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Articles 31 - 60 of 49656
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Botdr-Based Horizontal Deformation Monitoring Of Section Coal Pillars, Chai Jing, Hao Hongru, Yang Jianfeng, Gao Dengyan, Gao Kuiying, Chen Jianhua, Yang Lei, Liu Zeyu
Botdr-Based Horizontal Deformation Monitoring Of Section Coal Pillars, Chai Jing, Hao Hongru, Yang Jianfeng, Gao Dengyan, Gao Kuiying, Chen Jianhua, Yang Lei, Liu Zeyu
Coal Geology & Exploration
To address potential safety hazards like microcrack initiation, deformation, and failure inside coal pillars, this study monitored the horizontal deformations of coal pillars using the Brillouin optical time-domain reflectometry (BOTDR)—a distributed optical fiber sensing technology. Firstly, this study established a method for converting the axial strain of optical fibers into horizontal deformations based on a theoretical analysis of the failure and bulking characteristics of coal pillars. Secondly, it determined the axial tensile response of metal-based cord-shaped sensing optical fibers by conducting laboratory tests. Then, it corrected the strain coefficient based on the deformation and failure patterns of coal pillars. Finally, …
Geochemical Characteristics And Influencing Factors Of Deep Coalbed Methane In The Linxing-Shenfu Block, Wu Peng, Hu Weiqiang, Li Yangbing, Ma Litao, Li Yong, Zhao Fei, Niu Yanwei, Chen Jianqi, Li Panpan, Liu Zaizhen, Li Chenchen, Cao Di, Liu Cheng
Geochemical Characteristics And Influencing Factors Of Deep Coalbed Methane In The Linxing-Shenfu Block, Wu Peng, Hu Weiqiang, Li Yangbing, Ma Litao, Li Yong, Zhao Fei, Niu Yanwei, Chen Jianqi, Li Panpan, Liu Zaizhen, Li Chenchen, Cao Di, Liu Cheng
Coal Geology & Exploration
Identifying the origin and geochemical characteristics of deep coalbed methane (CBM) is critical for its exploration and production. This study examined the desorbed gas from deep-CBM parameter wells in the Linxing-Shenfu block on the eastern margin of the Ordos Basin. It systematically tested the composition, content, and carbon isotopes of CBM in coal seams Nos. 8 and 9. In combination with the degree of thermal evolution, gas-bearing properties, coal seam burial depths, geological structures, and hydrogeologic conditions, it delved into the geochemical characteristics and influencing factors of deep CBM. The results show that the deep CBM in the study area …
Dynamic Simulations And Applicability Evaluation Of Novel Perforation Techniques, Bi Gang, Yuan Peijie, Han Fei, Fu Shuaishuai, Wu Jiemin, Ma Ying
Dynamic Simulations And Applicability Evaluation Of Novel Perforation Techniques, Bi Gang, Yuan Peijie, Han Fei, Fu Shuaishuai, Wu Jiemin, Ma Ying
Coal Geology & Exploration
The development and improvement of perforated completion techniques hold great practical significance and value for efficient testing and exploitation of oil and gas fields. However, conventional shaped-charge perforation for well completion of low-permeability reservoirs (e.g., low-permeability coal seams) suffered high seepage resistance and reduced productivity due to the presence of compaction damage zones. To achieve enhanced exploitation efficiency of low-permeability reservoirs, novel perforation techniques, including self-cleaning and after-effect perforation, have been proposed. However, their perforation performance and applicability remain ambiguous. Based on the explicit time integration algorithm and fluid-structure interaction mechanism of LS-DYNA, this study proposed a method for finite …
Anti-Channeling Methods For Coalbed Methane Production Using L-Type Horizontal Wells, Liu Zhan, Zhang Qunxia, Geng Yuxin, Luo Dan, Wang Minggang
Anti-Channeling Methods For Coalbed Methane Production Using L-Type Horizontal Wells, Liu Zhan, Zhang Qunxia, Geng Yuxin, Luo Dan, Wang Minggang
Coal Geology & Exploration
Coalbed methane (CBM) production using L-type horizontal wells can yield stable single-well production of up to above 8 000 m3/d. However, due to the lack of sand settling pockets, L-type horizontal wells fail to achieve gas-water separation under the action of gravity. Consequently, gas channeling from tubing is prone to occur, significantly decreasing pumping efficiency and restricting further drainage and pressure reduction. By optimizing the lifting process for production in the early stage, the gas channeling from tubing has been somewhat alleviated. However, the anti-channeling effects remain unsatisfactory in low-fluid-pressure and high-yield gas wells. This study examined L-type …
Technologies For Water Hazard Prevention And Control In Burnt Rock Aquifers Within Concealed Burnt Areas, Wang Hai
Coal Geology & Exploration
Burnt rocks are extensively distributed in northwestern China, featuring well-developed pores and fractures and abundant water, emerging as primary aquifers in this region. The burnt rocks in concealed burnt areas in this region show inconspicuous surface remains, complicating their identification. Penetrating burnt rock aquifers in coal mining will lead to water hazard and destroy water resources in these aquifers. To prevent and control water hazard in burnt rocks within concealed burnt areas and preserve water resources in burnt rock aquifers, this study analyzed the distributions of burnt rocks in China and the effects of water in them on coal mining. …
Exploring A Fly Ash-Based Grouting Material For Toughening Through In Situ Polymerization Of Acrylamide, Zhang Yuehong, Wang Xiaodong, Wang Hai, Wu Boqiang, Ji Zhongkui, Zhu Shibin, Han Le, Feng Longfei
Exploring A Fly Ash-Based Grouting Material For Toughening Through In Situ Polymerization Of Acrylamide, Zhang Yuehong, Wang Xiaodong, Wang Hai, Wu Boqiang, Ji Zhongkui, Zhu Shibin, Han Le, Feng Longfei
Coal Geology & Exploration
Efficiently controlling the water inflow (loss) of burnt rocks in the roof of coal mining faces requires grouting reinforcement materials with excellent compressive toughness. Silicate cement-based grouting materials, characterized by low costs, have been extensively applied to grouting reinforcement in coal mines. However, their hardened grout is susceptible to deformation, exhibiting poor toughness. By employing the in-situ polymerization of acrylamide (AM) for toughening, this study investigated the effects of AM, cross-linking agent, initiator, and water-cement ratio on the setting time, swelling capacity, compressive strength, and toughness index of the fly ash-based grouting materials. Furthermore, the microstructures of the hardened grout …
Some Reflections On The Application Of Machine Learning To Research Into The Theoretical System Of Mine Water Prevention And Control, Yao Hui, Yin Huichao, Liang Manyu, Yin Shangxian, Hou Enke, Lian Huiqing, Xia Xiangxue, Zhang Jinfu, Wu Chuanshi
Some Reflections On The Application Of Machine Learning To Research Into The Theoretical System Of Mine Water Prevention And Control, Yao Hui, Yin Huichao, Liang Manyu, Yin Shangxian, Hou Enke, Lian Huiqing, Xia Xiangxue, Zhang Jinfu, Wu Chuanshi
Coal Geology & Exploration
The theoretical system of mine water prevention and control encompasses three fundamental aspects: disaster-causing mechanisms, risk evaluation, and disaster prediction. This theoretical system, having undergone rapid development over the past 20 years, aims to gain insights into the behavior characteristics of mine water and predict its evolutionary trend, thus serving the prevention and control of water disasters in mining areas. Applying machine learning, a powerful tool for data analysis and mining in the era of big data, to research into the theoretical system has garnered considerable attention. This study focuses on the specific applications of machine learning to the three …
Assessing The Use Of Regenerative Agriculture In California Almonds As Climate Change Resilience, Skyler M. Seamons
Assessing The Use Of Regenerative Agriculture In California Almonds As Climate Change Resilience, Skyler M. Seamons
Master's Projects and Capstones
The agriculture sector is responsible for 10% of the United States’ greenhouse gas emissions. In turn, anthropogenic climate change threatens crops. With its Mediterranean climate, California is the country’s largest agricultural-producing state. Many California crops are at risk due to increasing temperatures and changed precipitation patterns. This paper investigates regenerative farming techniques as a tool to protect California crops from a changing climate. Almonds are used as a case study to analyze the soil management practices, finances, and policies underlying regenerative agriculture in California. A literature review and comparative analysis are used to compare regenerative and conventional soil management practices …
Releases Of Hazardous Materials And Waste From Transportation Incidents In The Us: An Analysis To Increase Environmental Resiliency, Elizabeth Irene Tautges
Releases Of Hazardous Materials And Waste From Transportation Incidents In The Us: An Analysis To Increase Environmental Resiliency, Elizabeth Irene Tautges
Master's Projects and Capstones
Excessive amounts of hazardous materials and waste are released into the environment from transportation incidents. The United States federal government has regulations on the movement of hazardous material and waste during transportation, but preventing environmental releases is not a major priority. Multiple external factors influence the release of hazardous material and waste into the environment. Transportation incidents can be prevented by modifying the information collected in emergency reports, adjusting transportation patterns and conditions, and expressing negative environmental impacts, preparing responder efforts to communicate effectively. The components of previous hazardous materials and waste releases emphasize the needed improvements for increasing environmental …
Evaluating The Impact Of Wildfires On Mixed Conifer Forest Regeneration And The Effectiveness Of Usfs Management Strategies On Restoring Ecosystem Services, Wyatt Farino
Master's Projects and Capstones
Wildfires are increasing in frequency, duration, and severity across Western North America. 20,438,720 acres (20.1%) of California has burned at least once since 2010. Projections suggest a statewide increase in burned area between 36% and 74% by 2085, with some forested areas in Northern California exceeding 100% in all modeled scenarios. Fire regimes have deviated far from their historical norm, significantly increasing the risk of type conversion from forest to other ecosystems. Californians rely on the myriad of ecosystem services produced by these forests to meet their basic needs. Access to these fundamental services will be severely reduced if appropriate …
An Inventory Of Tidal Marsh Restoration Opportunities In Humboldt Bay And Their Impact On Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Nicholas Rowlands
An Inventory Of Tidal Marsh Restoration Opportunities In Humboldt Bay And Their Impact On Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Nicholas Rowlands
Master's Projects and Capstones
Blue carbon ecosystems like tidal marshes, mangroves, and seagrass are efficient carbon sinks that release minimal methane under saline conditions. However, coastal wetlands globally are under threat, and on the U.S. West Coast some 85% of historic tidal wetlands have been lost. As such, there is increasing interest in their restoration as a necessary climate mitigation strategy. This GIS analysis identifies potential tidal marsh restoration sites in Humboldt Bay, California, and estimates the post-restoration greenhouse gas benefits. An elevation-based model of Humboldt Bay’s full estuary extent developed by West Coast researchers was combined with data from the California Aquatic Resources …
From Pixels To Plants: Remote Sensing Of California Invasive Plants, Kenneth Rangel
From Pixels To Plants: Remote Sensing Of California Invasive Plants, Kenneth Rangel
Master's Projects and Capstones
Invasive plants cause significant impacts to ecosystems, the economy, and human health. California has experienced significant plant invasions and is well suited to future invasion because of its Mediterranean climate and human disturbance. Eradication or control of invasive plant species requires a detailed understanding of their spatial distribution, which typically involves on the ground surveys that can be expensive or inconsistent. Remote sensing offers a potential alternative or supplement to in-person invasive plant mapping. This study performed a comparative analysis of 41 remote sensing studies that mapped the distribution of California invasive plants. I found that while high spectral resolution …
Modeling Overwash Processes And Sea Level Rise On Barrier Islands, Beth Thomas
Modeling Overwash Processes And Sea Level Rise On Barrier Islands, Beth Thomas
Biology and Medicine Through Mathematics Conference
No abstract provided.
Advective And Diffusive Gas Phase Transport In Vadose Zones: Importance For Defining Vapour Risks And Natural Source Zone Depletion Of Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Kaveh Sookhak Lari, Greg B. Davis, John L. Rayner, Trevor P. Bastow
Advective And Diffusive Gas Phase Transport In Vadose Zones: Importance For Defining Vapour Risks And Natural Source Zone Depletion Of Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Kaveh Sookhak Lari, Greg B. Davis, John L. Rayner, Trevor P. Bastow
Research outputs 2022 to 2026
Quantifying the interlinked behaviour of the soil microbiome, fluid flow, multi-component transport and partitioning, and biodegradation is key to characterising vapour risks and natural source zone depletion (NSZD) of light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) petroleum hydrocarbons. Critical to vapour transport and NSZD is transport of gases through the vadose zone (oxygen from the atmosphere, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), methane and carbon dioxide from the zone of LNAPL biodegradation). Volatilisation of VOCs from LNAPL, aerobic biodegradation, methanogenesis and heat production all generate gas pressure changes that may lead to enhanced gas fluxes apart from diffusion. Despite the importance of the gaseous …
An Examination Of The Ways In Which Transdisciplinary Research Could Be Used To Incentivize Local Communities To Combat The Illegal Wildlife Trade, Jessica Rios
FIU Undergraduate Research Journal
The illegal wildlife trade (IWT) is currently one of the most critical conservation concerns, given its direct impact on biodiversity loss, endangering local ecosystems, and adding pressure to all species at a point when they face dangers like deforestation and mass extinctions. This industry also significantly impacts local communities, many of which are compelled to engage in it as a result of their precarious socioeconomic conditions. While effective countermeasures to this global issue have been identified, successful implementation of these countermeasures require diverse disciplines and collaborators. This paper argues that a transdisciplinary approach that converges knowledge and skills from social …
Understanding The Health Impacts Of Vehicular Emissions In South Florida: A Comprehensive Analysis, Janelle Ducheine, Noah Horesh, Jason C. Quinn
Understanding The Health Impacts Of Vehicular Emissions In South Florida: A Comprehensive Analysis, Janelle Ducheine, Noah Horesh, Jason C. Quinn
FIU Undergraduate Research Journal
South Florida is famous for its diverse cultural scene and year-round sunshine. This success, however, has not been without its consequences. While the region enjoys economic prosperity, the hidden cost of deteriorating air quality and adverse health effects from vehicle emissions necessitates urgent attention. Electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a potential solution, promising reduced emissions, and increased energy efficiency. However, the intricate life cycle emissions associated with EV energy production raise questions about their net benefits. Using predictive modeling and historical data, the study forecasts emissions trajectories and assesses their health implications. Results indicate a substantial reduction in pollutants …
Implications Of Microplastic Pollution For The Conservation Of Marine Protected Areas, Estefany D. Carvajal, Amanda Di Perna, Alain Duran
Implications Of Microplastic Pollution For The Conservation Of Marine Protected Areas, Estefany D. Carvajal, Amanda Di Perna, Alain Duran
FIU Undergraduate Research Journal
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) function as a tool for the protection and conservation of marine ecosystems. These designated areas should be free of any environmentally harmful pollutants. Microplastics (MPs) are plastic fragments measuring less than 5 mm (about 0.2 in). These fragments are an emerging threat to our oceans, and we are investigating the effectiveness of MPAs against these pollutants. We analyzed data gathered from research conducted on microplastic concentrations in MPAs and non-MPAs around the world. 53 MPAs and 53 non-MPAs around the world were used and the microplastic concentrations were deemed low, medium, or high by using the …
The Environmental Craftsfolk: Making Things In A World Full Of Stuff, Zoey Ballard
The Environmental Craftsfolk: Making Things In A World Full Of Stuff, Zoey Ballard
Graduate Student Portfolios, Professional Papers, and Capstone Projects
This Civic Engagement Project (CEP) proposes a transformative approach to addressing the complex challenges of environmental degradation and disconnection from nature through the establishment of the Eco-Craft Cabal in Missoula, Montana. The project seeks to reframe environmental consciousness through the lens of craft, fostering improved connections with the local environment and promoting community resilience. By repurposing both natural and artificial materials in inclusive, accessible crafting activities, the Eco-Craft Cabal aims to empower participants to confront feelings of despair and hopelessness with tangible, meaningful actions.
And Food Justice For All: Advancing Access To Just And Sustainable Food Systems, Makenna Grace Landry
And Food Justice For All: Advancing Access To Just And Sustainable Food Systems, Makenna Grace Landry
Graduate Student Portfolios, Professional Papers, and Capstone Projects
A collection of work exploring food justice and food access programming in Western Montana, as well as a critique of the Bayer-Monsanto merger.
Wyoming Conservation Exchange: A Case Study In Grassroots Conservation Program Design, Kristiana Hansen, Sara Brodnax, Roger Coupal, Jennifer Lamb, Anne Mackinnon, Ginger Paige, Eric Peterson, Melanie Purcell
Wyoming Conservation Exchange: A Case Study In Grassroots Conservation Program Design, Kristiana Hansen, Sara Brodnax, Roger Coupal, Jennifer Lamb, Anne Mackinnon, Ginger Paige, Eric Peterson, Melanie Purcell
The Journal of Extension
This article describes the conception and development of a market-based conservation program in Wyoming whose purpose was threefold: to compensate landowners for good stewardship of their land and water resources; facilitate meaningful conservation; and encourage environmentally responsible energy development. The program was developed with strong stakeholder support against a backdrop of significant regulatory change. The project, called the Wyoming Conservation Exchange (WCE), represents a project-based alternative to more traditional program-based Extension efforts. This article evaluates ways in which the WCE can act as a road map—but also a cautionary tale—for similar Extension efforts in the future.
Audience Preferences For Extension Forestry Zoom Webinars, Kevin W. Zobrist, Brendan J. Whyte
Audience Preferences For Extension Forestry Zoom Webinars, Kevin W. Zobrist, Brendan J. Whyte
The Journal of Extension
The Washington State University Extension Forestry program switched to all online programming in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Over 2,000 people participated in our webinars, providing an opportunity to survey a large audience about their webinar preferences. We found that people prefer webinars that are approximately an hour long and offered in the evening or late morning. Participants placed high importance on having a recording available, but they had mixed views on including video of the instructor speaking. Participants found online delivery to be successful and had a strong preference for online programming in the future.
Anthropaean Storytelling, Community, And The Ripples Of The Climate Crisis, Jonathan Summers
Anthropaean Storytelling, Community, And The Ripples Of The Climate Crisis, Jonathan Summers
Undergraduate University Honors Capstones
The climate crisis has grown into a dangerous global threat, pushing our planet to the point of ecological no return. We face the certainty of increasingly destructive climate disasters and social upheaval, threatening our societal and biological survival. The next few years will prove critical to the future welfare of our species and our planet. However, we are not without our defenses. Through the lens of fictional short stories, this capstone concentrates on community and storytelling, two deeply human behaviors that could be two of our greatest tools in the struggle against climate change. Human beings are social creatures at …
Beavers Beyond Boundaries: Perceptions Of Beaver-Related Restoration, Matthew V. Guziejka
Beavers Beyond Boundaries: Perceptions Of Beaver-Related Restoration, Matthew V. Guziejka
Student Research Symposium
The study "Beavers Beyond Boundaries: Perceptions of Beaver-Related Restoration" conducted by Matt Guziejka and Heejun Chang from the WISE Lab, Department of Geography at Portland State University, delves into the social, cultural, and environmental dimensions of Beaver-Related Restoration (BRR) within the urban setting of the Tualatin River watershed. Utilizing a voluntary survey with 187 participants across three urban watershed sites, the research aimed to analyze community perceptions concerning beavers and their impact on the environment, particularly in relation to their proximity to watercourses. Findings indicate that proximity significantly affects attitudes towards beavers, with those living closer to watercourses demonstrating more …
Extreme Precipitation Climatology Of The Contiguous U.S., Amy M. Johnson
Extreme Precipitation Climatology Of The Contiguous U.S., Amy M. Johnson
Student Research Symposium
Extreme precipitation can cause flooding, landslides, loss of life and assets. Across the Contiguous United States (CONUS), concurrent to global warming, many communities have experienced increases in the amount of rain falling during the most extreme precipitation events and climate models project further increases for most of the CONUS. There is a need to comprehensively study the extreme precipitation climatology across the CONUS to understand what is within the observed range of extreme precipitation and the weather that drives it. Modern Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications 2 (MERRA-2) atmospheric reanalysis data for the period of 1980-2023 is used …
The Influence Of Soil Composition On Stormwater Retention And Runoff In Green Roofs At Portland State, Manuel Edrozo, Lily Green, Mitchell Mcdonald, Nicholas Olmos
The Influence Of Soil Composition On Stormwater Retention And Runoff In Green Roofs At Portland State, Manuel Edrozo, Lily Green, Mitchell Mcdonald, Nicholas Olmos
Student Research Symposium
The purpose of this study is to determine what soil composition is best for green roofs at Portland State; we aim to compare the current soil to the original substrate, to measure which composition retains the most water, and which filters out the most pollutants in stormwater runoff. Five different soil compositions were tested — original, current, layered mixed, solid mixed, and potting soils — and 1,000mL of high and low intensity rainfall (in/hr) was simulated for each of the mixtures. Water was allowed to filter through the soils for a predetermined time (10min for a high application rate and …
Recovery Of Black Carbon Concentrations In Burned Forests, Monica V. Zapata Villegas, Kelly E. Gleason
Recovery Of Black Carbon Concentrations In Burned Forests, Monica V. Zapata Villegas, Kelly E. Gleason
Student Research Symposium
Forest fires shed light absorbing particles (LAP), such as black carbon and burned woody debris, into snowpacks, darkening snow surface albedo, and advancing snowmelt timing and snow disappearance patterns for decades following fire. Although the role of LAPs in seasonal snow has been extensively studied in recent years, the spatiotemporal variability of LAPs and contributions to snowmelt relative to years since fire and burn severity is still unknown. In the Triple Divide region of western Wyoming, the headwaters of the Colorado, Columbia, and Missouri rivers, we quantified the spatiotemporal variability of forest fire effects on snow albedo, using geochemical analysis …
Multiscale Variability Of Heavy Metals In A Western U.S. Snowpack, Kelsey Hefner
Multiscale Variability Of Heavy Metals In A Western U.S. Snowpack, Kelsey Hefner
Student Research Symposium
Natural and anthropogenically sourced particulates are deposited from the atmosphere to landscapes via dry and wet deposition, making frozen winter snowpack a natural archive of atmospheric elemental composition. Wildfires in the Western United States are increasing in extent, duration, and severity, especially in alpine regions. Severe fires remove forest canopy and can impact how atmospheric elements are dispersed and stored across snow-dominated watersheds. We evaluated Al, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, As, Zn, Se, Mo, Cd, and Pb concentrations in 394 winter snow core samples. We collected samples in 2019 and 2020 from a chronosequence of eight forests that burned …
Method Validation Of Metals In Environmental Soil Samples, Sofia Deangelis, Nana Nguyen
Method Validation Of Metals In Environmental Soil Samples, Sofia Deangelis, Nana Nguyen
Student Research Symposium
Vehicles are a major source of metal accumulation in terrestrial environments. Green infrastructure, such as bioswales, has been implemented as a way to mitigate this damage. However, there is a limited understanding of the processes that occur in these bioswales as few go back after implementation to identify areas in the bioswale with accumulation of pollutants. Inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has the potential to be used in this type of study due to the machine’s high sensitivity and selectivity. However complications can arise while using the ICP-MS to characterize complex environmental samples. This study seeks to optimize microwave assisted …
Wildland Urban Interface Growth And Development Potentials In Deschutes County, Samantha Hall
Wildland Urban Interface Growth And Development Potentials In Deschutes County, Samantha Hall
Student Research Symposium
Policy can and has been used as a tool to reduce the risk communities experience from natural hazards by limiting development in areas most vulnerable. How and where development occurs directly influences the amount of risk a community experiences from natural hazards like hurricanes, earthquakes, flash floods, and wildfire among others. Development patterns that contribute to increased wildfire risk mostly occur within the wildland urban interface, a land use type where development is at the fringes or intercept of wildland areas and is more flammable due to surrounding vegetation, slope, local climate, and other factors. For this research, Deschutes County …
Community Responses To Us Regional Clean Hydrogen Hubs, Bethani Turley
Community Responses To Us Regional Clean Hydrogen Hubs, Bethani Turley
Student Research Symposium
In 2023, the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law designated 7 billion dollars to fund regional hydrogen hubs across the US with the goal of kickstarting a utility scale hydrogen economy for the US electric grid. A promising technology in the renewable energy transition, hydrogen can be made from a multitude of energy sources, often designated by colors: green hydrogen is made from solar and wind, pink hydrogen from nuclear, and blue hydrogen from natural gas. This presentation examines this new hydrogen economy through the case study of the Appalachian Regional Clean Hydrogen Hub (ARCH2). ARCH2 is a blue hydrogen hub proposal by …