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Bridging Thermochemical And Biochemical Conversion: Impact Of Biochar Addition On The Anaerobic Digestion Of Aqueous Pyrolysis Condensate, Neha Batta Dec 2020

Bridging Thermochemical And Biochemical Conversion: Impact Of Biochar Addition On The Anaerobic Digestion Of Aqueous Pyrolysis Condensate, Neha Batta

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

Profitable treatment of low value waste biomass is one of the biggest challenges of the industry. Where most of the current treatment strategies, such as pyrolysis, are efficient in complete breakdown of hard to synthesize, low value waste biomass such as lignocellulosic wastes, it leads to the generation of secondary waste thereby compromising its efficiency. The aim of this research is to utilize the aqueous pyrolysis condensate as a feedstock for anaerobic digestion, previously adapting the microbial consortia to the acidity and other potential organic inhibitors present in the APC, to produce energy in the form of biogas following the …


Use Of Food Waste Activated Carbons For Wastewater Treatment, Abigale Monasterial Dec 2020

Use Of Food Waste Activated Carbons For Wastewater Treatment, Abigale Monasterial

Honors Scholar Theses

Activated carbons are often used to remove phenol from wastewater. However, they are usually derived from expendable resources, such as coal and have high regeneration costs. In this work, the adsorption of phenol on activated carbon derived from food waste was studied to understand its kinetics, determine its maximum adsorption capacity, and compare it to commercial activated carbons. Adsorption experiments were performed at 298 K for 48 hours at various pHs and initial phenol concentrations. The adsorption data was then fit to the pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, and intraparticle diffusion models to understand the kinetics and to the Langmuir and …


The Effect Of Moox Reducibility On Its Activity For Anisole Hydrodeoxygenation, Chantal Walker Dec 2020

The Effect Of Moox Reducibility On Its Activity For Anisole Hydrodeoxygenation, Chantal Walker

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) is a process for upgrading crude bio-oil as it has a high oxygen content which causes several undesirable properties. Current methods for HDO use sulfided NiMo and CoMo or supported noble metal catalysts which hydrogenate aromatic rings, leading to less valuable products and increasing the hydrogen consumption. Using 10 wt. % MoO3 supported on ZrO2, TiO2, γ-Al2O3, SiO2 and CeO2, we investigated the atmospheric HDO of anisole, a model compound, at 350 °C. All catalysts achieved C – O bond cleavage, preserving the aromatic ring. In situ UV-Vis spectroscopy showed a peak corresponding to intervalence charge transfer …


Isotherm And Kinetics Study For The Adsorption Of Nitrate From An Aqueous Solution Using A Modified Rice Straw, Dalia A. Ali Eng, Mohamed A. Sadek Prof., Nagwa Mahmoud Al-Mansi Prof, Ahmad Wafiq Aboelnasr Dr. Sep 2020

Isotherm And Kinetics Study For The Adsorption Of Nitrate From An Aqueous Solution Using A Modified Rice Straw, Dalia A. Ali Eng, Mohamed A. Sadek Prof., Nagwa Mahmoud Al-Mansi Prof, Ahmad Wafiq Aboelnasr Dr.

Chemical Engineering

In this research, modified rice straw (MRS) is proposed. The proposed production process of the modified rice straw (MRS) adsorbent is carried out by precipitation of iron nano particles on the surface of acid activated rice straw. The nitrate adsorption is carried out through batch experiments. The optimum nitrate removal 94.8 % was achieved at pH = 7, adsorbent dose 3 = g/L, 150 rpm, initial nitrate concentration = 23 mg/L and contact time 180 = min. The new adsorbent synthesis, kinetics and isotherm models were studied. The nitrate adsorption was well described by pseudo second order kinetic model (R2 …


Waste Hemp Fibers (Hfs) Derived Porous Carbons: Preparation, Characterization, And Potential Applications, Manju Gurung Aug 2020

Waste Hemp Fibers (Hfs) Derived Porous Carbons: Preparation, Characterization, And Potential Applications, Manju Gurung

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

The main objective of the present research was to develop environmentally friendly and cost-effective porous carbon materials of improved properties from waste hemp fibers. Two different types/categories of porous carbons were prepared from hemp fibers. In one type, porous carbon materials were developed by a simple one-step method of carbonization and activation. The other type of carbon materials developed in this study were nitrogen-containing activated carbons, which were developed by introduction of nitrogen-containing functional groups on the surface of hemp fibers followed by activation and carbonization. The pore structure/distribution and surface chemistry of the prepared carbons were investigated through the …


Development Of Technologies For High Value Products From Biomass Pyrolysis, Chiara Barbiero Aug 2020

Development Of Technologies For High Value Products From Biomass Pyrolysis, Chiara Barbiero

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex. Steud. is an invasive perennial grass found in North America, which is rapidly spreading throughout Ontario, damaging the native ecosystem and endangering the wildlife. This infestation has caused a decrease in biodiversity and nutrient availability to the agricultural crops through competition. One of the most effective management practices is spading them, leaving a huge number of dead stalks that need to be disposed of. Pyrolysis was selected as an alternative thermochemical method to convert this feedstock to value-added bioproducts, such as bio-oil and biochar, and to produce valuable renewable chemicals from the pyrolysis oil, such …


A Review Of Coal Heating Value Correlations With Application To Coal Char, Tar, And Other Fuels, Andrew P. Richards, Denver Haycock, Jacob F. Frandsen, Thomas H. Fletcher Aug 2020

A Review Of Coal Heating Value Correlations With Application To Coal Char, Tar, And Other Fuels, Andrew P. Richards, Denver Haycock, Jacob F. Frandsen, Thomas H. Fletcher

Faculty Publications

Accurately measuring a fuel’s heating value is one of the first steps in the classification of a new fuel. Heating values are widely used in coal combustion research and are becoming more useful in other fuel types as well. Many different empirical correlations to predict heating values based on primary organic (CHONS) elemental composition are found in the literature, many of which were originally created to predict heating values of parent coal, and some of which have been extended for biomass. However, no correlations exist for heating values of coal chars and tars. Thirteen literature heating value correlations (10 model …


Bubble Dynamics In A Sand Fluidized Bed In The Presence Of Biomass Pellets, Nicolas Torres Brauer Jun 2020

Bubble Dynamics In A Sand Fluidized Bed In The Presence Of Biomass Pellets, Nicolas Torres Brauer

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

Given the worldwide concerns regarding fossil fuel availability, global warming, water, and air pollution and economy needs, there is an urgent requirement to develop and implement alternative energies. Biomass gasification can consume vegetal waste to produce syngas, which is a mix of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide. When biomass gasification is carried out in a fluidized bed, the process is highly efficient.

The experimental study of the present Ph.D. dissertation took place in a Plexiglas 0.44 m diameter unit, equipped with a CREC Optiprobe system and a video camera. The unit was filled with 200-900 µm sand particles and …


Ultrasound-Assisted Post-Pyrolysis Magnetization Of Microporous Biochar For Effective Removal Of Heavy Metals, Ronish Shrestha May 2020

Ultrasound-Assisted Post-Pyrolysis Magnetization Of Microporous Biochar For Effective Removal Of Heavy Metals, Ronish Shrestha

Honors Theses

Low cost and efficient adsorption of heavy metals from wastewater and thorough removal of adsorbent after water treatment have become the two essential needs for the commercial use of any adsorbent. Biochar (BC), the solid byproduct of pyrolysis with microporous carbonaceous structure, has been increasingly recognized as an efficient adsorbent for a vast number of pollutants. Magnetization, though eases the separation and reuse of BC, significantly reduces its adsorption capacity to a comparatively much higher extent. In this study, a hybrid post-pyrolysis magnetization was developed which sustained and even significantly increased the adsorption capacity of biochar. The process included i) …


Removal Of Fluoride From Mine Water Via Adsorption For Land-Applied Soil Amendment, Jacqueline Payne, Mary Johnson, Kevin Le, Michelle Dopp, Courtney Golman, Adrian Damian, Ethan Phan May 2020

Removal Of Fluoride From Mine Water Via Adsorption For Land-Applied Soil Amendment, Jacqueline Payne, Mary Johnson, Kevin Le, Michelle Dopp, Courtney Golman, Adrian Damian, Ethan Phan

Chemical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses

The process of mining minerals and elements from ores and rocks creates acid rock drainage (ARD). This drainage is water that contains heavy metals and minerals that can be dangerous for human consumption or damaging to the environment. The mining industry has employed various water treatment methods to prevent these metals and minerals from being discharged into water sources such as ponds, lakes, and streams. Currently, the most used treatment process in the mining industry is a cost-effective highdensity sludge (HDS) process. This method reduces the concentration of metals and elements with the use of lime/limestone. However, the concentration of …


Removal Of Fluoride From Mine Water Via Adsorption For Land-Applied Soil Amendment, Michelle Dopp, Kevin Le, Ethan Phan, Mary Johnson, Jacqueline Payne, Adrian Damian, Courtney Golman May 2020

Removal Of Fluoride From Mine Water Via Adsorption For Land-Applied Soil Amendment, Michelle Dopp, Kevin Le, Ethan Phan, Mary Johnson, Jacqueline Payne, Adrian Damian, Courtney Golman

Chemical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses

The Moo Pig Sooie’s researched, designed, and economically analyzed a full-scale adsorption column system to be applied in mining processes that leave high amounts of fluoride in their effluent. This system was designed to remove fluoride from water saturated with calcium sulfate, as calcium sulfate is present in high amounts in certain mining processes. Currently, high density sludge (HDS) is commonly employed to reduce fluoride concentrations, but due to solubility limits the sludge treatment cannot lower fluoride below 10 mg/L (ppm). The current enforceable EPA standard for discharged water is at 4 mg/L (ppm), although mining companies anticipate that this …


Removal Of Fluoride From Mine Water Via Adsorption For Land-Applied Soil Amendment, Kevin Le, Adrian Damian, Mary Johnson, Ethan Phan, Courtney Golman, Michelle Dopp, Jacqueline Payne May 2020

Removal Of Fluoride From Mine Water Via Adsorption For Land-Applied Soil Amendment, Kevin Le, Adrian Damian, Mary Johnson, Ethan Phan, Courtney Golman, Michelle Dopp, Jacqueline Payne

Chemical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses

The team researched, designed, and economically analyzed a full-scale adsorption column system to be applied in mining processes that leave high amounts of fluoride in their effluent. This system was designed to remove fluoride from water saturated with calcium sulfate, as calcium sulfate is present in high amounts in certain mining processes. Currently, high density sludge (HDS) is commonly employed to reduce fluoride concentrations, but due to solubility limits the sludge treatment cannot lower fluoride below 10 mg/L (ppm). The current enforceable EPA standard for discharged water is at 4 mg/L (ppm), although mining companies anticipate that this standard will …


Removal Of Fluoride From Mine Water Via Adsorption For Land-Applied Soil Amendment, Ethan Phan, Adrian Damian, Kevin Le, Mary Johnson, Courtney Golman, Michelle Dopp, Jacqueline Payne May 2020

Removal Of Fluoride From Mine Water Via Adsorption For Land-Applied Soil Amendment, Ethan Phan, Adrian Damian, Kevin Le, Mary Johnson, Courtney Golman, Michelle Dopp, Jacqueline Payne

Chemical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses

The process of mining minerals and elements from ores and rocks creates acid rock drainage (ARD). This drainage is water that contains heavy metals and minerals that can be dangerous for human consumption or damaging to the environment. The mining industry has employed various water treatment methods to prevent these metals and minerals from being discharged into water sources such as ponds, lakes, and streams. Currently, the most used treatment process in the mining industry is a cost-effective high-density sludge (HDS) process. This method reduces the concentration of metals and elements with the use of lime/limestone. However, the concentration of …


Removal Of Fluoride From Mine Water Via Adsorption For Land-Applied Soil Amendment, Courtney Golman, Kevin Le, Michelle Dopp, Adrian Damian, Mary Johnson, Jacqueline Payne, Ethan Phan May 2020

Removal Of Fluoride From Mine Water Via Adsorption For Land-Applied Soil Amendment, Courtney Golman, Kevin Le, Michelle Dopp, Adrian Damian, Mary Johnson, Jacqueline Payne, Ethan Phan

Chemical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses

The process of mining minerals and elements from ores and rocks creates acid rock drainage (ARD). This drainage is water that contains heavy metals and minerals that can be dangerous for human consumption or damaging to the environment. The mining industry has employed various water treatment methods to prevent these metals and minerals from being discharged into water sources such as ponds, lakes, and streams. Currently, the most used treatment process in the mining industry is a cost-effective highdensity sludge (HDS) process. This method reduces the concentration of metals and elements with the use of lime/limestone. However, the concentration of …


Removal Of Fluoride From Mine Water Via Adsorption For Land-Applied Soil Amendment, Adrian Damian, Kevin Le, Mary Johnson, Ethan Phan, Courtney Golman, Michelle Dopp, Jacqueline Payne May 2020

Removal Of Fluoride From Mine Water Via Adsorption For Land-Applied Soil Amendment, Adrian Damian, Kevin Le, Mary Johnson, Ethan Phan, Courtney Golman, Michelle Dopp, Jacqueline Payne

Chemical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses

The process of mining minerals and elements from ores and rocks creates acid rock drainage (ARD). This drainage is water that contains heavy metals and minerals that can be dangerous for human consumption or damaging to the environment. The mining industry has employed various water treatment methods to prevent these metals and minerals from being discharged into water sources such as ponds, lakes, and streams. Currently, the most used treatment process in the mining industry is a cost-effective highdensity sludge (HDS) process. This method reduces the concentration of metals and elements with the use of lime/limestone. However, the concentration of …


Direct Carbon Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Jiang Liu, Xiao-Min Yan Apr 2020

Direct Carbon Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Jiang Liu, Xiao-Min Yan

Journal of Electrochemistry

Carbon is richly reserved in coal, biomasses, and many other nature resources. It is usually used as an energy source through oxygen oxidation reaction. The oxidation is generally realized through combustion which causes serious air pollution. Besides, the conversion efficiency of generating electricity through the combustion process is limited by Carnot efficiency. A direct carbon solid oxide fuel cell (DC-SOFC) is a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) directly operated with solid carbon as the fuel. It can convert the chemical energy of carbon into electricity with high efficiency. The concentration of produced CO2 from a DC-SOFC is so high …


Biofuel Production From Spent Coffee Grounds By Supercritical Ethyl Acetate, Wirasinee Supang Jan 2020

Biofuel Production From Spent Coffee Grounds By Supercritical Ethyl Acetate, Wirasinee Supang

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

In this work, spent coffee grounds (SCGs) was used as the feedstock for biofuel production by supercritical ethyl acetate. The SCGs is waste obtained from coffee industrial that is continuously increasing every year. To make SCGs becomes more valuable, utilization of ethyl acetate as the extracting and reacting solvents for biofuel production via interesterification reaction. The characterization of SCGs sample showed that the moisture content of fresh SCGs was around 56 wt%. After oven drying, the moisture of SCGs was reduced to 12.76 %wt. To prolong the shelf-life of the sample and to minimize impact of hydrolysis on interesterification reaction, …


การเตรียมคาร์บอนที่มีรูพรุนจากเรซินน้ำมันเปลือกเมล็ดมะม่วงหิมพานต์-ฟอร์มาลดีไฮด์, วรวรรณ จันทรา Jan 2020

การเตรียมคาร์บอนที่มีรูพรุนจากเรซินน้ำมันเปลือกเมล็ดมะม่วงหิมพานต์-ฟอร์มาลดีไฮด์, วรวรรณ จันทรา

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

ในงานวิจัยนี้ได้ศึกษาการนำน้ำมันเปลือกเมล็ดมะม่วงหิมพานต์ มาใช้เป็นวัตถุดิบตั้งต้นสำหรับการสังเคราะห์เรซินน้ำมันเปลือกเมล็ดมะม่วงหิมพานต์-ฟอร์มาลดีไฮด์ผ่านทางกระบวนการพอลิเมอร์ไรเซชันโดยไม่มีการใช้ตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยา เพื่อทดแทนการใช้ฟีนอลซึ่งเป็นผลิตภัณฑ์ทางปิโตรเลียม และเพื่อเป็นการสร้างมูลค่าเพิ่มให้กับเรซิน จึงได้นำเรซินไปต่อยอดเป็นวัตถุดิบสำหรับการสังเคราะห์เป็นคาร์บอนที่มีรูพรุน ผ่านทางกระบวนการคาร์บอไนเซชันภายใต้แก๊สไนโตรเจน และเพื่อเป็นการเพิ่มประสิทธิภาพของพื้นที่ผิวจำเพาะ และปริมาตรของรูพรุนให้กับคาร์บอนที่สังเคราะห์ได้ จึงได้มีการนำไปผ่านกระบวนการกระตุ้น 2 วิธี ได้แก่ การกระตุ้นทางกายภาพด้วยแก๊สคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์ และการกระตุ้นทางเคมีด้วยสารละลายเหล็ก (III) ไนเตรต [Fe(NO3)3] ในส่วนของการวิเคราะห์ เรซินจะถูกทดสอบสมบัติเชิงความร้อน คาร์บอนจะถูกทดสอบสมบัติด้วยวิธี เอกซ์เรยดิฟแฟรกชัน การดูดซับและการคายซับไนโตรเจน และกล้องจุลทรรศน์อิเล็กตรอนแบบส่องกราด จากการศึกษาพบว่าเรซินมีสมบัติเชิงความร้อนอยู่ในช่วงอุณหภูมิ 382-750 องศาเซลเซียส เมื่อนำเรซินไปผ่านกระบวนการคาร์บอไนเซชันภายใต้แก๊สไนโตรเจน คาร์บอนที่ได้มีค่าพื้นที่ผิวจำเพาะ ปริมาตรรูพรุนแบบไมโครพอร์และมีโซพอร์น้อยมากจนถือว่าไม่มีรูพรุนเกิดขึ้น ในทางกลับกันเมื่อทำการกระตุ้นทางกายภาพด้วยแก๊สคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์ คาร์บอนที่ได้มีประสิทธิภาพที่ดีขึ้น โดยช่วยเสริมสร้างการเกิดของรูพรุนแบบไมโครพอร์ ส่งผลให้ค่าพื้นที่ผิวจำเพาะสูงที่สุดมีค่าเท่ากับ 291 ตารางเมตรต่อกรัม โดยมีปริมาตรรูพรุนแบบไมโครพอร์เท่ากับ 0.1104 ลูกบาศก์เซนติเมตรต่อกรัม นอกจากนี้เมื่อนำไปกระตุ้นทางเคมีด้วยสารละลายเหล็ก (III) ไนเตรต สามารถช่วยก่อให้เกิดการสร้างของรูพรุนแบบมีโซพอร์ ที่มีพื้นที่ผิวจำเพาะสูงมีค่าเท่ากับ 153 ตารางเมตรต่อกรัม และมีปริมาตรรูพรุนแบบมีโซพอร์เท่ากับ 0.0928 ลูกบาศก์เซนติเมตรต่อกรัม อีกทั้งคาร์บอนที่ได้ยังแสดงคุณสมบัติทางแม่เหล็ก สามารถแยกออกจากตัวกลางได้ง่ายด้วยแรงแม่เหล็กภายนอก


Next Generation Of Applications Of Metal-Organic Frameworks For Energy And Environmental Sustainability, Qian Liu Jan 2020

Next Generation Of Applications Of Metal-Organic Frameworks For Energy And Environmental Sustainability, Qian Liu

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports

My PhD work aimed at using Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for mitigating the environmental issues and energy crisis associated with anthropogenic activities. Specifically, we developed robust platforms and/ or systems using MOF as “scaffolds” to allow for model pollutant detection and CO2 sequestration and benign transformation respectively.

First, I detailed how photocatalytic properties of 2,5-furandicarbocylic acid (FDCA) in its alone and its MOF- integrated form (MIL-160) were used for the first time for the reduction of Ag+ at room conditions. Such photocatalytic activities could then be used in user-designed hybrids (i.e., Ag/MIL-160) to form sensorial platforms for prevalent phenol …


Comparison Of Pyrolysis Of Live Wildland Fuels Heated By Radiation Vs. Convection, Mohammad-Saeed Safdari, Elham Amini, David R. Weise, Thomas H. Fletcher Jan 2020

Comparison Of Pyrolysis Of Live Wildland Fuels Heated By Radiation Vs. Convection, Mohammad-Saeed Safdari, Elham Amini, David R. Weise, Thomas H. Fletcher

Faculty Publications

During wildland fires, which include both planned (prescribed fire) and unplanned (wildfire) fires, live and dead plants may be subject to both radiative and convective heat transfer mechanisms. In this study, the pyrolysis of 14 live plant species native to the forests of the southern United States was investigated using a flat-flame burner (FFB) apparatus under three heating modes in order to mimic pyrolysis of plants during wildland fires. The heating modes were: (1) radiation-only, where the plants were pyrolyzed under a moderate heating rate of 4 °C s−1 (radiative flux of 50 kW m−2); (2) convection-only, where the FFB …


การประเมินค่าตัวแปรทางจลนศาสตร์ของปฏิกิริยาการออกซิไดซ์โทลูอีนบนตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยา V2o5/Tio2, นนทกิจ อนนทสีหะ Jan 2020

การประเมินค่าตัวแปรทางจลนศาสตร์ของปฏิกิริยาการออกซิไดซ์โทลูอีนบนตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยา V2o5/Tio2, นนทกิจ อนนทสีหะ

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

งานวิจัยนี้ทำการประมาณค่าพารามิเตอร์ทางจลนศาสตร์ของปฏิกิริยาการออกซิไดซ์โทลูอีนบนตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยา V2O5/TiO2 โดยตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยาเตรียมด้วยวิธีการเคลือบฝังแบบเปียกและวิเคราะห์คุณลักษณะด้วยเทคนิค SEM-EDX, nitrogen physisorption, XRD และ NH3-TPD สำหรับการทดสอบความสามารถในการเร่งปฏิกิริยา ใช้ตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยา V2O5/TiO2 ปริมาณ 0.1 g กระทำในช่วงอุณหภูมิ 150oC – 300 oC ความดันบรรยากาศ อัตราการไหลรวมของแก๊สอยู่ในช่วง 180 – 200 ml/min ส่วนประกอบของแก๊สขาเข้าเครื่องปฏิกรณ์ประกอบด้วย โทลูอีน 800-1000 ppm และอากาศที่มีความเข้มข้นออกซิเจน 3, 12 และ 21 % นอกจากนี้ยังมีการเติม SO2 0, 25 และ 50 ppm และ NO 100 ppm ร่วมด้วยเพื่อดูผลต่อปฏิกิริยา ผลการทดลองพบว่า SO2 สามารถช่วยลดค่าพลังงานกระตุ้น Ea ของปฏิกิริยาได้เล็กน้อยทำให้ค่าการออกซิไดซ์โทลูอีนเพิ่มขึ้นแต่ผลที่ได้มีค่าไม่เด่นชัดเมื่อเทียบกับผลของการเพิ่มความเข้มข้น O2 โดยค่าพลังงานกระตุ้นของปฏิกิริยาที่คำนวณได้มีค่าอยู่ในช่วง 53-59 kJ/mol ณ 3 % O2, 44-46 kJ/mol ณ 12 % O2 and 40-42 kJ/mol ณ 21 % O2 นอกจากนี้ยังพบว่าเมื่อมี NO ในระบบค่าการออกซิไดซ์โทลูอีนจะเพิ่มขึ้นอย่างเห็นได้ชัดและยังพบว่าเกิดปฏิกิริยาอื่นเกิดร่วมด้วยในช่วงอุณหภูมิต่ำ (150-250 oC) โดยปฏิกิริยาข้างเคียงที่เกิดขึ้นนี้ช่วยในการออกซิไดซ์โทลูอีนเหมือนกันและมีค่าพลังงานกระตุ้นต่ำกว่าปฏิกิริยาหลัก นอกจากนี้ยังตรวจไม่พบ CO2 ในระบบแสดงว่าปฏิกิริยาเกิดที่หมู่เมทิลเป็นหลัก นอกจากการทดลองแล้วยังได้ทำการใช้โปรแกรม GNU-Octave เพื่อคำนวณผลของค่า WHSV ต่อค่าการออกซิไดซ์โทลูอีนในระบบโดยใช้แบบจำลอง pseudo-homogeneous แบบหนึ่งมิติซึ่งได้ผลว่าเมื่อเพิ่มค่า WHSV จะส่งผลให้ค่าการออกซิไดซ์โทลูอีนลดลง