Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons^™

Earth Is (Mostly) Flat: Apportionment Of The Flux Of Continental Sediment Over Millennial Time Scales, Jane K. Willenbring, Alexandru T. Codilean, Brandon Mcelroy

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

We use a new compilation of global denudation estimates from cosmogenic nuclides to calculate the apportionment and the sum of all sediment produced on Earth by extrapolation of a statistically significant correlation between denudation rates and basin slopes to watersheds without denudation rate data. This robust relationship can explain approximately half of the variance in denudation from quartz-bearing topography drained by rivers using only mean slopes as the predictive tool and matches a similar fit for large river basins. At slopes >200 m/km, topography controls denudation rates. Controls on denudation in landscapes where average slopes are 10 mm/k.y. We use …

High Muscle Mitochondrial Volume And Aerobic Capacity In A Small Marsupial (Sminthopsis Crassicaudata) Reveals Flexible Links Between Energy-Use Levels In Mammals, Terence Dawson, Koa Webster, Enhua Lee, William A. Buttemer

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

We investigated the muscle structure–function relationships that underlie the aerobic capacity of an insectivorous, small (~15 g) marsupial, Sminthopsis crassicaudata (Family: Dasyuridae), to obtain further insight into energy use patterns in marsupials relative to those in placentals, their sister clade within the Theria (advanced mammals). Disparate hopping marsupials (Suborder Macropodiformes), a kangaroo (Macropus rufus) and a rat-kangaroo (Bettongia penicillata), show aerobic capabilities as high as those of ‘athletic’ placentals. Equivalent muscle mitochondrial volumes and cardiovascular features support these capabilities. We examined S. crassicaudata to determine whether highly developed aerobic capabilities occur elsewhere in marsupials, rather than being restricted to the …

2-Cyanoethyl N,N,N',N'-Tetraisopropylphosphorodiamidite, Jichao Zhang

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

2-Cyanoethyl N,N,N′,N′-tetraisopropylphosphorodiamidite is a colorless viscous liquid, which is soluble in most organic solvents. It is a widely used phosphitylating reagent for the preparation of various phosphorylated biomolecules, such as nucleoside carbohydrate conjugates, phospholipids and glycopeptides. In particular, this reagent is highly effective for automated solid-phase DNA/RNA oligonucleotide synthesis. 2-Cyanoethyl N,N,N′,N′-tetraisopropylphosphorodiamidite has shown great utility in the coupling of nucleobases or carbohydrates via their phosphotriesters in the presence of activators such as 1H-tetrazole, in moderate yields under mild conditions. Additionally, 2-cyanoethyl N,N,N′,N′-tetraisopropylphosphorodiamidite is cheaper and more stable than 2- cyanoethyl N,N-diisopropylchlorophosphorodiamidite, the other commonly used phosphinylating reagent. 2-Cyanoethyl N,N,N′,N′-tetraisopropylphosphorodiamidite is …

Automated Surface Sampling Of Lipids From Worn Contact Lenses Coupled With Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Simon H. Brown, Liam H. Huxtable, Mark D. P Willcox, Stephen J. Blanksby, Todd W. Mitchell

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

The deposition of biological material (biofouling) onto polymeric contact lenses is thought to be a major contributor to lens discomfort and hence discontinuation of wear. We describe a method to characterize lipid deposits directly from worn contact lenses utilizing liquid extraction surface analysis coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LESA-MS/MS). This technique effected facile and reproducible extraction of lipids from the contact lens surfaces and identified lipid molecular species representing all major classes present in human tear film. Our data show that LESA-MS/MS is a rapid and comprehensive technique for the characterization of lipid-related biofouling on polymer surfaces.

"It Could Probably Help Someone Else But Not Me": A Feasibility Study Of A Snack Programme Offered To Meals On Wheels Clients, K E. Charlton, K Walton, L Moon, K Smith, A T. Mcmahon, F Ralph, M Stuckey, F Manning, J Krassie

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Objectives Community-based services, such as Meals on Wheels (MOW), allow older adults to remain in their homes for as long as possible. Many MOW recipients experience decreased appetite that limits intake at mealtimes. This pilot study aimed to determine the feasibility of providing high protein high energy snacks to improve nutrient intakes of MOW clients in a regional centre of New South Wales, Australia.

Participants A convenience sample of 12 MOW clients.

Intervention Participants received snacks five times a week, in addition to their usual MOW order, for four weeks.

Measurements Nutritional status was assessed using the Mini Nutritional Assessment …

Mechanism Of Secondary Currents In Open Channel Flows, Shu-Qing Yang, Soon Keat Tan, Xi-Kun Wang

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

This paper describes the conditions for initiation and maintenance of secondary currents in open channel flows. By analyzing the Reynolds equation in the wall-normal and wall-tangent directions, this study reveals that, like other types of vortices, the secondary currents are originated in the near-boundary region, and the magnitude (or strength) of secondary flow is proportional to the lateral gradient of near-wall velocity. The near-wall secondary flow always moves from the region with lower velocity (or lower boundary shear stress) to the location with higher velocity (or higher boundary shear stress). Subsequently, the near-boundary secondary flow creeps into the main flow …

Dietary Intake Of Fish And Pufa, And Clinical Depressive And Anxiety Disorders In Women, Felice N. Jacka, Julie A. Pascoe, Lana J. Williams, Barbara J. Meyer, Rebecca Digger, Michael Berk

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Fish and PUFA consumption are thought to play a role in mental health; however, many studies do not take into account multiple sources of PUFA. The present study analysed data from a sample of 935 randomly selected, population-based women aged 20-93 years. A validated and comprehensive dietary questionnaire ascertained the consumption of n-3 and n-6 PUFA. Another assessed fish and energy intake and provided data for a dietary quality score. The General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) measured psychological symptoms and a clinical interview (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Research Version, Non-patient edition) assessed depressive and anxiety disorders. Median dietary intakes of …

The Small Heat-Shock Protein Αb-Crystallin Uses Different Mechanisms Of Chaperone Action To Prevent The Amorphous Versus Fibrillar Aggregation Of Α-Lactalbumin, Melissa Kulig, Heath Ecroyd

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Stress conditions can destabilize proteins, promoting them to unfold and adopt intermediately folded states. Partially folded protein intermediates are unstable and prone to aggregation down off-folding pathways leading to the formation of either amorphous or amyloid fibril aggregates. The sHsp (small heat-shock protein) αB-crystallin acts as a molecular chaperone to prevent both amorphous and fibrillar protein aggregation; however, the precise molecular mechanisms behind its chaperone action are incompletely understood. To investigate whether the chaperone activity of αB-crystallin is dependent upon the form of aggregation (amorphous compared with fibrillar), bovine α-lactalbumin was developed as a model target protein that could be …

Earthly Indifference And Human Difference - Book Review, Lesley Head

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Inspired by, but also in reaction to the flattened topologies of Latourian relationality, Clark puts forward the notion of radical asymmetry. 'This is the bottom line of human being: we are utterly dependent on an earth and a cosmos that is, to a large degree, indifferent to us' (p. 50). With their disciplinary connection to the physical and natural sciences, geographers arguably need this lesson less than other social scientists. We should have learned it well from geologists who, spending their working lives in deepest time, tend to have a less anthropocentric perspective than others (perhaps accounting for their disproportionate …

Translocation Of The Eastern Bristlebird 2: Applying Principles To Two Case Studies, Jack Baker, David Bain, Jean Clarke, Kris French

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

The Eastern Bristlebird (Dasyornis brachypterus) is an endangered endemic passerine of south-eastern Australia. The re-establishment of extirpated populations through translocation was identified as a key action in New South Wales to address the threats to this species associated with habitat fragmentation and widespread and frequent fire. At Jervis Bay during 2003-2005, 50 birds were translocated from Bherwerre Peninsula to Beecroft Peninsula. In the Illawarra in 2008, 50 birds were translocated from Barren Grounds Nature Reserve to Cataract. At Jervis Bay, monitoring indicated that after 7 years, (i) there was no detectable impact on the source population from the removal of …

Simulation Study Of Ion Pairing In Concentrated Aqueous Salt Solutions With A Polarizable Force Field, Yun Luo, Wei Jiang, Haibo Yu, Alexander D. Mackerrell, Benoit Roux

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

The accuracy of empirical force fields is critical for meaningful molecular dynamics simulations of concentrated ionic solutions. Current models are typically developed on the basis of single ion properties such as the monohydrate energy in the gas phase, or the absolute hydration free energy at infinite dilution. However, the failure of these models to represent accurately the properties of concentrated solutions cannot be excluded. Here, these issues are illustrated for a polarizable potential based on classical Drude oscillators. To model accurately concentrated ionic solutions, the parameters of the potential functions are optimized to reproduce osmotic pressure data. The sodium-chloride potential …

Polymorphic Male Color Morphs Visualized With Steroids In Monomorphic Females: A Tool For Designing Analysis Of Sex-Limited Trait Inheritance, Mats M. Olsson, Mo Healey, Mark Wilson, Michael Tobler

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

In diploid animals, males and females share most of the genome (except sex-specific elements, such as sex chromosome genes), yet despite sharing the underlying genes that hard-wire traits, males and females may differ in their phenotypes when traits are controlled by proximate mechanisms, such as hormones. In color polymorphic species where coloration is only expressed in one sex, the design of studies of the inheritance of color and coevolved morph-specific traits (e.g. territorial vs sneaker strategies, skewed energetic investment in territorial defense vs sperm production, etc.) is compromised as the expression of morph-coding genes is only visualized in one sex. …

A Deep Subaqueous Fan Depositional Model For The Paleoarchaean (3.46 Ga) Marble Bar Cherts, Warrawoona Group, Western Australia, Nicolas Olivier, Gilles Dromart, Nicolas Coltice, Nicolas Flament, Patrice F. Rey, Remi Sauvestre

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

The 3.46 Ga Marble Bar Chert Member of the East Pilbara Craton, Western Australia, is one of the earliest and best-preserved sedimentary successions on Earth. Here, we interpret the finely laminated thin-bedded cherts, mixed conglomeratic beds, chert breccia beds and chert folded beds of the Marble Bar Chert Member as the product of low-density turbidity currents, high-density turbidity currents, mass transport complexes and slumps, respectively. Integrated into a channel-levee depositional model, the Marble Bar Chert Member constitutes the oldest documented deep-sea fan on Earth, with thin-bedded cherts, breccia beds and slumps composing the outer levee facies tracts, and scours and …

Access To Same Day, Next Day And After-Hours Appointments: The Views Of Australian General Practitioners, Mark Fort Harris, Patrick Davies, Mahnaz Fanaian, Nicholas Zwar, Siaw-Teng Liaw

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Objective. To evaluate factors associated with the availability of same or next day appointments and after-hours access reported by Australian general practitioners (GPs). Methods. Secondary analysis of a survey of primary care practitioners conducted by the Commonwealth Fund in 2009 in 11 countries. Analysis of factors likely to be associated with reported availability of same or next day appointments and after-hours access. Findings. Of 1016 Australian GPs, 78.8% reported that most patients in their practice had access to an appointment on the same or next day and 50% that their practice had arrangements for after-hours access. Access to same or …

A Pragmatic Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial Of Early Intervention For Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease By Practice Nurse-General Practitioner Teams: Study Protocol, Jeremy M. Bunker, Helen K. Reddel, Sarah May Dennis, Sandy Middleton, C Van Schayck, Alan J. Crockett, Iqbal Hasan, Oshana Hermiz, Sanjyot Vagholkar, Guy B. Marks, Nicholas Zwar

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a leading cause of disability, hospitalization, and premature mortality. General practice is well placed to diagnose and manage COPD, but there is a significant gap between evidence and current practice, with a low level of awareness and implementation of clinical practice guidelines. Under-diagnosis of COPD is a world-wide problem, limiting the benefit that could potentially be achieved through early intervention strategies such as smoking cessation, dietary advice, and exercise. General practice is moving towards more structured chronic disease management, and the increasing involvement of practice nurses in delivering chronic care.Design: A pragmatic cluster …

The Treatment Of Cardiovascular Risk In Primary Care Using Electronic Decision Support (Torpedo) Study: Intervention Development And Protocol For A Cluster Randomised, Controlled Trial Of An Electronic Decision Support And Quality Improvement Intervention In Australian Primary Healthcare, David Peiris, Tim Usherwood, Kathryn S. Panaretto, Mark Fort Harris, Jenny Hunt, Bindu Patel, Nicholas Zwar, Julie Redfern, Stephen Macmahon, Stephen Colagiuri, Noel Hayman, Anushka Patel

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Background: Large gaps exist in the implementation of guideline recommendations for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk management. Electronic decision support (EDS) systems are promising interventions to close these gaps but few have undergone clinical trial evaluation in Australia. We have developed HealthTracker, a multifaceted EDS and quality improvement intervention to improve the management of CVD risk. Methods/design: It is hypothesised that the use of HealthTracker over a 12-month period will result in: (1) an increased proportion of patients receiving guideline-indicated measurements of CVD risk factors and (2) an increased proportion of patients at high risk will receive guideline-indicated prescriptions for lowering …

Care Of Patients With A Diagnosis Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial, Nicholas Zwar, Oshana Hermiz, Elizabeth J. Comino, Sandy Middleton, Sanjyot Vagholkar, Wei Xuan, Stephen F. Wilson, Guy B. Marks

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Objective: To evaluate a partnership model of care for patients with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Design, setting and participants: Cluster randomised controlled trial with blinded outcome assessment of 44 general practices in south-western Sydney comprising 451 people with a diagnosis of COPD, conducted between 2006 and 2009. Intervention: Participants from intervention group practices were visited at their home by a registered nurse with specific training in COPD care who worked with the general practitioner, the patient and other health professionals to develop and implement an individualised care plan based on best-practice guidelines. Participants from control group …

Which Providers Can Bridge The Health Literacy Gap In Lifestyle Risk Factor Modification Education: A Systematic Review And Narrative Synthesis, Sarah May Dennis, Anna Williams, Jane R. Taggart, Anthony Newall, Elizabeth Denney-Wilson, Nicholas Zwar, Tim Shortus, Mark Fort Harris

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Background: People with low health literacy may not have the capacity to self-manage their health and prevent the development of chronic disease through lifestyle risk factor modification. The aim of this narrative synthesis is to determine the effectiveness of primary healthcare providers in developing health literacy of patients to make SNAPW (smoking, nutrition, alcohol, physical activity and weight) lifestyle changes. Methods. Studies were identified by searching Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Joanna Briggs Institute, Psychinfo, Web of Science, Scopus, APAIS, Australian Medical Index, Community of Science and Google Scholar from 1 January 1985 to 30 April 2009. Health literacy and …

Action Research: Working With Transformational Intent, Brendan Mccormack, Jan Dewing

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

In this paper we present the history and background of action research. We identify the way in which action research has evolved over time, reflecting paradigmatic shifts towards contemporary philosophies of emancipation and transformation. Because of the way in which the paradigms underpinning action research have evolved, the methodology has also developed, with an increasing emphasis on maximising the potential for collaboration and participation. We will argue that the most recent representation of action research as 'transformational research' has pushed the boundaries of research even further and has challenged dominant thinking about the way research is conducted. A case study …

Relation Of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Sensitive Reflectance Ratios To Carbon Flux Measurements Of Montanne Grassland And Norway Spruce Forest Ecosystems In The Temperate Zone, Alexander Ac, Zbynek Malenovsky, Otmar Urban, Jan Hanus, Martina Zitova, Martin Navratil, Martina Vrablova, Julie Olejnickova, Vladimir Spunda, Michal Marek

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

We explored ability of reflectance vegetation indexes (VIs) related to chlorophyll fluorescence emission (R686/R630, R 740/R800) and de-epoxidation state of xanthophyll cycle pigments (PRI, calculated as (R531 - R570) (R 531 - R570)) to track changes in the CO2 assimilation rate and Light Use Efficiency (LUE) in montane grassland and Norway spruce forest ecosystems, both at leaf and also canopy level. VIs were measured at two research plots using a ground-based high spatial/spectral resolution imaging spectroscopy technique. No significant relationship between VIs and leaf light-saturated CO2 assimilation (AMAX) was detected in instantaneous measurements of grassland under steady-state irradiance conditions. Once …

Coordinators Leading The Advancement Of Sessional Staff: A Class Act, Geraldine Lefoe, Dominique R. Parrish, Jo Mckenzie, Janne Malfroy, Yoni Ryan

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

A presentation.

Can Exercise Ameliorate Treatment Toxicity During The Initial Phase Of Testosterone Deprivation In Prostate Cancer Patients? Is This More Effective Than Delayed Rehabilitation?, Robert U. Newton, Dennis R. Taaffe, Nigel Spry, Prue Cormie, Suzanne K. Chambers, Robert A. Gardiner, David Hk Shum, Daniel A. Galvao

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Background There has been substantial increase in use of androgen deprivation therapy as adjuvant management of prostate cancer. However, this leads to a range of musculoskeletal toxicities including reduced bone mass and increased skeletal fractures compounded with rapid metabolic alterations, including increased body fat, reduced lean mass, insulin resistance and negative lipoprotein profile, increased incidence of cardiovascular and metabolic morbidity, greater distress and reduced quality of life. Numerous research studies have demonstrated certain exercise prescriptions to be effective at preventing or even reversing these treatment toxicities. However, all interventions to date have been of rehabilitative intent being implemented after a …

De Combe Grenal À Pech De L'Azé Iv: L'Évolution Des Méthodes De Fouilles De François Bordes, Shannon P. Mcpherron, Harold L. Dibble, Paul Goldberg, Michel Lenoir, Dennis Sandgathe, Alain Turq

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

François Bordes excavated the site of Combe Grenal from 1953 to 1965. It was his first major excavation project in southwest France, and he applied a number of new methodologies the most important of which was three-dimensional positioning of artifaas. Bordes' last major excavation project in southwest France was the site of Pech de I'Aze IV. This excavation lasted from 1970 to 1977. We have digitized the square notebooks from both of these excavations and analyzed portions of the material from both sites. With this information we can see the evolution of Bordes' excavation techniques over the decades and make …

Vanguard Cave Sediments And Soil Micromorphology, Richard I. M Macphail, Paul Goldberg, R N. E Barton

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

[extract] Introduction Vanguard Cave contains a sequence of over 17 m of deposits, generally made up of massive, coarse to medium sands interfingered with tabular to lenticular units of silts and silty sands (Fig 13.1).

Fine-Resolution (25 M) Topoclimatic Grids Of Near-Surface (5 Cm) Extreme Temperatures And Humidities Across Various Habitats In A Large (200 X 300 Km) And Diverse Region, Michael B. Ashcroft, John R. Gollan

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

The development of fine-resolution climate grids is an important priority in explaining species' distributions at the regional scale and predicting how species may respond to variable and changing climates. Recent studies have demonstrated advantages of producing these grids using large networks of inexpensive climate loggers, as the resulting grids can capture local climatic variations over a range of environments. In this study we extend these methods to develop innovative fine-resolution (25 m) climate grids for a large region (∼200 x 300 km) of New South Wales, Australia. The key aspects of these grids is that they: (1) are based on …

A Novel Approach To Quantify And Locate Potential Microrefugia Using Topoclimate, Climate Stability, And Isolation From The Matrix, Michael B. Ashcroft, John R. Gollan, David I. Warton, Daniel Ramp

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Ecologists are increasingly recognizing the conservation significance of microrefugia, but it is inherently difficult to locate these small patches with unusual climates, and hence they are also referred to as cryptic refugia. Here we introduce a new methodology to quantify and locate potential microrefugia using fine-scale topoclimatic grids that capture extreme conditions, stable climates, and distinct differences from the surrounding matrix. We collected hourly temperature data from 150 sites in a large (200 km by 300 km) and diverse region of New South Wales, Australia, for a total of 671 days over 2 years. Sites spanned a range of habitats …

Combining Citizen Science, Bioclimatic Envelope Models And Observed Habitat Preferences To Determine The Distribution Of An Inconspicuous, Recently Detected Introduced Bee (Halictus Smaragdulus Vachal Hymenoptera: Halictidae) In Australia, Michael B. Ashcroft, John R. Gollan, Michael Batley

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Introduced bees may compete with native fauna, spread parasites or pathogens to commercial bee hives, or increase the fecundity of introduced weeds. Therefore, the recent detection of Halictus smaragdulus, native to the western Palaearctic, in the Hunter Valley region of New South Wales (NSW, Australia) is cause for concern. However, it is currently difficult to justify control measures, as there is little known on its ecology, impacts and distribution. Determining the current distribution is fundamental to managing introduced species, yet this is difficult with inconspicuous species such as H. smaragdulus, especially as recent introductions are often found in low densities. …

The Coping Process Of Patients With Cancer, Pei Ying Chen, Hui Chen Chang

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the implications of the alterations to lifestyle of cancer patients, from the onset of abnormal symptoms, followed by diagnosis and treatment, and then subsequent acceptance of the condition. Seven cancer patients from medical centers in Taiwan participated in the study. Method Exploratory, qualitative study based on grounded theory methods. Each participated in a semi-structured interview with open-ended questions. All interviews were audio recorded and transcribed. Qualitative content analysis was used for the data. Results Three themes emerged from the data analysis to exhibit the critical coping processes of the cancer patients. …

Possible Earthquake Trigger For 6th Century Mass Wasting Deposit At Lake Ohrid (Macedonia/Albania), Bernd Wagner, Alexander Francke, Roberto Sulpizio, Giovanni Zanchetta, K Lindhorst, S Krastel, Hendrik Vogel, Janet Rethemeyer, G Daut, A Grazhdani, B Lushaj, S Trajanovski

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Lake Ohrid shared by the Republics of Albania and Macedonia is formed by a tectonically active graben within the south Balkans and suggested to be the oldest lake in Europe. Several studies have shown that the lake provides a valuable record of climatic and environmental changes and a distal tephrostratigraphic record of volcanic eruptions from Italy. Fault structures identified in seismic data demonstrate that sediments have also the potential to record tectonic activity in the region. Here, we provide an example of linking seismic and sedimentological information with tectonic activity and historical documents. Historical documents indicate that a major earthquake …

Realist Synthesis: Illustrating The Method For Implementation Research, Joanne Rycroft-Malone, Brendan Mccormack, Alison M. Hutchinson, Kara Decorby, Tracey K. Bucknall, Bridie Kent, Alyce Schultz, Erna Snelgrove-Clarke, Cheryl B. Stetler, Marita Titler, Lars Wallin, Valerie J. Wilson

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

Background: Realist synthesis is an increasingly popular approach to the review and synthesis of evidence, which focuses on understanding the mechanisms by which an intervention works (or not). There are few published examples of realist synthesis. This paper therefore fills a gap by describing, in detail, the process used for a realist review and synthesis to answer the question 'what interventions and strategies are effective in enabling evidence-informed healthcare?' The strengths and challenges of conducting realist review are also considered.

Methods: The realist approach involves identifying underlying causal mechanisms and exploring how they work under what conditions. The …