Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Institution
- Keyword
-
- Turkey (5)
- Agriculture (2)
- Balanced fertilization (2)
- Biopulping (2)
- Fungi (2)
-
- Maize (2)
- Silage maize (2)
- Soil (2)
- Yield (2)
- AUDPC (1)
- Above ground biomass (1)
- Acacia (1)
- Acacia auriculiformis (1)
- Acid detergent fiber (1)
- Agricultural production (1)
- Agronomic characters (1)
- Allium sativum L. (1)
- Animal health (1)
- Animal nutrition (1)
- Arachis hypogaea L. (1)
- Artificial neural networks (1)
- B. bassiana (1)
- BMPs (1)
- Bicarbonate in water (1)
- Biobleaching (1)
- Biochemical and molecular markers (1)
- Biological control (1)
- Biological indexing (1)
- Black point (1)
- Blastospore (1)
Articles 31 - 60 of 72
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Response Of Silage Maize (Zea Mays L.) To Nitrogen Fertilizer After Different Crops In A Semi Arid Environment, İsmai̇l Gül, Mehmet Yildirim, Cuma Akinci, İlhan Doran, Hasan Kiliç
Response Of Silage Maize (Zea Mays L.) To Nitrogen Fertilizer After Different Crops In A Semi Arid Environment, İsmai̇l Gül, Mehmet Yildirim, Cuma Akinci, İlhan Doran, Hasan Kiliç
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
The use of legume crops in maize rotation systems may decrease the need for nitrogen (N) fertilization and increase total output. The effect of previous crops (wheat, barley, lentil, Hungarian vetch, and fallow) and different N fertilization rates (0, 120, 160, 200, and 240 kg of N ha^{-1}) on yield and N content of silage maize (Zea mays L.) were evaluated under irrigated conditions in Diyarbakır, Turkey, during the 1999-2000, 2000-2001, and 2001-2002 growing seasons. Dry matter yield varied between 10,068.2 and 16,480.4 kg ha^{-1}. It was determined that Hungarian vetch was a suitable rotation crop, and that 200 kg …
Seed Quality, And Fatty Acid And Sugar Contents Of Pepper Seeds (Capsicum Annuum L.) In Relation To Seed Development And Drying Temperatures, İbrahi̇m Demi̇r, Azi̇z Teki̇n, Z. Aytanga Ökmen, Gamze Okçu, Burcu B. Kenanoğlu
Seed Quality, And Fatty Acid And Sugar Contents Of Pepper Seeds (Capsicum Annuum L.) In Relation To Seed Development And Drying Temperatures, İbrahi̇m Demi̇r, Azi̇z Teki̇n, Z. Aytanga Ökmen, Gamze Okçu, Burcu B. Kenanoğlu
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
This study was carried out in order to determine the effects of drying temperature (25, 35, and 45 °C) and the developmental stage (55, 65, 75, and 85 days after anthesis (DAA)) on germination, vigor, and the sugar (sucrose, glucose, fructose) and fatty acid contents of pepper seeds (Capsicum annuum L.) over 2 consecutive years. In seeds harvested at 75 DAA and after, seed viability and vigor were not influenced by drying at temperatures up to 45 °C. Linoleic acid (18:2) was the main fatty acid in pepper seeds, comprising 75-80% of total fatty acids. It was followed by oleic …
Effect Of Different Planting Dates On Yield And Yield Components Of Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea L.), Öner Canavar, Mustafa Ali̇ Kaynak
Effect Of Different Planting Dates On Yield And Yield Components Of Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea L.), Öner Canavar, Mustafa Ali̇ Kaynak
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
This study was conducted in the experiment fields at the Field Crops Department of the Faculty of Agriculture at Adnan Menderes University in 2004-2005. The experiment was performed in a split-plot design with 3 replications. The goals of this study were to determine the appropriate planting date for peanut under the ecological conditions of Aydın and to investigate the effect of different planting dates on some agronomic traits, yield, and yield components of 3 commercial peanut cultivars (Gazipaşa, Florispan, and NC-7) and the local cultivar. It was determined that the planting date had a statistically significant effect on pod yield, …
Louisiana Agriculture Winter, 2009, Lsu Agcenter
Louisiana Agriculture Winter, 2009, Lsu Agcenter
Louisiana Agriculture
No abstract provided.
2008 Agricultural Research Southeast Agricultural Research Center, Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station And Cooperative Extension Service
2008 Agricultural Research Southeast Agricultural Research Center, Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station And Cooperative Extension Service
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports
No abstract provided.
Isozyme Variation In Four Natural Populations Of Cedrus Libani A.Rich. In Turkey, Yusuf Kurt, Nuray Kaya, Kani̇ Işik
Isozyme Variation In Four Natural Populations Of Cedrus Libani A.Rich. In Turkey, Yusuf Kurt, Nuray Kaya, Kani̇ Işik
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
RT, Nuray KAYA, Kani IŞIK Akdeniz University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Biology Department, 07058 Antalya - TURKEY Abstract Genetic variation in 4 natural populations of Cedrus libani A.Rich. was determined using isoenzyme analyses. Isozymes from 12 enzyme systems extracted from haploid female gametophytes of the seeds were separated by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. In the 12 enzyme systems, 16 loci and 37 alleles were observed. Average proportion of polymorphic loci for the populations ranged from 43.8% to 62.5%. The average number of alleles per locus per population was estimated as 2.0. Mean estimated expected-heterozygosity (He) of the populations was …
Letter From The Dean, Lalit R. Verma
Letter From The Dean, Lalit R. Verma
Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences
No abstract provided.
Discovery: The Student Journal Of Dale Bumpers College Of Agricultural, Food And Life Sciences - Volume 9 2008, Several Authors
Discovery: The Student Journal Of Dale Bumpers College Of Agricultural, Food And Life Sciences - Volume 9 2008, Several Authors
Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences
No abstract provided.
An Acreage Response Model For Arkansas Rice Farms, J. Grant Ballard, Michael R. Thomsen
An Acreage Response Model For Arkansas Rice Farms, J. Grant Ballard, Michael R. Thomsen
Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences
In recent years, market forces have signaled a strong demand for rice as well as other Arkansas crops. However, high fuel, fertilizer, and chemical costs have negatively impacted farm income, and these input costs are widely known to impact planting decisions of farmers. The goal of this study is to develop and estimate an acreage response model for rice. The model is used to compute acreage response elasticities and provides insight into roles that input costs and crop prices play in acreage decisions made by producers. Economic theory predicts that prices for important inputs such as fuels and fertilizers as …
The Effect Of Austrian Winter-Pea Cover Crop And Cow-Pea Companion Crop On Corn Yield, Matthew Marsh, David Longer, Vaughn Skinner
The Effect Of Austrian Winter-Pea Cover Crop And Cow-Pea Companion Crop On Corn Yield, Matthew Marsh, David Longer, Vaughn Skinner
Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences
Leguminous cover crops have the potential to combat the rising input cost of commercial nitrogen (N) fertilizers. This experiment examines benefits of implementing a leguminous cover and/or companion crop into a corn production system. Legumes biologically fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, adding to the nitrogen content of the soil. In this experiment Austrian winter peas (Pisum arvense) (AWP) were used as the leguminous cover crop and cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) were used as the companion crop. A two year experiment was carried out in which winter peas were planted on half the field in the fall and allowed to grow until …
Contents, Discovery Editors
Contents, Discovery Editors
Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences
No abstract provided.
Instructions For Authors, Discovery Editors
Instructions For Authors, Discovery Editors
Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences
No abstract provided.
Effect Of Pollination Levels On Yield And Quality Of Maize Grown For Silage, Selahatti̇n İptaş, Musa Yavuz
Effect Of Pollination Levels On Yield And Quality Of Maize Grown For Silage, Selahatti̇n İptaş, Musa Yavuz
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
Maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids with good yields of grain and whole-plant dry matter are preferred for forage production. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between kernel development and nutritive value of maize silage, using controlled pollination to alter the extent of ear fill in 4 maize hybrids. Whole-plant acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and crude protein (CP) were measured. Pollination control affected the ear fill for 0% and 100% pollination levels. Stem diameter and plant height were not affected by pollination treatment; however, they were different for the hybrids. Leaf content and …
Effect Of Modified Atmosphere Packaging On The Quality And Shelf Life Of Minimally Processed Carrots, Zehra Ayhan, Okan Eştürk, Emel Taş
Effect Of Modified Atmosphere Packaging On The Quality And Shelf Life Of Minimally Processed Carrots, Zehra Ayhan, Okan Eştürk, Emel Taş
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of modified atmosphere packaging on the quality and shelf life of minimally processed carrots during cold storage. Ready-to-eat carrots (Nantes) prepared by manual peeling and automatic slicing were packed with passive (in air) and active modified atmospheres at low (5% O_2, 10% CO_2, 85% N_2) and high oxygen concentrations (80% O_2, 10% CO_2, 10% N_2). Minimally processed carrots were packed in polypropylene (PP) trays sealed with PP based film. Microbial, chemical, physical, and sensory analyses were conducted in carrots for 21 days at 4 °C. There was no yeast or …
Host Preference And Nutrition Efficiency Of The Gypsy Moth, Lymantria Dispar L. (Lymantriidae: Lepidoptera), On Different Poplar Clones, Mehrdad Ghodskhahe Daryaei, Simin Darvishi, Kayvan Etebari, Mansor Salehi
Host Preference And Nutrition Efficiency Of The Gypsy Moth, Lymantria Dispar L. (Lymantriidae: Lepidoptera), On Different Poplar Clones, Mehrdad Ghodskhahe Daryaei, Simin Darvishi, Kayvan Etebari, Mansor Salehi
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
Poplar is a tree species with a considerable growth rate and the ability to produce high yield in a short period of time, and is one of the main sources of wood in Iran. Considering its importance, the identification of poplar pests could have a significant effect on improving production and forest management. The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. (Lymantriidae: Lepidoptera), is an important pest of forest trees in Guilan province, northern Iran. Therefore, host preference of this pest on the clones of Populus deltoids Bartram ex Marsh., P. euramericana (Dode), and P. caspica (Bornm.) was analyzed. The host preference …
Influence Of Rootstocks On Changing The Pattern Of Phenolic Compounds In Thompson Seedless Grapes And Its Relationship To The Incidence Of Powdery Mildew, Jogaiah Satisha, Pooja Doshi, Pandurang Gundappa Adsule
Influence Of Rootstocks On Changing The Pattern Of Phenolic Compounds In Thompson Seedless Grapes And Its Relationship To The Incidence Of Powdery Mildew, Jogaiah Satisha, Pooja Doshi, Pandurang Gundappa Adsule
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
The total phenolic content and individual groups of phenols, such as flavonones, flavonoids, and flavon-3-ols, were estimated in the leaves and berries of Thompson Seedless grapes grafted onto different rootstocks and own-rooted vines during 3 stages of berry development. The leaves at all the stages of sampling contained more total phenol and individual phenolic groups than berries. The reduction in phenolic content was gradual in leaves from the first to third stage of sampling, but it was drastic in berries. Thompson Seedless grafted onto Dog ridge, 110 R, and 1103 P rootstocks had the highest phenolic content and individual phenolic …
Effect Of Upper Plant Parts On Yield And Quality In Turkish Durum Wheat Landraces From Different Regions, Altitudes, And Provinces, Nusret Zenci̇rci̇
Effect Of Upper Plant Parts On Yield And Quality In Turkish Durum Wheat Landraces From Different Regions, Altitudes, And Provinces, Nusret Zenci̇rci̇
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
The aim was to explore 117 durum wheat (T. turgidum L. conv. durum (Desf.) MacKey) landraces from 2 regions, 5 altitude intervals, and 12 provinces for flag leaf length, width, angle, sheath length, fertile spikes, spike length and width, plant yield, percent vitreous kernel, pearling index, percent grain protein, and 1000 kernel weight. The field experiment consisted of 566 single plant selections from 117 populations with Kunduru 1149 and Kızıltan 91 controls, analyzed via descriptive and multivariate statistical methods. Plant yield with the highest variation was positively correlated with flag leaf length, flag leaf sheath length, and spike width. While …
Effects Of Increased Phosphorus Rates And Plant Densities On Yield And Yield-Related Traits Of Narbon Vetch Lines, Şaban Yilmaz
Effects Of Increased Phosphorus Rates And Plant Densities On Yield And Yield-Related Traits Of Narbon Vetch Lines, Şaban Yilmaz
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
We evaluated seed yield, forage yield, and yield-related traits of 4 different narbon vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.) lines using 3 phosphorus rates and 4 plant densities. The experiment was conducted during the 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 cultivation seasons in Hatay, located in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. The experimental design was a split-split plot design with 3 replications. Phosphorus levels of 25, 50, and 75 kg P_2O_5 ha^{-1} were the main plots, narbon vetch lines (2382, 2385, 2387, and 2561) were the split plots, and seeding rates (50, 75, and 100 plants m^{-2}) were the split-split plots. Analysis of variance …
Effect Of Sodium Borohydride On Populus Tremula L. Kraft Pulping, Abdullah İstek, İhsan Özkan
Effect Of Sodium Borohydride On Populus Tremula L. Kraft Pulping, Abdullah İstek, İhsan Özkan
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
Sodium borohydride (NaBH_4) added kraft pulping was performed using European aspen (Populus tremula L.) chips and the effects of the NaBH_4 addition on the physical and optical properties of pulps and resultant papers were investigated. In order to determine the optimum cooking parameters, 6 different laboratory experiments were carried out, which indicated that 2 cooking conditions were better than the others. The effects of 1%, 2%, and 3% NaBH_4 additions on pulps and paper properties were investigated based on these 2 cooking conditions. It was noted that the increasing level of NaBH_4 added improved the screened pulp yield and pulp …
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Tradeoffs Between Food Security And The Environment, Claudia Ringler
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Tradeoffs Between Food Security And The Environment, Claudia Ringler
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
This paper provides an overview of selected trends and conditions of ecosystem services, in particular, food production and impacts on the environment based on the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. It then describes outcomes for future ecosystem services under alternative development pathways, with a focus on tradeoffs between food security and the environment, such as implications for fertilizer use, and the role of biofuels. As tradeoffs among various ecosystem services are expected to increase into the future, research will need to focus increasingly on ways to achieve a balance between food security and improving non-food ecosystem services. To reduce adverse future impacts, …
Outlook For World Fertilizer Demand, Supply, And Supply/Demand Balance, Patrick Heffer, Michel Prud'homme
Outlook For World Fertilizer Demand, Supply, And Supply/Demand Balance, Patrick Heffer, Michel Prud'homme
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
The outlook is driven by impressive economic growth in Asia, increasing demand for biofuel, and a tight grain market. As a result of tight supply/demand conditions, prices for almost all agricultural commodities are unusually high. The need to boost agricultural production worldwide is stimulating fertilizer consumption in Asia and the Americas, driving global demand to new record levels. For the production of most nutrients 2007 was a record year, as buoyant demand stretched the industry's capacity to meet global requirements. All supply and demand situations will be difficult to balance until 2011 due to sustained fertilizer demand. With nitrogen supply …
Improving Nutrient Use Efficiency, Terry L. Roberts
Improving Nutrient Use Efficiency, Terry L. Roberts
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
Public interest and awareness of the need for improving nutrient use efficiency is great, but nutrient use efficiency is easily misunderstood. Four indices of nutrient use efficiency are reviewed and an example of different applications of the terminology show that the same data set might be used to calculate a fertilizer N efficiency of 21% or 100%. Fertilizer N recovery efficiencies from researcher managed experiments for major grain crops range from 46% to 65%, compared to on-farm N recovery efficiencies of 20% to 40%. Fertilizer use efficiency can be optimized by fertilizer best management practices that apply nutrients at the …
Balanced Crop Nutrition: Fertilizing For Crop And Food Quality, Hillel Magen
Balanced Crop Nutrition: Fertilizing For Crop And Food Quality, Hillel Magen
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
Globally the ratio of N:P_2O_5:K_2O changed from 2.5:1.3:1 in the 1980s to 3.6:1.4:1 in 2002 as N consumption outstripped that of K. Regardless of their decreased nutrient consumption, developed countries maintained a modest increase in agricultural production. Positive and similar growth rates for agricultural products and nutrient consumption prevail in developing countries, but with the use of a 35% higher nitrogen (N) to potassium (K) ratio than in developed countries. The outcome of a negative K balance is presented here using examples from India, China, Egypt, and Bulgaria. Reasons for a negative K balance stem mostly from farmers' lack of …
The Effect Of Micronutrients In Ensuring Efficient Use Of Macronutrients, Mohammad Jafar Malakouti
The Effect Of Micronutrients In Ensuring Efficient Use Of Macronutrients, Mohammad Jafar Malakouti
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
Micronutrient deficiency is widespread in many Asian countries due to the calcareous nature of soils, high pH, low organic matter, salt stress, continuous drought, high bicarbonate content in irrigation water, and imbalanced application of fertilizers. Some of the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiency-induced stress in plants include low crop yield and quality, imperfect plant morphological structure (such as fewer xylem vessels of small size), widespread infestation of various diseases and pests, low activation of phytosiderophores, and lower fertilizer use efficiency. The absence of micronutrient fertilizers results in inadequate absorption of trace elements by plants, which causes substantial yield losses in …
Micronutrients And Animal Nutrition And The Link Between The Application Of Micronutrients To Crops And Animal Health, George E. J. Fisher
Micronutrients And Animal Nutrition And The Link Between The Application Of Micronutrients To Crops And Animal Health, George E. J. Fisher
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
Micronutrients (or 'trace elements') are required in animal diets for health and welfare, and therefore they are essential for the agricultural production of milk, meat, fibre, and eggs. It is clear from the literature that deficiencies of micronutrients, particularly in their sub-clinical form where they are not visually apparent, can result in major reductions in productivity. Micronutrients are used mostly as the central elements of enzymes and co-enzymes in the biochemistry of ruminants and monogastrics. Thus, their deficiency often leads to sub-optimal growth and fertility. Within the farming system, the aim should be to only use supplementation with micronutrients where …
Genetic Analysis Of Grain Yield Per Spike And Some Agronomic Traits In Diallel Crosses Of Bread Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.), Nazan Dağüstü
Genetic Analysis Of Grain Yield Per Spike And Some Agronomic Traits In Diallel Crosses Of Bread Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.), Nazan Dağüstü
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
To introduce new germplasm into breeding programs in Turkey, 3 lines [Samsun - 46 (S - 46), Samsun/Bafra - 333 (SB - 333), Population - 311 (P - 311)] and 4 cultivars [Marmara - 86 (M - 86), Gönen, Golia, and Pehlivan] of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were crossed in 7 x 7 diallel crosses. The trials were conducted at Uludağ University, Research and Training Center, Turkey, over 3 years (in 2000/01, in 2001/02, and in 2002/03). The 7 parents and 42 crosses were grown in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications for 2 years. The genetic …
The Effects Of Traditional Grazing Practices On Upland (Yayla) Rangeland Vegetation And Forage Quality, Bi̇nali̇ Çomakli, Mahmut Daşci, Ali̇ Koç
The Effects Of Traditional Grazing Practices On Upland (Yayla) Rangeland Vegetation And Forage Quality, Bi̇nali̇ Çomakli, Mahmut Daşci, Ali̇ Koç
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
A seminomadic animal raising system, known as ''yaylacılık'' in Turkish, is one of the best ways of using upland rangelands, particularly in rough terrain regions. Three rangeland sites were selected to determine the spatial effect of summer grazing distribution on botanical composition, canopy coverage, soil aggregate stability, and forage nutrient content in these range sites. On average, grass covered 61.09% of the total land in site I, 67.04% and 57.40%, respectively, in sites II and III. Legume covered 11.61%, 13.67%, and 18.05%, respectively, of the total land in sites I, II, and III. Other families covered 27.30%, 19.29%, and 24.55% …
The Effect Of Different Land Uses On Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon And Nitrogen In Bartın Province, Ömer Kara, İlyas Bolat
The Effect Of Different Land Uses On Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon And Nitrogen In Bartın Province, Ömer Kara, İlyas Bolat
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
The microbial biomass of soil is being increasingly recognized as a sensitive indicator of soil quality. Its knowledge is fundamental for sustainable environmental management. This study aimed to determine the impact of different land uses (forest, pasture, and agricultural lands) on soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen using the chloroform fumigation extraction (CFE) method. This study also aimed to determine interrelationships between microbial biomass C (C_{mic}) and N (N_{mic}) and the physico-chemical characteristics of the soil. For this purpose, a total of 45 soil samples were taken from 3 different land uses located in the Ağdacı Village in Bartın. Additional …
Determination Of The Effects Of Hazelnut Husk And Tea Waste Treatments On Urease Enzyme Activity And Its Kinetics In Soil, Ridvan Kizilkaya, İmanverdi̇ Ekberli̇
Determination Of The Effects Of Hazelnut Husk And Tea Waste Treatments On Urease Enzyme Activity And Its Kinetics In Soil, Ridvan Kizilkaya, İmanverdi̇ Ekberli̇
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
In this research, the effects of 5% treatment of hazelnut husk (HH) and tea production waste (TEW) to clay loam soil on urease enzyme activity and its kinetics were determined in a 30-day soil incubation experiment. For this purpose, kinetic parameters (V_{max}, K_m, and V_{max}/K_m,) were calculated by determining urease activity in organic wastes treated soils in different substrate concentrations (0%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, and 12%), incubation periods (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h), and incubation temperatures (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 °C) at the end of the 30 days of the …
Beneficial Effects Of Fungal Treatment Before Pulping And Bleaching Of Acacia Mangium And Eucalyptus Camaldulensis, Md. Nazrul Islam, Md. Rezaul Karim, Raimo O. Malinen
Beneficial Effects Of Fungal Treatment Before Pulping And Bleaching Of Acacia Mangium And Eucalyptus Camaldulensis, Md. Nazrul Islam, Md. Rezaul Karim, Raimo O. Malinen
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
Three white-rot fungi (Ceriporiopsis subvermispora (Pilát) Gilb. & Ryvarden, Phanerochate chrysosporium Burds, and Trametes (Coriolus) versicolor (L.) Lloyd) were tested for their ability to modify/degrade lignin in cooking and bleaching. Both chips and pulps of Acacia mangium Willd. and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. were pretreated with these white-rot fungi for different time periods (8, 12, and 16 days for chips; and 4, 8, and 12 days for pulps). For chip pretreatment, Kappa number decreased with the increase of fungal treatment time, and the maximum reduction in Kappa number was 28% and 25% for acacia and eucalyptus, respectively, after 16 days of …