Plant responses to wetland management actions are typically monitored, but less is known about how soils respond. Phragmites australis, an invasive wetland plant, can alter soil conditions, potentially impacting soil microbial structure and function. We sampled soil communities in Great Lakes coastal wetlands in southeastern Michigan dominated by Phragmites and sites that had been previously invaded by Phragmites then treated with herbicide from 2011-2017, to understand how herbicide management alters soil fungal communities. We assessed microbial and fungal biomass, fungal community composition, greenhouse gas emissions, …
Looking For Love On A Chilly Night: The Colorado Brown Tarantula Mating Season, Dallas Haselhuhn
Looking For Love On A Chilly Night: The Colorado Brown Tarantula Mating Season, Dallas Haselhuhn
Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
Aphonopelma hentzi is the most widespread and abundant tarantula species in the United States. While a distinct mating season is observed, it has not been well studied and the environmental drivers for the mating season are unknown. By conducting daily surveys on a peripheral population within Southeast Colorado, between August and November 2022, I found that after the first significant temperature drop, the number of mate-seeking males was significantly higher than prior to this temperature event. Mate-seeking males were significantly correlated with a drop in the water vapor pressure gradient, a rarely used biological metric for assessing potential water loss …
Evaluating Non-Point Source Microplastic Pollution And Its Impact On Biota In The Huron River, Morgan H. Chaudry
Evaluating Non-Point Source Microplastic Pollution And Its Impact On Biota In The Huron River, Morgan H. Chaudry
Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), like microplastics and pharmaceuticals, are a growing threat to aquatic ecosystems across the globe. Microplastics can be transported into waterways through a myriad of sources, including point sources such as wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and nonpoint sources, such as runoff. Microplastics can act as vectors for other CECs, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), into biota. The goal of this study was to evaluate 1) the importance of non-point sources of microplastic pollution to the Huron River, 2) if aquatic filter feeders ingest microplastics, and 3) how the interaction of microplastics and pharmaceuticals affect filter …
Soil And Compost Tea: A New Restoration Technique?, Carol E. Day
Soil And Compost Tea: A New Restoration Technique?, Carol E. Day
Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
Historically, prairie restorations have lacked the plant diversity seen in remnant prairies. Most restoration practices focus on reestablishing the plant community but overlook the soil microbial community even though microbes are critical to habitat functioning. Developing techniques that increase soil microbes in prairie restorations is critical to ensuring diverse restored habitats. We compared how microbial communities differed between remnant and restored prairie sites. We also investigated if soil and compost teas could be used to reintroduce microbes to restored prairie soil and if the teas affected native plant establishment. We found significant differences in the levels of bacterial taxa between …
Investigating Sources Of Microplastics And Effects Of Plastic Pollution On Biofilm Function In The Huron River, Sadie Baker
Investigating Sources Of Microplastics And Effects Of Plastic Pollution On Biofilm Function In The Huron River, Sadie Baker
Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
Plastics are a global environmental threat due to mass production and the many unknowns regarding the long-term effects of plastic pollution in the environment. Microplastics (MPs) are plastic particles less than 5 mm in size, and they have become ubiquitous in aquatic ecosystems. MPs enter aquatic ecosystems through non-point sources such as urbanization, runoff, or atmospheric fallout or through point-sources such as wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). To determine MP sources in the Huron River, we evaluated MP load (MPs/day) upstream and downstream from urban centers (Ann Arbor and Ypsilanti) and the Ann Arbor WWTP. The average MP load among sample …
Comparison Of Water Column Properties Derived From An Autonomous Underwater Vehicle And Satellite Based Sources In Lake Michigan, David Bennion
Comparison Of Water Column Properties Derived From An Autonomous Underwater Vehicle And Satellite Based Sources In Lake Michigan, David Bennion
Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are an emerging technology increasingly being employed in geoscience and ecosystem research in the Great Lakes, capitalizing on their ability to sample large areas fitted with a variety of sensors. Previous to AUV use, chlorophyll measurements were either collected at discrete locations accessed by boats or derived from satellite remote sensing data. An advantage of AUVs is the ability to detect the presence of subsurface formations such as a deep chlorophyll layer or directly measure features such as the extent of the photic zone, which provides the opportunity to compare these in situ measured features to …
Influence Of Approach Angle On Ball Velocity During The American Football Instep Placekick, Kristoph C. Lopata
Influence Of Approach Angle On Ball Velocity During The American Football Instep Placekick, Kristoph C. Lopata
Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
High ball velocity in American football placekicking (PK) enhances the opportunity to score during competition. Insight into self-selected (SS) approach angle and whether an optimal angle exists for maximal ball velocity may improve performance. Methods: Three selected approach angles (30°, 45°, 60°) and a SS approach angle were assessed to analyze kicking velocity among 11 intercollegiate male kickers. Descriptive statistics analyzed SS angles, and a one-way repeated measures ANOVA with the significance level set a p < .05 compared maximal ball velocity between angles. Results: Mean SS angle was 37.25° ± 3.67, and the SS and 45° approach produced the highest maximal ball velocities; however, no approach angle (SS, 30°, 45°, 60°) differed significantly F(3, 30) = 1.869, p < .156. Conclusions: Approach angle did not significantly affect maximal ball velocity. However, future studies are needed with larger sample sizes and diverse placekicking populations who are participating in American football.
Influence Of Social Cues On The Initiation Of Migratory Behavior In Red Crossbills (Loxia Curvirostra), John Bobo
Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
The timing of migration is crucial for the fitness of organisms because mistimed migration can cause exposure to difficult conditions. Photoperiod drives migratory timing in many species, but little work has focused on how social cues might fine-tune migratory timing. The goal of this study is to determine if birds use social cues from conspecifics to fine-tune the initiation of migratory behavior and physiology. Red crossbills (Loxia curvirostra) are gregarious, nomadic migrants that make seasonal movements to find patchily-distributed conifer seeds and are responsive to social cues in the context of food. I test the hypothesis that social …
The Promise And Perils Of Molecular Combing, Jeanmarie Mishler
The Promise And Perils Of Molecular Combing, Jeanmarie Mishler
Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
Dynamic Molecular Combing (DMC) is a method of making visible single molecules of DNA. The method stretches the molecules, attaching them to a glass coverslip; labels them with an intercalating dye or fluorescent antibodies; and images the molecules with fluorescent microscopy. After combing, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) can be used to inspect regions on the DNA molecule. DMC is especially technically challenging for undergraduate research laboratories. To make the technique accessible to an undergraduate laboratory this project addresses three challenges: pH of buffer solution, NaOH exposure time, and halogenated thymidine exposure time in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). A serial pH …
Characterization Of Cofilin And Its Potential Role In The Epha4 Pathway, Brian Donald Condron
Characterization Of Cofilin And Its Potential Role In The Epha4 Pathway, Brian Donald Condron
Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
EphA4 is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is responsible for cellular adhesion and locomotion using repulsion signaling in early development of Xenopus laevis. EphA4 regulates cellular locomotion by controlling proteins within its signal transduction pathway, which may include the protein cofilin. Cofilin actively severs and removes actin monomers, thus altering the actin cytoskeleton, leading to the cessation of cellular crawl. During the gastrulation phase of embryonic development, individual cells are relocating to create the three primary germ layers of the organism. Failure of this process to occur results in attrition of the embryos, frequently by way of embryonic exogastrulation. …
Predictability Of Vo2max From Three Commercially Available Devices, Luke Daniel Mccormick
Predictability Of Vo2max From Three Commercially Available Devices, Luke Daniel Mccormick
Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
The Polar V800TM, A300TM, and Garmin Forerunner 235TM predict VO2max from a submaximal effort. Purpose: To examine the predictability of VO2max from two heart rate monitors (Device A and V) and a global positioning system (GPS) watch compared to measured VO2max. Methods: Forty participants, 22 males and 18 females ages 18 to 55, came to the Running Science Laboratory at Eastern Michigan University. During visit 1, participants completed a maximal graded exercise test (GXT) to determine VO2max. At visit 2, each device’s protocol was followed to estimate VO2max. Pearson correlations, repeated measures ANOVA, and a paired samples t-test were utilized …
Southeast Michigan Wastewater Treatment Plants As Potential Sources Of Microplastic Pollution In The Rouge River And Huron River, Jennifer Troost
Southeast Michigan Wastewater Treatment Plants As Potential Sources Of Microplastic Pollution In The Rouge River And Huron River, Jennifer Troost
Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
Plastic pollution is a global issue affecting the health and stability of freshwater and marine environments. Microplastics can be introduced into waterways from a variety of sources, such as agricultural runoff, anthropogenic litter, and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). To determine whether WWTPs are a source of microplastics to the Lower Rouge and Huron Rivers, we measured microplastic load upstream and downstream of two Southeast Michigan wastewater treatment plants: the Ann Arbor Wastewater Treatment Plant and Ypsilanti Community Utilities Authority (YCUA). Results from this study indicated that YCUA, which discharges into a small stream with limited watershed inputs, is a significant …
Expansion Microscopy To Visualize Cell-Cycle Events In The Abbreviated Cell Cycle In Caenorhabditis Elegans (Roundworm) Germline Stem Cells, Taylor Campbell
Expansion Microscopy To Visualize Cell-Cycle Events In The Abbreviated Cell Cycle In Caenorhabditis Elegans (Roundworm) Germline Stem Cells, Taylor Campbell
Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
The abbreviated cell cycle is a poorly understood form of the cell cycle essential for genome stability in stem cells. To visualize cell-cycle events in the abbreviated cell cycle, we optimized a protocol for expansion microscopy in stem cells of the reproductive system of the model organism C. elegans. Optimizations included development of new mounting techniques and modifications to DNA staining methods. These optimizations produced brighter samples that were easier to find and focus on at the microscope. These optimizations, combined with future labeling of DNA replication, will expand our understanding of how cells with an abbreviated cell cycle maintain …
The Relationship Between Population Dynamics And Dietary Preferences Within Two Snake Genera (Storeria And Thamnophis), Molly M. Dixon
The Relationship Between Population Dynamics And Dietary Preferences Within Two Snake Genera (Storeria And Thamnophis), Molly M. Dixon
Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
Amidst massive losses in biodiversity, it is vital to identify the factors driving species declines. The main objective of this research was to assess dietary differences between Storeria dekayi and Thamnophis sirtalis and their less abundant and more geographically restricted sister species, Storeria occipitomaculata and Thamnophis butleri, in Illinois and Michigan. I hypothesized that greater abundance and more cosmopolitan distribution are associated with consuming a wide variety of prey and more nonnative prey. To assess diets, I conducted field surveys of Storeria and Thamnophis and analyzed DNA metabarcoding data from fecal samples. I found no significant difference in the …
Sleep And Athletic Performance Of Formula 1 Race Car Drivers During The 2019 Season, Alexander Pollack
Sleep And Athletic Performance Of Formula 1 Race Car Drivers During The 2019 Season, Alexander Pollack
Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
Sufficient, good quality sleep is associated with better performance in many sports; however, this relationship has not been examined among motorsport athletes. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the relationship between sleep quality (SQ), sleep duration (SD), and performance metrics among professional racecar drivers. During the 2019 season, five Formula 1 drivers reported SQ, SD, and hours of time change for each race. Performance data (finishing position and points earned) were obtained from a public website. Relationships between sleep variables and driving performance were examined using correlations. Correlations between SQ and driving performance were not significant. SD and …
Assessing Pace-Of-Life: Comparing Metabolism And Behavior In Tarantulas, Haley Vanscoyoc
Assessing Pace-Of-Life: Comparing Metabolism And Behavior In Tarantulas, Haley Vanscoyoc
Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
Pace-of-Life Syndrome (PoLS) links physiology, behavior, and life history to understand how an organism lives and is under-researched in many invertebrate groups. In this study I used five tarantula species to assess if they follow the predictions of PoLS. I compared individual species as well as Old- and New-World lineages and solitary and sub-social species. I predicted that Old- World and sub-social species would have higher resting metabolic rates (RMRs) and activity levels compared to New-World and solitary species. RMRs were measured using an open-flow respirometry system, and a classic open-arena test was used to assess activity level. Spearman’s correlation …
Temporal Changes In Unisexual And Sexual Ambystoma Salamander Populations In Southeast Michigan, Kelsey B. Mitchell
Temporal Changes In Unisexual And Sexual Ambystoma Salamander Populations In Southeast Michigan, Kelsey B. Mitchell
Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
Climate change drives changes in organisms’ geographic ranges that can lead to shifts in population structure. Unisexual (all female) Ambystoma salamanders reproduce via kleptogenesis, resulting in ploidy-variable offspring. I analyzed genetic data of historic and modern-day unisexual and A. laterale samples from the University of Michigan’s E. S. George Reserve using epidermal cell nuclei measurements and microsatellite loci. I found that population composition has shifted away from the more northern-distributed A. laterale and toward populations dominated by unisexuals in five out of six ponds. There was a significant relationship between the proportion of A. laterale to unisexuals and pond size …
Evaluating The Role Of Exo1p In Chromosome Breaks At Fs2 In Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, Gillian Autterson
Evaluating The Role Of Exo1p In Chromosome Breaks At Fs2 In Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, Gillian Autterson
Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
Exo1p is one enzyme that plays a role in the repair of breaks in DNA caused by a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. In this study, we hypothesized the following: (1) Lack of Exo1p will cause an increase in de novo telomere addition at DNA breaks, and (2) lack of the endonuclease Exo1p will lead to decreased fidelity of repair by homologous recombination at DNA breaks. A yeast model system was manipulated to induce replication stress, resulting in a break in DNA at fragile site FS2 on yeast chromosome III. The repair mechanism used was identified, and the resulting …
The Effects Of Low-Level Pharmaceuticals On Stream Biofilm Structure And Function Across A Land-Use Gradient In Streams Of The Huron River Watershed, Elizabeth Mae Stover
The Effects Of Low-Level Pharmaceuticals On Stream Biofilm Structure And Function Across A Land-Use Gradient In Streams Of The Huron River Watershed, Elizabeth Mae Stover
Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are a contaminant class of worldwide concern. Their environmental omnipresence indicates they may be a potential source of global change, and ecosystem-scale impacts at non-lethal levels have not been fully explored. We used stream biofilms to assess ecosystem responses to PPCPs. Biofilms were cultivated in streams draining areas of different land use and then exposed to triclosan, diphenhydramine, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim treatments. We found evidence that low levels of these PPCPs affected some, but not all, aspects of biofilm processes and bacterial community composition. Bacterial carbon uptake was reduced (p = 0.06) and we found …
Comparison Of Nutrition Education Approaches On Fruit And Vegetable Intake In Older Adults, Noelle R. Blasch
Comparison Of Nutrition Education Approaches On Fruit And Vegetable Intake In Older Adults, Noelle R. Blasch
Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
Most Americans do not consume recommended intakes of fruits and vegetables (F/Vs). Hands-on nutrition education applies social cognitive theory as participants practice preparing F/Vs. This study compared a four-week hands-on nutrition education program (L+HO) with lecture only (L) in older adults with assessments at baseline and weeks four and eight. Twenty-three women over the age of 50 participated in either four, 90-minute weekly L+HO classes (n = 14) or four, 40-minute weekly L nutrition education classes (n = 9). Vegetable intake significantly increased at four weeks compared to baseline for both intervention groups. Vegetable intake increased at eight weeks compared …
Accuracy Of Predicted Energy Expenditure From A Fitbit Inspire Hr Activity Monitor During Short- And Long-Duration Exercise, Cailyn Van Camp
Accuracy Of Predicted Energy Expenditure From A Fitbit Inspire Hr Activity Monitor During Short- And Long-Duration Exercise, Cailyn Van Camp
Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
PURPOSE: To determine the accuracy of predicted Energy Expenditure (EE) reported by a wrist-worn activity monitor compared to measured EE during both a long- and short-duration exercise. METHODS: In addition to a VO2max treadmill test, a running speed at approximately 70 - 75% of that VO2max was found during the first visit. The second and third visit was comprised of either a 30-minute or 10-minute run at the speed previously determined. A wrist activity monitor was worn and VO2 and EE were recorded by a metabolic cart. Pearson correlation, paired samples t-test, and repeated measures ANOVAs compared predicted …
Oxygen, Ph, And Labile Organic Carbon As Possible Mechanisms For Algal Stimulation Of Bacterial And Fungal Production In Periphyton, Jennifer Nichole Harper
Oxygen, Ph, And Labile Organic Carbon As Possible Mechanisms For Algal Stimulation Of Bacterial And Fungal Production In Periphyton, Jennifer Nichole Harper
Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
Algal photosynthesis can stimulate production of associated microbial heterotrophs; however,the mechanisms for this stimulation remain unknown. I incubated submerged Typha domingensis leaf litter in greenhouse mesocosms under low- and high-nutrient regimes and conducted microbial production assays after 79/80 (week 11) or 128/129 (week 18) days of colonization. I manipulated environmental factors (oxygen, pH, and labile organic carbon) affected by algal photosynthesis to test the hypothesis that one or more of these factors stimulates heterotrophic microbial production. In the low-nutrient treatments, bacterial production was increased by glucose addition during week 11 (p < 0.001) and by photosynthesis during week 18 (p < 0.05). Fungal production was stimulated by photosynthesis in the high-nutrient treatments during weeks 11 (p < 0.001) and 18 (p < 0.01) and by glucose during week 11 (p < 0.05). These results confirm that algal photosynthesis can increase heterotrophic microbial production and suggest that photosynthetic labile organic carbon (LOC) could be a stimulatory mechanism.
An Evaluation Of Co-Culture Parameters Effecting Antibiotic Production In Soil Microbes, Rebecca Lindow
An Evaluation Of Co-Culture Parameters Effecting Antibiotic Production In Soil Microbes, Rebecca Lindow
Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
The rise of infections caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria, compounded by a reduction in antibiotic discovery and development, jeopardizes human health. Historically, antibiotics derive from secondary metabolites produced by soil microbes in pure culture, but recent genetic evidence suggests that microbes can produce more secondary metabolites than are currently observed. The modified crowded plate technique directly identifies antibiotic-producing soil microbes that were co-plated with a target pathogen. Here, this technique was refined by testing the effect of a D-alanine auxotrophic target pathogen rather than a prototrophic pathogen as well as investigating conditions most conducive to antibiotic production. Antibiotic producing conditions …
The Effects Of Light Level And Temperature On Freshwater Microbial Biomass, Production, Enzyme Activity, And Community Composition, Joel Bonney
Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
Algae can stimulate the production of heterotrophic microbes in periphyton communities, but the synergistic effects of light and temperature on this phenomenon are not well understood and have implications on carbon cycling and energy flow. We employed recirculating mesocosms held at different temperatures and light levels and filled with Typha litter and attached microbes to assess these effects. Heterotrophic microbial production was greater in the presence of light, as were some periphytic enzyme activities. Few response variables increased in a near-linear fashion with ascending temperature, suggesting different temperature optima. The strength of heterotrophic microbial production responses to algal photosynthesis did …
The Cost Of Breeding In The Winter Versus The Summer In An Opportunistic, Northtemperate Songbird, The Red Crossbill (Loxia Curvirostra), Travis Draud
Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
Energy is the currency of life, where a surplus allows survival and reproduction and a longstanding debt leads to death, yet monitoring energy expenditures in free-living animals has been relatively limited by available technology. Radio transmitters that have been specially modified to detect heart rate, however, allow for real-time estimation of energy expense in free-living, behaving animals. Red crossbills live at northern latitudes year-round and breed opportunistically throughout much of the year. They therefore offer a unique opportunity to examine the ecophysiology of different life cycle stages under drastically variable seasonal conditions. Here we present heart rate data of free-living, …
The Effect Of Neonicotinoids On Apis Mellifera: A Revisit, Qingchen Liang
The Effect Of Neonicotinoids On Apis Mellifera: A Revisit, Qingchen Liang
Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
Colony collapse disorder (CCD), which has caused high colony mortality rates in the European honeybee (Apis mellifera), is a pressing economical and ecological problem. I revisited Woodcock et al.'s (2017a) paper, "Country-specic Effects of Neonicotinoid Pesticides on Honey Bees and Wild Bees", in light of unsound statistical methods used in the original study. In the first part of this paper, I attempted to replicate the analysis underlying key findings in the original paper. In the second part, I reanalyzed the data using mostly non-parametric methods in order to obtain robust results. I did not find any evidence for a harmful …
Assessment Of Mudpuppy (Necturus Maculosus) Presence Along The St. Clair-Detroit River System Using Environmental Dna And Occupancy Modeling, Jenny L. Sutherland
Assessment Of Mudpuppy (Necturus Maculosus) Presence Along The St. Clair-Detroit River System Using Environmental Dna And Occupancy Modeling, Jenny L. Sutherland
Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
The mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus) is cryptic, fully aquatic salamander within the Great Lakes region. Once abundant throughout its range, evidence now suggests that there have been declines due to habitat loss and lampricide use. Information on the status of mudpuppies along the St. Clair-Detroit River System (SCDRS) is lacking, and since they are important bio-indicators, they could be a gauge for restoration success. Environmental DNA (eDNA) and occupancy modeling were used to determine best detection practices for this cryptic species. Mudpuppy eDNA was detected at all known mudpuppy sites with the addition of one site. Occupancy was highest at shoreline …
Unravelling The D1r-D2r Heteromer, Margaret M. Champion
Unravelling The D1r-D2r Heteromer, Margaret M. Champion
Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
Dopamine receptors D1R and D2R form a heterooligomeric complex with signaling properties distinct from the individual receptors. Aberrant expression of this protein-protein complex is linked to the etiology of various neuropsychiatric diseases. Formation of the D1R-D2R heteromer is thought to be dependent upon electrostatic interactions occurring between the carboxyl tail of D1R and the third intracellular loop of D2R. Using this interaction site as template, I synthesized several peptides designed to disrupt the minimal area of the D1R-D2R interaction interface and tested these using whole cell lysates of human brain tissue and dopamine receptor constructs. I report that a synthetic …
Optogenetic Examination Of Salt Taste In Mice, Martin Raymond
Optogenetic Examination Of Salt Taste In Mice, Martin Raymond
Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
This thesis describes a series of experiments designed to evaluate the hypothesis that Type I taste receptor cells play a critical role in the detection and transduction of sodium taste via of epithelial sodium channels (ENaCs). Experiment 1 validated the function of a simple and affordable behavioral apparatus (hardware and software) for testing taste preference and taste aversion in mice. Experiment 2 demonstrated a pharmacological method for rapid induction of salt appetite in mice. Experiment 3 showed that optogenetic stimulation of Type I taste receptor cells (TRCs) in transgenic mice could drive consumption of tap water under conditions of salt …
Regulatory Issues Concerning The Preclinical Testing Of Synthetic Peptides, Vamsi Vardhan Niraghatam
Regulatory Issues Concerning The Preclinical Testing Of Synthetic Peptides, Vamsi Vardhan Niraghatam
Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations
Any new drug or biological product undergoes rigorous testing in animals and humans for review by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) before it becomes available for human use. A sponsor files an investigational new drug (IND) application with the FDA with supporting animal data, after which testing is continued with humans. There is sufficient guidance from the FDA on new small molecules and biological products as to which preclinical studies are to be conducted. Synthetic peptides present a unique scenario in which a case-by-case approach is needed for the conduct of preclinical studies. For peptides containing components …