Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons™
Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Keyword
-
- Learning (3)
- Memory (3)
- Motivation (3)
- Reward Processing (3)
- Aging (2)
-
- Cognitive Control (2)
- Decision Making (2)
- Ecological Momentary Assessment (2)
- List-Wide Proportion Congruence (2)
- Retrieval practice (2)
- Schizophrenia (2)
- Speech perception (2)
- Academics (1)
- Accented speech (1)
- Aid in dying (1)
- Alzheimer disease (1)
- Antidepressants (1)
- Attention (1)
- Audiovisual benefit (1)
- Audiovisual integration (1)
- Brain structure (1)
- Category learning (1)
- Change Detection (1)
- Child depression (1)
- Children (1)
- Chronic pain (1)
- Concepts of print (1)
- Conflict Accumulation (1)
- Consonant doubling (1)
- Corpus analysis (1)
Articles 1 - 28 of 28
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Accuracy Matters For The Benefits Of Sleep After Retrieval Practice, Steven Dessenberger
Accuracy Matters For The Benefits Of Sleep After Retrieval Practice, Steven Dessenberger
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Previous research suggests that while sleep and retrieval practice can each improve memory on their own, their benefits cannot be combined to produce an additive effect unless feedback is given during the initial test. These previous findings would seem to support a retrieval-as-consolidation of the testing effect, which states that the benefits of retrieval are the result of memory consolidation, a process that normally occurs during the sleep cycle. The present study sought to determine whether the retrieval-as-consolidation account held true when initial test accuracy was considered as a factor. Using foreign language word pairs, we examined the combined effects …
Children's Perceptions Of Status At The Intersection Of Race And Gender, Grace Reid
Children's Perceptions Of Status At The Intersection Of Race And Gender, Grace Reid
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
By 6 years of age, children associate males with higher status than females (Liben, Bigler & Krogh, 2001), and Whites with higher status than Blacks (Bigler, Averhart & Liben, 2003). However, little is known about how race and gender interact to influence children’s thinking about status. In Study 1, we asked whether children associate White men with higher status than other races and genders. Sixty children selected from among Black and White male and female targets the person who they thought would do familiar and novel jobs that varied in status. White men were the most likely to be chosen …
Fear Of Positive Evaluation And Negative Affect From Inclusion In Cyberball, Jason Ted Grossman
Fear Of Positive Evaluation And Negative Affect From Inclusion In Cyberball, Jason Ted Grossman
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Fear of positive evaluation (FPE) is a construct related to social anxiety that involves discomfort when receiving positive attention and feedback from others. FPE research has increased over the past decade, and results suggest that it may be an important part of social anxiety for some individuals; however, it is not yet known whether FPE may also include discomfort from being included in social situations. Level of inclusion was hypothesized to moderate the relationship between FPE and negative affect from being over included such that those with high FPE would feel more uncomfortable the more they were included. To test …
Perceptual Precedence Or Increased Effort?: On The Mechanism Of The Small-Picture-Size Advantage In Category Learning, Toshiya Miyatsu
Perceptual Precedence Or Increased Effort?: On The Mechanism Of The Small-Picture-Size Advantage In Category Learning, Toshiya Miyatsu
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
I have previously identified a novel perceptual manipulation that enhances learning of some complex natural categories, and the current dissertation aims to uncover its mechanism. Specifically, learning of categories of tropical fish was enhanced when learned through small pictures (about 2º) compared to large pictures (about 19º). Through analyzing the previous results and extant theories in various domains, I identified two potential mechanisms through which this small-picture-size advantage manifested. The perceptual precedence hypothesis postulates that the processing of local dimensions is prioritized in large pictures and the processing of global dimensions is prioritized in small pictures. Therefore, small picture size …
Genomic Contributors To Individual Differences In Reward-Related Neural Activity, Lindsay Jane Michalski
Genomic Contributors To Individual Differences In Reward-Related Neural Activity, Lindsay Jane Michalski
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Aberrant reward-related behavior, including impulsive and risk-taking behaviors, is a common feature of externalizing psychopathology (e.g., attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, antisocial personality disorder, and substance-use disorders). Through imaging studies, these behaviors have been linked to dysregulated reactivity within a diffuse reward-related corticostriatal neural network, including the striatum, frontal regions (namely orbital, ventromedial, and dorsolateral cortices), the insula, and the hippocampus. Because variability in risk-taking behavior and related psychopathology is moderately-to-largely heritable (i.e., with estimates ranging from 40 – 80%), a genetically-informed approach is well-positioned to provide valuable insight into the etiology of reward-related neural and behavioral phenotypes that characterize externalizing …
Young Children’S Knowledge About The Role Of Print In Reading, Molly Farry-Thorn
Young Children’S Knowledge About The Role Of Print In Reading, Molly Farry-Thorn
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Children begin to learn about the print in books and the role it plays in reading well before the onset of formal literacy instruction. Young children’s knowledge about precisely what readers are reading when they read books and who is able to read books has been studied primarily through interviews, but conclusions from this research are limited by methodological concerns. Three experiments examined whether pre-readers understand what part of a book is read and whether they distinguish between the skill of reading and the activity of reading. Although pre-readers were typically able to locate the print in a book, they …
Investigating The Relationship Between Gaze Behavior And Audiovisual Benefit Across Various Speech-To-Noise Ratios, Lauren Gaunt
Investigating The Relationship Between Gaze Behavior And Audiovisual Benefit Across Various Speech-To-Noise Ratios, Lauren Gaunt
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Speech perception improves when listeners are able to see as well as hear a talker, compared to listening alone. This phenomenon is commonly referred to as audiovisual (AV) benefit (Sommers et al., 2005). According to the Principle of Inverse Effectiveness (PoIE), the benefit of multimodal (e.g. audiovisual) input should increase as unimodal (e.g. auditory-only) stimulus clarity decreases. However, recent findings contradict the PoIE, indicating that it should be reassessed. One method for investigating the factors that contribute to AV speech benefit is to examine listeners’ gaze behavior with eye tracking. The present study compared young adults’ (N=50) gaze …
Double Trouble: How Children And Adults Decide When To Use Double Consonants, Ruth Caputo
Double Trouble: How Children And Adults Decide When To Use Double Consonants, Ruth Caputo
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Consonant doubling is a difficult pattern in the English writing system to master because it is inconsistent. In English two-syllable words, consonants are typically doubled after short vowels, a phonological context, but not after any vowel spelled with more than one letter, a graphotactic context. Knowledge about these contexts may help children learn when to use a single or double consonant. Previous theories on spelling development argue that children learn to spell in stages, without learning about phonological or orthographic context until late in the learning process. This study builds on previous research suggesting that children learn spelling patterns through …
Neuroticism And Stressful Life Events: Probing Mechanisms Underlying Vulnerability To Stress-Related Depression, Erin Bondy
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Elevated neuroticism (N) potentiates the depressogenic effects of stressful life events (SLEs). We first replicate this association using longitudinal data (N=971 older adults) from the St. Louis Personality and Aging Network (SPAN) study. Here, SLEs prospectively predicted future depressive symptoms, especially among those reporting elevated N, even after accounting for prior depressive symptoms and previous SLE exposure (NxSLE interaction: p=0.016, ΔR2=0.003). These findings were further replicated in cross-sectional analyses of the Duke Neurogenetics Study (DNS), a young adult college sample with neuroimaging data (n=1,343: NxSLE interaction: p=0.019, ΔR2=0.003). Because evidence suggests that stress may promote depression …
Associations Between Prenatal Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Exposure, Depression And Brain Morphology In Middle Childhood, Allison Moreau
Associations Between Prenatal Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Exposure, Depression And Brain Morphology In Middle Childhood, Allison Moreau
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Objective: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) are one of the most widely used prescribed medicine by pregnant women. A mixed literature suggests that prenatal SSRI exposure may increase depression risk among offspring. Method: Using data from children (n=11,076) who completed the baseline session of the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, we examined whether prenatal exposure to SSRIs is associated with child depression and variability in depression-related brain structures (i.e., hippocampus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, caudate, putamen; rostral anterior cingulate; rostral and caudal middle frontal, superior frontal, and lateral and medical orbitofrontal cortices). Analyses were cross-sectional and included the following …
The Unique Effects Of Relatively Recent Conflict On Cognitive Control, Jackson Colvett
The Unique Effects Of Relatively Recent Conflict On Cognitive Control, Jackson Colvett
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
In tasks such as Stroop, our past experiences with conflict influence our ability to attend to goal-relevant information and ignore irrelevant information. There exists evidence that conflict experiences on at least two timescales affect cognitive control. The “immediate” timescale is evidenced by congruency sequence effects while the “long” timescale is evidenced by list-wide proportion congruence effects. What remains underspecified is whether relatively recent experiences with conflict may also uniquely influence cognitive control and how experiences on different timescales are weighted. The present, pre-registered experiments aimed to assess the role of relatively recent conflict by examining the potential effects of an …
Retrieval Of Past Events During Change Experience Is Associated With Memory For Change, Mary Hermann
Retrieval Of Past Events During Change Experience Is Associated With Memory For Change, Mary Hermann
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
A novel theory has emerged that examines how people process and comprehend change. Two experiments examined these theoretical mechanisms used to detect and recollect changes in everyday activities. Participants viewed movies of an actor performing narrative activities across two fictitious days. During the second movie, participants also completed a prediction task in which they were asked to predict what they thought was going to happen next. In Experiment 1, some activities repeated identically across the two days, some were repeated but changed on a critical feature (e.g. waking up to an alarm from a clock or a phone), and …
Effort, Avolition And Motivational Experience In Schizophrenia: Analysis Of Behavioral And Neuroimaging Data With Relationships To Daily Motivational Experience, Adam Culbreth
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Recent research has suggested an association between motivational impairment in those with schizophrenia and reduced willingness to expend effort on experimental tasks. However, few studies have examined the neural correlates of effort-based decision-making in those with schizophrenia. In the current study, we aimed to examine willingness to expend effort, the associated neural circuitry of effort-based decision-making, and the impact of experimentally-defined effort-based decision-making on daily motivational experience in schizophrenia. We recruited 28 individuals with schizophrenia and 30 healthy controls to perform an effort-based decision-making task while undergoing fMRI scanning. In order to assess whether willingness to expend effort was associated …
Effort, Avolition And Motivational Experience In Schizophrenia: Analysis Of Behavioral And Neuroimaging Data With Relationships To Daily Motivational Experience, Adam Culbreth
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Recent research has suggested an association between motivational impairment in those with schizophrenia and reduced willingness to expend effort on experimental tasks. However, few studies have examined the neural correlates of effort-based decision-making in those with schizophrenia. In the current study, we aimed to examine willingness to expend effort, the associated neural circuitry of effort-based decision-making, and the impact of experimentally-defined effort-based decision-making on daily motivational experience in schizophrenia. We recruited 28 individuals with schizophrenia and 30 healthy controls to perform an effort-based decision-making task while undergoing fMRI scanning. In order to assess whether willingness to expend effort was associated …
How Specific Is Domain-Specific Slowing? Evidence For A General Form Of A Domain-Specific Mechanism, Cynthia C. Flores
How Specific Is Domain-Specific Slowing? Evidence For A General Form Of A Domain-Specific Mechanism, Cynthia C. Flores
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Faces are special not just because our ability to quickly and accurately process faces is integral for social functioning throughout our lives, but also because faces are considered a unique class of visual stimuli (i.e., faces rely more on holistic processing than objects and there exist specialized, face-specific regions in the brain). Behavioral and neuropsychological research point to face processing as dissociable from other kinds of visuospatial processing. Although there is evidence that neural specificity for faces is retained in older adults, there is also evidence that age-related impairments are greater in face processing, relative to object processing. Using a …
Medical Aid In Dying: Knowledge, Attitudes, And Beliefs Of Licensed Psychologists, Christine Caroline Merz
Medical Aid In Dying: Knowledge, Attitudes, And Beliefs Of Licensed Psychologists, Christine Caroline Merz
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Medical aid in dying (MAID) is a process by which individuals with terminal illness can voluntarily ingest a lethal dose of medication provided to them by their physician to intentionally end their life. MAID is currently legal in eight U.S. states and several other countries. Licensed psychologists and other mental health professionals are implicated in MAID laws in the form of psychological evaluation that is required for select patients. Little is known about the knowledge and attitudes of psychologists regarding MAID, including views on legal and ethical acceptability, and professional competence to conduct psychological evaluations for patients requesting MAID. The …
Executive Abilities And Academic Achievement In Children With Sickle Cell Disease, Erika Wesonga
Executive Abilities And Academic Achievement In Children With Sickle Cell Disease, Erika Wesonga
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Academic achievement is crucial to a child’s psychosocial and occupational success (Davaoudzadeh et al., 2015; Margari et al., 2013). In children with sickle cell disease (SCD), a genetic disorder resulting in abnormal hemoglobin and significant neurologic sequelae, poor academic achievement is common (e.g. Wang et al., 2001). Studies of typically-developing children have revealed links between academic achievement and neuropsychological abilities, particularly higher-order executive abilities that are mediated primarily by frontal brain regions (Altemeier et al., 2006; Bull & Scerri, 2001). In children with SCD, there is a wealth of evidence that executive abilities are impaired (Berkelhammer et al., 2007), but …
Spatial Navigation Ability As A Predictor Of Increased Clinical Impairment, Taylor Hendershott
Spatial Navigation Ability As A Predictor Of Increased Clinical Impairment, Taylor Hendershott
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Spatial navigation deficits are observed in Alzheimer disease (AD) cross-sectionally, but prediction of longitudinal clinical decline has been less examined. Cognitive mapping (CM) was assessed in 95 participants and route Learning (RL) was assessed in 65 participants at baseline. Clinical progression over an average of 4.16 years was assessed using the Clinical Dementia Rating scale. Relative predictive ability of these tasks was compared to episodic memory, hippocampal volume and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers (ptau181/Aβ42 ratio). CM and RL were significant predictors of clinical progression (ps181/Aβ42 in prediction (psTaken together the results suggest that baseline spatial navigation …
Isolating Item And Subject Contributions To The Subsequent Memory Effect, Jihyun Cha
Isolating Item And Subject Contributions To The Subsequent Memory Effect, Jihyun Cha
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The subsequent memory effect (SME) refers to the greater brain activation during encoding of subsequently recognized items compared to subsequently forgotten items. Previous literature regarding SME has been primarily focused on identifying the role of specific regions during encoding or factors that potentially modulate the phenomenon. The current dissertation examines the degree to which this phenomenon can be explained by item selection effects; that is, the tendency of some items to be inherently more memorable than others. To estimate the potential contribution of items to SME, I provided participants a fixed set of items during encoding, which allowed me to …
Dissociable Effects Of Monetary, Liquid, And Social Incentives On Motivation Across The Adult Life Span, Jennifer Crawford
Dissociable Effects Of Monetary, Liquid, And Social Incentives On Motivation Across The Adult Life Span, Jennifer Crawford
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Humans are social creatures and, as such, can be motivated by aspects of social life, like approval from others, to guide decision-making in everyday life. Indeed, a common view in the aging literature is that older adults have a stronger orientation towards socioemotional goals or incentives, relative to other incentive modalities, like money, because of changing motivational priorities in older adulthood. In prior work, however, we found that older adults actually showed greater effects of monetary relative to primary (liquid) incentives, suggesting alternative interpretations of impaired motivational integration and/or slower adaptation to incentive conditions. The current study tested these alternatives, …
Task-Evoked Pupillary Response For Completely Intelligible Accented Speech, Drew Mclaughlin
Task-Evoked Pupillary Response For Completely Intelligible Accented Speech, Drew Mclaughlin
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Speech perception under adverse conditions, such as those caused by noise in the environment or a speaker’s accent, can be cognitively demanding. For second language- (L2-) accented speech, mismatches between the speech patterns of an L2-accented speaker and a listener can result in poorer understanding and reduced intelligibility (i.e., fewer words in the speech stream can be correctly identified). However, it remains unclear whether completely intelligible L2-accented speech imposes greater cognitive load (defined here as the degree to which cognitive resources are recruited at a given moment to meet processing demands) than native speech. In the current study, we used …
The Effect Of Retrieval Practice On Vocabulary Learning For Children Who Are Deaf Or Hard Of Hearing, Casey Krauss Reimer
The Effect Of Retrieval Practice On Vocabulary Learning For Children Who Are Deaf Or Hard Of Hearing, Casey Krauss Reimer
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The goal of the current study was to determine if students who are deaf or hard of hearing (d/hh) would learn more new vocabulary words through the use of retrieval practice than repeated exposure (repeated study). No studies to date have used this cognitive strategy—retrieval practice—with children who are d/hh. Previous studies have shown that children with hearing loss struggle with learning vocabulary words. This deficit can negatively affect language development, reading outcomes, and overall academic success. Few studies have investigated specific interventions to address the poor vocabulary development for children with hearing loss. The current study investigated retrieval practice …
Moral Pathology, Katie Rapier
Moral Pathology, Katie Rapier
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation explores the relationship between morality and mental illness. Mental illness is often thought to impair moral functioning but careful examination reveals that mental illness offers its own insight into moral functioning. While we learn a great deal about moral responsibility and exempting conditions (psychopathy and addiction), we also discover that there a multiple ways to be moral and that many individuals act morally despite ongoing conditions (high-functioning autism spectrum disorder and recovered borderline personality disorder). I conclude that these insights ought to shape our ethical theories.
Examining Emotional Pain Among Individuals With Chronic Physical Pain: Nomothetic And Idiographic Approaches, Madelyn Frumkin
Examining Emotional Pain Among Individuals With Chronic Physical Pain: Nomothetic And Idiographic Approaches, Madelyn Frumkin
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Pain is often conceptualized as an experience that is both physical and emotional. These two components are often difficult to distinguish, which may contribute to the experience of chronic physical pain without an apparent physical cause. In the current two studies, I sought to examine whether emotional pain is associated with physical pain severity for individuals with chronic pain. Emotional pain and the more specific experiences of psychological and social pain have been defined as the experience of pain affect in response to non-physical stimuli (i.e., thwarted belongingness, loss, social rejection). In Study 1, I found that emotional and psychological …
Learning From Past Conflict: Investigating The Time Scale Of Conflict Learning For Cognitive Control Processes, Abhishek Dey
Learning From Past Conflict: Investigating The Time Scale Of Conflict Learning For Cognitive Control Processes, Abhishek Dey
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Conflict-modulated cognitive control accounts posit that control processes adjust attention based on the probability of conflict associated with a given context (e.g., list of items, a particular item within a list, etc.). However, within these accounts, it is not yet fully understood how the control system learns about the probability of conflict. A specific question I address in the present research is how far back does the control system look to learn about the probability of conflict? In other words, what is the time scale of conflict learning for the control system? I use a statistical model recently developed by …
Selection Or Socialization? A Propensity Score Matched Study Of Personality And Life Events, Emorie Beck
Selection Or Socialization? A Propensity Score Matched Study Of Personality And Life Events, Emorie Beck
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Across the lifespan, personality changes in normative ways, but the source of such change remains ambiguous. Life events may be one impetus of such change, but strong selection effects into such events makes it unclear whether such change is driven by already existing differences (selection) between people or socialization following life events. In a preregistered study, we test socialization and selection effects of the Big 5 and life events using a large (N = 19,627) representative sample of Germans and 12 life events (e.g. marriage, retirement) from the GSOEP. Using propensity score matching and Bayesian multilevel growth curve models, we …
Individual Differences In Verbal And Visuospatial Learning Efficiency, Thomas Spaventa
Individual Differences In Verbal And Visuospatial Learning Efficiency, Thomas Spaventa
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
There is a great deal of variability in how quickly people learn and how long they remember information. Zerr and colleagues (2018) found a robust and stable relationship between an individual’s rate of learning and the durability of their memory, with faster learners tending to retain more after a delay. The relationship between the rapidity and longevity of learning was characterized as learning efficiency. The present study extends these findings by testing whether learning efficiency generalizes across divergent verbal and visuospatial tasks. An ancillary aim was to assess learning efficiency using a continuous measure that can capture fine-grained individual differences …
Evaluating The Latent Variable Structure Of Episodic Long-Term Memory Abilities, Kyle Featherston
Evaluating The Latent Variable Structure Of Episodic Long-Term Memory Abilities, Kyle Featherston
Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations
I investigated how recall and recognition differ depending on the nature of the memory items and what one is asked to remember about them. Participants were asked to remember lists of various types of verbal items, including words, nonwords, common first names, and the names of common objects in pictures that they viewed, or to remember the contextual information that accompanied those items, including their size, location, color, or font. Immediately following presentation of each list, free recall or recognition tests for items or context were administered. It has been proposed that memory for context, or source memory, differs from …