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Articles 1 - 30 of 68
Full-Text Articles in Cognitive Psychology
Grasping Type Affects Configural Encoding In Visual Working Memory, Shinhae Ahn
Grasping Type Affects Configural Encoding In Visual Working Memory, Shinhae Ahn
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Previous research has shown that different grasping actions selectively influence the processing of simple visual features based on their relevance to the specific action. However, it remains uncertain if this interaction extends to abstract and higher-order information, such as global configuration extracted from an array of visual objects. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of different grasping types on the processing of configural shape information in visual working memory (VWM). In Experiment 1, participants engaged in a VWM change detection task while adopting either power- or precision-grasping postures. The availability of configural shape information was manipulated through the …
Discounting Of Delayed And Probabilistic Outcomes Across The Adult Lifespan, Haoran Wan
Discounting Of Delayed And Probabilistic Outcomes Across The Adult Lifespan, Haoran Wan
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Intertemporal and risky decision-making predicts many problem behaviors that also decline with age, raising the question: Do intertemporal and risky decisions change with age? Despite the theoretical and empirical importance, the literature under both rubrics reveals inconsistent findings. Some studies suggest that these inconsistencies may be due to the presence of unassessed demographic differences. The present study examined age differences, evaluating the role of demographic variables in intertemporal and risky choice of gains and losses using the discounting framework. Four experiments were conducted, each with one of the four types of discounting: discounting of delayed gains, discounting of delayed losses, …
Origin Of Value Creation: The Role Of Delayed Intuition In Entrepreneurial Problem Framing, Chan Hyung Park
Origin Of Value Creation: The Role Of Delayed Intuition In Entrepreneurial Problem Framing, Chan Hyung Park
Olin Business School Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Highly successful entrepreneurial ventures often result from solving problems that have not been solved before (i.e., entrepreneurial problems). The problem-solving and entrepreneurship literatures indicate that individuals need to develop novel problem frames—uncommon interpretations of observable needs or pain points (i.e., symptoms) signaling the problems—to create solutions that other people would not typically think of and generate unique value that is key to entrepreneurial success. However, developing novel frames of entrepreneurial problems is difficult for two reasons. The symptoms of the problems are ambiguous and unstructured, and the structured information to find the right frame of problems is costly to acquire. …
Narratives Close The Gap: The Limited Role Of Temporal Distance In Binding Events Into Coherent Memories, Angelique Delarazan
Narratives Close The Gap: The Limited Role Of Temporal Distance In Binding Events Into Coherent Memories, Angelique Delarazan
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Temporal information has been identified as a powerful influence on memory retrieval. Much of this arise from studies that tend to focus on associations between items. In contrast, real-life experiences consist of discrete events that encompass more than mere associations. While events can be remembered based on temporal proximity, events that are farther apart in time can also be linked together by forming a coherent narrative. Given that daily experiences are multifaceted, it is unclear to what extent prior work generalizes to real-world memories. Here, we sought to determine the influence of temporal features and narrative coherence on memory for …
Evaluating Recognition Memory Models From An Individual Differences Perspective, Kyle Gramer Featherston
Evaluating Recognition Memory Models From An Individual Differences Perspective, Kyle Gramer Featherston
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Although recognition memory models have been thoroughly compared in various recognition memory paradigms, the relative reliability and validity of their parameters have not been thoroughly assessed using an individual differences approach. In two studies, I evaluated three models: the dual-process signal detection (DPSD) model, the continuous dual process (CDP) model, and the unequal variance signal detection (UVSD) model. In Study 1, participants performed a remember-know procedure that also included confidence ratings. When model parameters were estimated twice in the same individual, both key parameters from the DPSD model were reliable within an individual, whereas the CDP version of familiarity was …
Examining Individual Differences In Forgetting From Long-Term Memory, Christopher Lee Zerr
Examining Individual Differences In Forgetting From Long-Term Memory, Christopher Lee Zerr
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Forgetting reflects the decreased likelihood of memory retrieval over time. With a few exceptions, although the mean likelihood of retrieval (or retention) across experimental conditions may differ markedly, rates of forgetting across those conditions do not differ. Similarly, although groups (e.g., young and old adults) may differ in the amount retained at a given point in time, the rates of forgetting tend not to differ across groups. In contrast, recent work suggests that individual differences in rates of forgetting may emerge when more sensitive statistical analyses are used on person-level performance. Some person-level variables purported to influence forgetting rate include …
Which Task To Choose? The Impact Of Associative Retrieval Of Event Files On Voluntary Task-Switching Performance In Younger And Older Adults, Emily Carole Streeper
Which Task To Choose? The Impact Of Associative Retrieval Of Event Files On Voluntary Task-Switching Performance In Younger And Older Adults, Emily Carole Streeper
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Previous task-switching research has demonstrated how prior experience can impact subsequent task-switching performance (i.e., reaction times, task choice) through associative retrieval, the creation and retrieval of event files. Event files, episodic traces which contain information about the stimulus, prior context, and action performed, can be implicitly retrieved when re-encountering information from the prior experience (e.g., stimulus repetition). The effect of associative retrieval on task-switching performance has been examined in younger adults, but few studies have investigated this effect in older adults. This gap is especially glaring in the voluntary task-switching literature where only one study to date has explored how …
Targeted Memory Reactivation During Mind-Wandering In Younger And Older Adults, Jessica Nicosia
Targeted Memory Reactivation During Mind-Wandering In Younger And Older Adults, Jessica Nicosia
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Mind-wandering (MW) is a universal cognitive process that is prevalent across individuals and in our everyday lives. It is estimated that over 95% of Americans experience MW every day and that ~30% of our everyday thoughts consist of MW. Despite its pervasiveness in our everyday lives, the nature of how MW interacts with other cognitive processes remains a scientific blind spot. Two interrelated issues regarding the nature of MW in the context of healthy aging were ad-dressed across five experiments. First, given the frequency of MW in our everyday lives, it is important to understand if it serves a functional …
The Use Of Introspective Reports To Predict Subsequent Memory: Implementing Machine Learning For Judgment-Of-Learning Paradigms, Nathan Lloyd Anderson
The Use Of Introspective Reports To Predict Subsequent Memory: Implementing Machine Learning For Judgment-Of-Learning Paradigms, Nathan Lloyd Anderson
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Recent advances in machine learning have allowed for the use of natural language responses to predict outcomes of interest to memory researchers such as the confidence with which recognition decisions are made. The present experiments were designed to leverage this novel methodological approach by soliciting free-response justifications of judgments of learning (JOLs) whereby people not only assess the probability with which they will later recognize individual items but also (for some items) justify the reasoning behind their judgment. Across all experiments and conditions, regression models trained on justification language showed above-chance prediction of subsequent memory success and outperformed models trained …
Does The Combination Of Spacing And Testing Promote Transfer Beyond Either Strategy Alone?, Zeynep Oyku Uner
Does The Combination Of Spacing And Testing Promote Transfer Beyond Either Strategy Alone?, Zeynep Oyku Uner
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Testing and spacing improve long-term retention and their combination boosts retention further. Despite the combined benefits of spaced testing, it is unclear whether these benefits extend to situations where students learn from lengthy and complex textbooks and need to use concept knowledge in novel ways. To address this issue, in the current study, college students were asked to read from a textbook and review key concepts twice, either back-to-back within the same session or in two sessions spaced two days apart. To review concepts, students either took definition quizzes with feedback (short-answer in Experiment 1, multiple-choice in Experiment 2) or …
The Effects Of Question Difficulty Order On Metacognitive Judgments During An Online Test, Wei-Chieh Fang
The Effects Of Question Difficulty Order On Metacognitive Judgments During An Online Test, Wei-Chieh Fang
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Three experiments were conducted to examine the effects of question difficulty order on people’s judgments of test performance and test experiences. Building on the finding that ordering questions from easy to hard often leads to overconfidence (i.e., a retrospective bias), the study aimed to examine the generality and robustness of this effect by having participants from a diverse population take an online test and then make a post-test judgement of their performance. In addition to using the same ascending and descending order of difficulty as prior research, the study also explored how the U-shaped order (e.g., easy-hard-easy) and report option …
The Role Of Selection History In Low-Prevalence Visual Search, Kendra Chamlee Smith
The Role Of Selection History In Low-Prevalence Visual Search, Kendra Chamlee Smith
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The low prevalence effect (LPE), the tendency for observers to be more likely to miss rare targets than frequent targets, is a robust error and is difficult to reduce. The LPE is an obstacle in a variety of real-world search tasks in which targets are rare, including baggage screening and some medical imaging. The LPE is thought to occur because when an observer searches for a low-prevalence target, over time, the observer may become both more willing to indicate a target is not there and more likely to end the search early. The present experiments employ three selection history effects, …
Modeling Semantic Structure And Spreading Activation In Retrieval Tasks, Abhilasha Ashok Kumar
Modeling Semantic Structure And Spreading Activation In Retrieval Tasks, Abhilasha Ashok Kumar
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Considerable work in the past decade has focused on representational accounts of how semantic information is acquired and organized, leading to the advent of modern Distributional Semantic Models (DSMs) that learn word meanings by extracting statistical information from large text corpora. However, mechanistic accounts for how meaning-related information is accessed and retrieved from semantic representations to ultimately produce responses within semantic tasks remain relatively understudied, especially for production-based tasks that require the selection of a single response amongst several activated competitors, such as in free association and sentence completion tasks. This dissertation evaluated the extent to which state-of-the-art DSMs combined …
Self-Regulated Study Time Allocation To Enhance Learning And Item Difficulty Compensation, Eylul Tekin
Self-Regulated Study Time Allocation To Enhance Learning And Item Difficulty Compensation, Eylul Tekin
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Few studies have examined whether self-regulation of study time allocation is beneficial for learning. In four experiments, the present dissertation investigated the effectiveness of self-paced study relative to fixed-rate study in which subjects did not regulate their study time. More specifically, the present dissertation examined 1) whether self-paced study enhanced retention and item difficulty compensation (i.e., reduced retention differences between easy and difficult items) relative to fixed-rate study under different levels of monitoring accuracy, and 2) whether improving monitoring accuracy facilitated the effectiveness of self-paced study. In all experiments, subjects studied easy and difficult word pairs either under self-paced study …
Changes In Usage And Perceptions Of Effectiveness Of Learning Strategies Of High School Students During A Rigorous Academic Experience, Emily Een
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Students’ use of effective learning strategies facilitates durable learning and academic success. The present research investigates changes in the learning strategies of 2,082 high school students in a dual-enrollment program. All students in the current study were participating in the program for the first time, and data were collected over one academic year via pre- and post-course surveys. It is hypothesized that friction between students’ pre-course learning strategies and the strategy usage expected in the learning environment could promote a change in students’ use and perceptions of effectiveness of learning strategies. Using latent change score models, we investigated changes in …
Relating Spontaneous Activity And Cognitive States Via Neurodynamic Modeling, Matthew Singh
Relating Spontaneous Activity And Cognitive States Via Neurodynamic Modeling, Matthew Singh
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Stimulus-free brain dynamics form the basis of current knowledge concerning functional integration and segregation within the human brain. These relationships are typically described in terms of resting-state brain networks—regions which spontaneously coactivate. However, despite the interest in the anatomical mechanisms and biobehavioral correlates of stimulus-free brain dynamics, little is known regarding the relation between spontaneous brain dynamics and task-evoked activity. In particular, no computational framework has been previously proposed to unite spontaneous and task dynamics under a single, data-driven model. Model development in this domain will provide new insight regarding the mechanisms by which exogeneous stimuli and intrinsic neural circuitry …
Exploring The Mechanisms That Underlie The Benefits Of Retrieval Practice In Younger And Older Adults, Ruth A. Shaffer
Exploring The Mechanisms That Underlie The Benefits Of Retrieval Practice In Younger And Older Adults, Ruth A. Shaffer
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The testing effect—or the benefit of retrieval practice to later memory—is often considered to be a recollection-related phenomenon. However, recent work (Shaffer & McDermott, 2020) has observed a benefit of testing to both recollection and familiarity processing on both immediate and delayed final tests. Further, although aging populations show marked declines in recollection, older and younger adults often benefit from testing to a similar degree (Meyer & Logan, 2013). This finding suggests that the testing effect in older adults may function via relatively preserved familiarity and lends further support to the notion that the testing effect does not function solely …
Impaired Suppression Of Attentional Capture Near The Hands, Xiaojin Ma
Impaired Suppression Of Attentional Capture Near The Hands, Xiaojin Ma
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Attention tends to be attracted to eye-catching stimuli, which, however, are not always helpful to look at, depending on the particular task. Recent findings demonstrated that attention to a salient but task-irrelevant distractor could be actively suppressed via a top-down process. In other research, increased scrutiny in visual inspection has been found in the near hand space, making it interesting to question, at the intersection of the two lines of research, whether the ability to ignore salient distraction would be compromised near the hands. Two experiments were conducted to test this idea. Experiment 1 compared the attentional allocation to a …
Spelling And Reading Novel Homophones: Testing The Value Of Lexical Distinctiveness, Jayde Homer
Spelling And Reading Novel Homophones: Testing The Value Of Lexical Distinctiveness, Jayde Homer
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Lexical distinctiveness, according to which a written form represents one and only one morpheme, is a feature of some writing systems. For example, ‹bear› and ‹bare› are spelled differently in English. In two experiments, we asked whether readers and spellers of English benefit from distinctive spellings of homophones. In Experiment 1, university students listened to 40 passages, each containing a novel homophone (e.g., /kel/ used to mean a gossip-lover). In Experiment 2, participants read the passages. Half of the novel homophones were homographic (e.g., ‹kale›), and half were heterographic (e.g., ‹kail›). In both experiments, participants answered questions about the novel …
Understanding Task Interference In Prospective Memory Using On-Line Probes: Strategic Delay Or Limited-Capacity Monitoring?, Francis T. Anderson
Understanding Task Interference In Prospective Memory Using On-Line Probes: Strategic Delay Or Limited-Capacity Monitoring?, Francis T. Anderson
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
In prospective memory (PM) research, a common finding is that people are generally slower to respond to a given ongoing task (OT) when they have to perform a PM task concurrently, as compared to performing the OT alone. Multiprocess theory claims that this slowing, termed task interference, is indicative of monitoring processes. Monitoring is thought to be cognitively demanding and heavily reliant on working memory, as people hold their intention in mind and look for features relevant to the PM task. PM decision control (PMDC) theory, instead, proposes that task interference reflects a strategic and intentional delay strategy. To address …
Exploring Usage Of Web Resources Through A Model Of Api Learning, Finn Voichick
Exploring Usage Of Web Resources Through A Model Of Api Learning, Finn Voichick
McKelvey School of Engineering Theses & Dissertations
Application programming interfaces (APIs) are essential to modern software development, and new APIs are frequently being produced. Consequently, software developers must regularly learn new APIs, which they typically do on the job from online resources rather than in a formal educational context. The Kelleher–Ichinco COIL model, an acronym for “Collection and Organization of Information for Learning,” was recently developed to model the entire API learning process, drawing from information foraging theory, cognitive load theory, and external memory research. We ran an exploratory empirical user study in which participants performed a programming task using the React API with the goal of …
Transdiagnostic Multimodal Neural Correlates Of Psychosis Dimensions, Dov Bernard Lerman-Sinkoff
Transdiagnostic Multimodal Neural Correlates Of Psychosis Dimensions, Dov Bernard Lerman-Sinkoff
McKelvey School of Engineering Theses & Dissertations
Psychosis refers to a debilitating set of symptoms that impacts individuals, their communities, and society at large. Current psychiatric nosology treats psychosis as a categorical construct. However, recent evidence suggests that a dimensional approach that cuts across extant nosological boundaries may more accurately represent the underlying phenomena contributing to dysfunction in psychosis. One putative domain of transdiagnostic variation is cognitive control, a construct that refers to the set of functions that enable and support goal-directed behavior and regulation of one’s thoughts and actions. Previous analyses in both healthy individuals and individuals with psychosis have led to a number of findings …
Neural Mechanisms Of Cognitive Individual Difference: An Investigation Of The Human Connectome Project, Shelly Renee Cooper
Neural Mechanisms Of Cognitive Individual Difference: An Investigation Of The Human Connectome Project, Shelly Renee Cooper
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Considering individual differences in task activation functional magnetic resonance imaging (t-fMRI) can be challenging because they may arise from variability in activity in brain regions, in the tasks themselves, or some combination thereof. Delineating sources of between-subjects variance is particularly important for cognitive control where task goals are at the forefront. Here we applied structural equation modeling (SEM) to the Human Connectome Project to examine if activity could be partitioned into separable brain and task individual difference dimensions. A series of SEMs were defined with varying numbers of latent factors, where the inputs were parcels of two cognitive control-related brain …
Quality Of Sleep, Stress, And Exercise: Effects Of Environmental And Lifestyle Factors On Spatial Navigation In Older Adults, Hannah Maybrier
Quality Of Sleep, Stress, And Exercise: Effects Of Environmental And Lifestyle Factors On Spatial Navigation In Older Adults, Hannah Maybrier
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Introduction: With increasing age, many adults experience reduced spatial navigation ability, with the most prominent reductions in tasks dependent on the hippocampus. Hippocampal dysfunction may be linked to age-related increases in sleep fragmentation, which results in reduced neurogenesis and long-term potentiation. This project aims to determine if age-related reductions in hippocampal-dependent navigation ability and strategy selection are mediated by impaired sleep. Further, we propose that the effects of sleep on navigation are moderated by psychological stress and physical activity. Methods: 36 older (m: 70, sd: 7) and 33 younger (m: 20, sd: 1.5) adults recorded one week of sleep via …
About Face: Seeing The Talker Improves Spoken Word Recognition But Increases Listening Effort, Violet Brown
About Face: Seeing The Talker Improves Spoken Word Recognition But Increases Listening Effort, Violet Brown
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
It is widely accepted that seeing a talker improves a listener’s ability to understand what a talker is saying in background noise (e.g., Erber, 1969; Sumby & Pollack, 1954). The literature is mixed, however, regarding the influence of the visual modality on the listening effort required to recognize speech (e.g., Fraser, Gagné, Alepins, & Dubois, 2010; Sommers & Phelps, 2016). Here, we present data showing that even when the visual modality robustly benefits recognition, processing audiovisual speech can still result in greater cognitive load than processing speech in the auditory modality alone. We show using a dual-task paradigm …
Accuracy Matters For The Benefits Of Sleep After Retrieval Practice, Steven Dessenberger
Accuracy Matters For The Benefits Of Sleep After Retrieval Practice, Steven Dessenberger
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Previous research suggests that while sleep and retrieval practice can each improve memory on their own, their benefits cannot be combined to produce an additive effect unless feedback is given during the initial test. These previous findings would seem to support a retrieval-as-consolidation of the testing effect, which states that the benefits of retrieval are the result of memory consolidation, a process that normally occurs during the sleep cycle. The present study sought to determine whether the retrieval-as-consolidation account held true when initial test accuracy was considered as a factor. Using foreign language word pairs, we examined the combined effects …
Investigating The Relationship Between Gaze Behavior And Audiovisual Benefit Across Various Speech-To-Noise Ratios, Lauren Gaunt
Investigating The Relationship Between Gaze Behavior And Audiovisual Benefit Across Various Speech-To-Noise Ratios, Lauren Gaunt
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Speech perception improves when listeners are able to see as well as hear a talker, compared to listening alone. This phenomenon is commonly referred to as audiovisual (AV) benefit (Sommers et al., 2005). According to the Principle of Inverse Effectiveness (PoIE), the benefit of multimodal (e.g. audiovisual) input should increase as unimodal (e.g. auditory-only) stimulus clarity decreases. However, recent findings contradict the PoIE, indicating that it should be reassessed. One method for investigating the factors that contribute to AV speech benefit is to examine listeners’ gaze behavior with eye tracking. The present study compared young adults’ (N=50) gaze …
Retrieval Of Past Events During Change Experience Is Associated With Memory For Change, Mary Hermann
Retrieval Of Past Events During Change Experience Is Associated With Memory For Change, Mary Hermann
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
A novel theory has emerged that examines how people process and comprehend change. Two experiments examined these theoretical mechanisms used to detect and recollect changes in everyday activities. Participants viewed movies of an actor performing narrative activities across two fictitious days. During the second movie, participants also completed a prediction task in which they were asked to predict what they thought was going to happen next. In Experiment 1, some activities repeated identically across the two days, some were repeated but changed on a critical feature (e.g. waking up to an alarm from a clock or a phone), and …
The Unique Effects Of Relatively Recent Conflict On Cognitive Control, Jackson Colvett
The Unique Effects Of Relatively Recent Conflict On Cognitive Control, Jackson Colvett
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
In tasks such as Stroop, our past experiences with conflict influence our ability to attend to goal-relevant information and ignore irrelevant information. There exists evidence that conflict experiences on at least two timescales affect cognitive control. The “immediate” timescale is evidenced by congruency sequence effects while the “long” timescale is evidenced by list-wide proportion congruence effects. What remains underspecified is whether relatively recent experiences with conflict may also uniquely influence cognitive control and how experiences on different timescales are weighted. The present, pre-registered experiments aimed to assess the role of relatively recent conflict by examining the potential effects of an …
How Specific Is Domain-Specific Slowing? Evidence For A General Form Of A Domain-Specific Mechanism, Cynthia C. Flores
How Specific Is Domain-Specific Slowing? Evidence For A General Form Of A Domain-Specific Mechanism, Cynthia C. Flores
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Faces are special not just because our ability to quickly and accurately process faces is integral for social functioning throughout our lives, but also because faces are considered a unique class of visual stimuli (i.e., faces rely more on holistic processing than objects and there exist specialized, face-specific regions in the brain). Behavioral and neuropsychological research point to face processing as dissociable from other kinds of visuospatial processing. Although there is evidence that neural specificity for faces is retained in older adults, there is also evidence that age-related impairments are greater in face processing, relative to object processing. Using a …