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Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons™
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- Psychology (7)
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- Survivor Interaction Contrast (3)
- Visual Perception (3)
- Capacity (2)
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- EEG (2)
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- Mental architecture (2)
- Multiple Sclerosis (2)
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- Transfer of Learning (2)
- Trust Dynamics (2)
Articles 1 - 30 of 54
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Automated Update Tools To Augment The Wisdom Of Crowds In Geopolitical Forecasting, Amy Summerville, Cara Widmer, Brandon Minnery, Ion Juvina, Subashini Ganapathy
Automated Update Tools To Augment The Wisdom Of Crowds In Geopolitical Forecasting, Amy Summerville, Cara Widmer, Brandon Minnery, Ion Juvina, Subashini Ganapathy
Psychology Faculty Publications
Despite the importance of predictive judgments, individual human forecasts are frequently less accurate than those of even simple prediction algorithms. At the same time, not all forecasts are amenable to algorithmic prediction. Here, we describe the evaluation of an automated prediction tool that enabled participants to create simple rules that monitored relevant indicators (e.g., commodity prices) to automatically update forecasts. We examined these rules in both a pool of previous participants in a geopolitical forecasting tournament (Study 1) and a naïve sample recruited from Mechanical Turk (Study 2). Across the two studies, we found that automated updates tended to improve …
The Effects Of Misspecifying The Random Part Of Multilevel Models, David M. Lahuis, Daniel R. Jenkins, Michael J. Hartman, Shotaro Hakoyama, Patrick C. Clark
The Effects Of Misspecifying The Random Part Of Multilevel Models, David M. Lahuis, Daniel R. Jenkins, Michael J. Hartman, Shotaro Hakoyama, Patrick C. Clark
Psychology Faculty Publications
This paper examined the amount bias in standard errors for fixed effects when the random part of a multilevel model is misspecified. Study 1 examined the effects of misspecification for a model with one Level 1 predictor. Results indicated that misspecifying random slope variance as fixed had a moderate effect size on the standard errors of the fixed effects and had a greater effect than misspecifying fixed slopes as random. In Study 2, a second Level 1 predictor was added and allowed for the examination of the effects of misspecifying the slope variance of one predictor on the standard errors …
Investigating Neural Sensorimotor Mechanisms Underlying Flight Expertise In Pilots: Preliminary Data From An Eeg Study, Mariateresa Sestito, Assaf Harel, Jeff Nador, John Flach
Investigating Neural Sensorimotor Mechanisms Underlying Flight Expertise In Pilots: Preliminary Data From An Eeg Study, Mariateresa Sestito, Assaf Harel, Jeff Nador, John Flach
Psychology Faculty Publications
Over the last decade, the efforts toward unraveling the complex interplay between the brain, body, and environment have set a promising line of research that utilizes neuroscience to study human performance in natural work contexts such as aviation. Thus, a relatively new discipline called neuroergonomics is holding the promise of studying the neural mechanisms underlying human performance in pursuit of both theoretical and practical insights. In this work, we utilized a neuroergonomic approach by combining insights from ecological psychology and embodied cognition to study flight expertise. Specifically, we focused on the Mirror Neuron system as a key correlate for understanding …
Beyond Affordances: Closing The Generalization Gap Between Design And Cognitive Science, John M. Flach, Pieter Jan Stappers, Fred Voorhorst
Beyond Affordances: Closing The Generalization Gap Between Design And Cognitive Science, John M. Flach, Pieter Jan Stappers, Fred Voorhorst
Psychology Faculty Publications
As designers and cognitive scientists begin to explore human experience as a relation between people and products, there is a need for constructs that index relational properties (i.e., properties of a product that are dependent on properties of an actor). One such construct that has recently become popular with designers is affordance. Affordances, such as pass-through-able, depend on properties of both an object (e.g., width of an opening) and properties of an actor (e.g., girth or shoulder width). In this article, three relational constructs are suggested to reflect important properties of the coupling between humans and products: affording, specifying, and …
The Temporal Dynamics Of Scene Processing: A Multifaceted Eeg Investigation, Assaf Harel, Iris Groen, Dwight J. Kravitz, Leon Y. Deouell, Chris I. Baker
The Temporal Dynamics Of Scene Processing: A Multifaceted Eeg Investigation, Assaf Harel, Iris Groen, Dwight J. Kravitz, Leon Y. Deouell, Chris I. Baker
Psychology Faculty Publications
Our remarkable ability to process complex visual scenes is supported by a network of scene-selective cortical regions. Despite growing knowledge about the scene representation in these regions, much less is known about the temporal dynamics with which these representations emerge. We conducted two experiments aimed at identifying and characterizing the earliest markers of scene-specific processing. In the first experiment, human participants viewed images of scenes, faces, and everyday objects while event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. We found that the first ERP component to evince a significantly stronger response to scenes than the other categories was the P2, peaking ∼220 ms …
Cognitive Model Of Trust Dynamics Predicts Human Behavior Within And Between Two Games Of Strategic Interaction With Computerized Confederate Agents, Michael G. Collins, Ion Juvina, Kevin A. Gluck
Cognitive Model Of Trust Dynamics Predicts Human Behavior Within And Between Two Games Of Strategic Interaction With Computerized Confederate Agents, Michael G. Collins, Ion Juvina, Kevin A. Gluck
Psychology Faculty Publications
When playing games of strategic interaction, such as iterated Prisoner's Dilemma and iterated Chicken Game, people exhibit specific within-game learning (e.g., learning a game's optimal outcome) as well as transfer of learning between games (e.g., a game's optimal outcome occurring at a higher proportion when played after another game). The reciprocal trust players develop during the first game is thought to mediate transfer of learning effects. Recently, a computational cognitive model using a novel trust mechanism has been shown to account for human behavior in both games, including the transfer between games. We present the results of a study in …
Modeling Cognitive Parsimony With A Demand Selection Task, Othalia Larue, Ion Juvina
Modeling Cognitive Parsimony With A Demand Selection Task, Othalia Larue, Ion Juvina
Psychology Faculty Publications
The law of less work (Hull, 1943) is our natural tendency given two alternatives with equal incentives to pick the less demanding one. This notion also appears in the field of judgment and decision making (Gigerenzer & Goldstein, 1996; Tversky & Kahneman, 1974), it is referred to as internal cost of effort. Cognitive parsimony is our tendency to favour low-effort strategies that help us to decide faster and simple strategies to approach a complex problem. An experimental paradigm for this phenomenon has been developed by Kool, McGuire, Rosen, & Botvinick (2010) and referred to as the demand selection task. In …
Model Predictions For Game-Specific And Player-Specific Knowledge Drive Transfer Of Learning Between Games Of Strategic Interaction, Michael G. Collins, Ion Juvina, Kevin A. Gluck
Model Predictions For Game-Specific And Player-Specific Knowledge Drive Transfer Of Learning Between Games Of Strategic Interaction, Michael G. Collins, Ion Juvina, Kevin A. Gluck
Psychology Faculty Publications
In this document, we present all of the model predictions for an upcoming study to be to run in the Spring of 216. During this experiment, participants will sequentially play two games of strategic interaction for 50 rounds in one of four possible game orders, playing either iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD) or iterated Chicken Game (CG) twice (PDPD or CGCG order) or playing each game once (PDCG or CGPD order). During each game, participants will play with a computerized confederate agent which uses a particular strategy, playing the first game of a condition using the T4T strategy and using the …
Creating A Common Trajectory: Shared Decision Making And Distributed Cognition In Medical Consultations, Katherine Domjan Lippa, Valerie L. Shalin
Creating A Common Trajectory: Shared Decision Making And Distributed Cognition In Medical Consultations, Katherine Domjan Lippa, Valerie L. Shalin
Psychology Faculty Publications
The growing literature on shared decision making and patient centered care emphasizes the patient’s role in clinical care, but research on clinical reasoning almost exclusively addresses physician cognition. In this article, we suggest clinical cognition is distributed between physicians and patients and assess how distributed clinical cognition functions during interactions between medical professionals and patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). A combination of cognitive task analysis and discourse analysis reveals the distribution of clinical reasoning between 24 patients and 3 medical professionals engaged in MS management. Findings suggest that cognition was distributed between patients and physicians in all major tasks except …
Navigating The Decision Space: Shared Medical Decision Making As Distributed Cognition, Katherine D. Lippa, Markus Alexander Feufel, F. Eric Robinson, Valerie L. Shalin
Navigating The Decision Space: Shared Medical Decision Making As Distributed Cognition, Katherine D. Lippa, Markus Alexander Feufel, F. Eric Robinson, Valerie L. Shalin
Psychology Faculty Publications
Despite increasing prominence, little is known about the cognitive processes underlying shared decision making. To investigate these processes, we conceptualize shared decision making as a form of distributed cognition. We introduce a Decision Space Model to identify physical and social influences on decision making. Using field observations and interviews, we demonstrate that patients and physicians in both acute and chronic care consider these influences when identifying the need for a decision, searching for decision parameters, making actionable decisions Based on the distribution of access to information and actions, we then identify four related patterns: physician dominated; physician-defined, patient-made; patient-defined, physician-made; …
Statistical Analyses Of The Resilience Function, Joseph W. Houpt, Daniel R. Little
Statistical Analyses Of The Resilience Function, Joseph W. Houpt, Daniel R. Little
Psychology Faculty Publications
The extent to which distracting information influences decisions can be informative about the nature of the underlying cognitive and perceptual processes. In a recent paper, a response time-based measure for quantifying the degree of interference (or facilitation) from distracting information termed resilience was introduced. Despite using a statistical measure, the analysis was limited to qualitative comparisons between different model predictions. In this paper, we demonstrate how statistical procedures from workload capacity analysis can be applied to the new resilience functions. In particular, we present an approach to null-hypothesis testing of resilience functions and a method based on functional principal components …
Modeling Trust Dynamics In Strategic Interaction, Ion Juvina, Christian Lebiere, Cleotilde Gonzalez
Modeling Trust Dynamics In Strategic Interaction, Ion Juvina, Christian Lebiere, Cleotilde Gonzalez
Psychology Faculty Publications
We present a computational cognitive model that explains transfer of learning across two games of strategic interaction – Prisoner's Dilemma and Chicken. We summarize prior research showing that, when these games are played in sequence, the experience acquired in the first game influences the players’ behavior in the second game. The same model accounts for human data in both games. The model explains transfer effects with the aid of a trust mechanism that determines how rewards change depending on the dynamics of the interaction between players. We conclude that factors pertaining to the game or the individual are insufficient to …
Working Memory Capacity And Redundant Information Processing Efficiency, Michael J. Endres, Joseph W. Houpt, Chris Donkin, Peter R. Finn
Working Memory Capacity And Redundant Information Processing Efficiency, Michael J. Endres, Joseph W. Houpt, Chris Donkin, Peter R. Finn
Psychology Faculty Publications
Working memory capacity (WMC) is typically measured by the amount of task-relevant information an individual can keep in mind while resisting distraction or interference from task-irrelevant information. The current research investigated the extent to which differences in WMC were associated with performance on a novel redundant memory probes (RMP) task that systematically varied the amount of to-be-remembered (targets) and to-be-ignored (distractor) information. The RMP task was designed to both facilitate and inhibit working memory search processes, as evidenced by differences in accuracy, response time, and Linear Ballistic Accumulator (LBA) model estimates of information processing efficiency. Participants (N = 170) …
Can Two Dots Form A Gestalt? Measuring Emergent Features With The Capacity Coefficient, Robert D. Hawkins, Joseph W. Houpt, Ami Eidels, James T. Townsend
Can Two Dots Form A Gestalt? Measuring Emergent Features With The Capacity Coefficient, Robert D. Hawkins, Joseph W. Houpt, Ami Eidels, James T. Townsend
Psychology Faculty Publications
While there is widespread agreement among vision researchers on the importance of some local aspects of visual stimuli, such as hue and intensity, there is no general consensus on a full set of basic sources of information used in perceptual tasks or how they are processed. Gestalt theories place particular value on emergent features, which are based on the higher-order relationships among elements of a stimulus rather than local properties. Thus, arbitrating between different accounts of features is an important step in arbitrating between local and Gestalt theories of perception in general. In this paper, we present the capacity coefficient …
Working Memory’S Workload Capacity, Andrew Heathcote, James R. Coleman, Ami Eidels, James M. Watson, Joseph W. Houpt, David L. Strayer
Working Memory’S Workload Capacity, Andrew Heathcote, James R. Coleman, Ami Eidels, James M. Watson, Joseph W. Houpt, David L. Strayer
Psychology Faculty Publications
We examined the role of dual-task interference in working memory using a novel dual two-back task that requires a redundant-target response (i.e., a response that neither the auditory nor the visual stimulus occurred two back versus a response that one or both occurred two back) on every trial. Comparisons with performance on single two-back trials (i.e., with only auditory or only visual stimuli) showed that dual-task demands reduced both speed and accuracy. Our task design enabled a novel application of Townsend and Nozawa’s (Journal of Mathematical Psychology 39: 321–359, 1995) workload capacity measure, which revealed that the decrement in dual …
Dyslexia And Configural Perception Of Character Sequences, Joseph W. Houpt, Bethany L. Sussman, James T. Townsend, Sharlene D. Newman
Dyslexia And Configural Perception Of Character Sequences, Joseph W. Houpt, Bethany L. Sussman, James T. Townsend, Sharlene D. Newman
Psychology Faculty Publications
Developmental dyslexia is a complex and heterogeneous disorder characterized by unexpected difficulty in learning to read. Although it is considered to be biologically based, the degree of variation has made the nature and locus of dyslexia difficult to ascertain. Hypotheses regarding the cause have ranged from low-level perceptual deficits to higher order cognitive deficits, such as phonological processing and visual-spatial attention. We applied the capacity coefficient, a measure obtained from a mathematical cognitive model of response times to measure how efficiently participants processed different classes of stimuli. The capacity coefficient was used to test the extent to which individuals with …
Predicting Trust Dynamics And Transfer Of Learning In Games Of Strategic Interaction As A Function Of A Player’S Strategy And Level Of Trustworthiness, Michael Collins, Ion Juvina, Gary R. Douglas, Kevin A. Gluck
Predicting Trust Dynamics And Transfer Of Learning In Games Of Strategic Interaction As A Function Of A Player’S Strategy And Level Of Trustworthiness, Michael Collins, Ion Juvina, Gary R. Douglas, Kevin A. Gluck
Psychology Faculty Publications
Individuals playing a sequence of different games have shown to learn about the other player’s behavior during their initial interaction and apply this knowledge when playing another game with the same individual in the future. Here we use a published computational cognitive model to generate predictions for an upcoming human study. The model plays both Prisoner’s Dilemma and Chicken Game with a confederate agent who uses one of two predetermined strategies and whose level of trustworthiness is manipulated. We go beyond the standard postdictive practice and adopt the increasingly popular practice of using the model to make a priori predictions …
Domestication Affects The Structure, Development And Stability Of Biobehavioural Profiles, Sylvia Kaiser, Michael B. Hennessy, Norbert Sachser
Domestication Affects The Structure, Development And Stability Of Biobehavioural Profiles, Sylvia Kaiser, Michael B. Hennessy, Norbert Sachser
Psychology Faculty Publications
Domestication is an evolutionary process during which the biobehavioural profile (comprising e.g. social and emotional behaviour, cognitive abilities, as well as hormonal stress responses) is substantially reshaped. Using a comparative approach, and focusing mainly on the domestic and wild guinea pig, an established model system for the study of domestication, we review (a) how wild and domestic animals of the same species differ in behaviour, emotion, cognition, and hormonal stress responses, (b) during which phases of life differences in biobehavioural profiles emerge and (c) whether or not animal personalities exist in both the wild and domestic form. Concerning (a), typical …
Stability And Change: Stress Responses And The Shaping Of Behavioral Phenotypes Over The Life Span, Michael B. Hennessy, Sylvia Kaiser, Tobias Tiedtke, Norbert Sachser
Stability And Change: Stress Responses And The Shaping Of Behavioral Phenotypes Over The Life Span, Michael B. Hennessy, Sylvia Kaiser, Tobias Tiedtke, Norbert Sachser
Psychology Faculty Publications
In mammals, maternal signals conveyed via influences on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity may shape behavior of the young to be better adapted for prevailing environmental conditions. However, the mother's influence extends beyond classic stress response systems. In guinea pigs, several hours (h) of separation from the mother activates not only the HPA axis, but also the innate immune system, which effects immediate behavioral change, as well as modifies behavioral responsiveness in the future. Moreover, the presence of the mother potently suppresses the behavioral consequences of this innate immune activation. These findings raise the possibility that long-term adaptive behavioral change can be …
Depressive-Like Behavioral Response Of Adult Male Rhesus Monkeys During Routine Animal Husbandry Procedure, Michael B. Hennessy, Brenda Mccowan, Jing Jiang, John P. Capitanio
Depressive-Like Behavioral Response Of Adult Male Rhesus Monkeys During Routine Animal Husbandry Procedure, Michael B. Hennessy, Brenda Mccowan, Jing Jiang, John P. Capitanio
Psychology Faculty Publications
Social isolation is a major risk factor for the development of depressive illness; yet, no practical nonhuman primate model is available for studying processes involved in this effect. In a first study, we noted that adult male rhesus monkeys housed individually indoors occasionally exhibited a hunched, depressive-like posture. Therefore, Study 2 investigated the occurrence of a hunched posture by adult males brought from outdoor social groups to indoor individual housing. We also scored two other behaviors—lying on the substrate and day time sleeping—that convey an impression of depression. During the first week of observation following individual housing, 18 of 26 …
Holding A Stick At Both Ends: On Faces And Expertise, Assaf Harel, Dwight J. Kravitz, Chris I. Baker
Holding A Stick At Both Ends: On Faces And Expertise, Assaf Harel, Dwight J. Kravitz, Chris I. Baker
Psychology Faculty Publications
Ever since Diamond and Carey's (1986) seminal work, object expertise has often been viewed through the prism of face perception (for a thorough discussion, see Tanaka and Gauthier, 1997; Sheinberg and Tarr, 2010). According to Wong and Wong (2014, W&W), however, this emphasis has simply been a response to the question of modularity of face perception, and has not been about expertise in and of itself. It is precisely this conflation of questions of expertise and modularity, the consequent focus on FFA, and the detrimental effect this had on the field of object expertise research that we discussed as part …
Beyond Perceptual Expertise: Revisiting The Neural Substrates Of Expert Object Recognition, Assaf Harel, Dwight J. Kravitz, Chris I. Baker
Beyond Perceptual Expertise: Revisiting The Neural Substrates Of Expert Object Recognition, Assaf Harel, Dwight J. Kravitz, Chris I. Baker
Psychology Faculty Publications
Real-world expertise provides a valuable opportunity to understand how experience shapes human behavior and neural function. In the visual domain, the study of expert object recognition, such as in car enthusiasts or bird watchers, has produced a large, growing, and often-controversial literature. Here, we synthesize this literature, focusing primarily on results from functional brain imaging, and propose an interactive framework that incorporates the impact of high-level factors, such as attention and conceptual knowledge, in supporting expertise. This framework contrasts with the perceptual view of object expertise that has concentrated largely on stimulus-driven processing in visual cortex. One prominent version of …
Are All Types Of Expertise Created Equal? Car Experts Use Different Spatial Frequency Scales For Subordinate Categorization Of Cars And Faces, Assaf Harel, Shlomo Bentin
Are All Types Of Expertise Created Equal? Car Experts Use Different Spatial Frequency Scales For Subordinate Categorization Of Cars And Faces, Assaf Harel, Shlomo Bentin
Psychology Faculty Publications
A much-debated question in object recognition is whether expertise for faces and expertise for non-face objects utilize common perceptual information. We investigated this issue by assessing the diagnostic information required for different types of expertise. Specifically, we asked whether face categorization and expert car categorization at the subordinate level relies on the same spatial frequency (SF) scales. Fifteen car experts and fifteen novices performed a category verification task with spatially filtered images of faces, cars, and airplanes. Images were categorized based on their basic (e.g. ‘‘car’’) and subordinate level (e.g. ‘‘Japanese car’’) identity. The effect of expertise was not evident …
Synthetic Task Environments And The Three Body Problem, John M. Flach
Synthetic Task Environments And The Three Body Problem, John M. Flach
Psychology Faculty Publications
The challenge for our panel was to address the opportunities and challenges of synthetic task environments for basic research on human performance in sociotechnical systems. In doing this, the classical three-body problem from physics is used as a metaphor to illustrate the contrast between dyadic and triadic semiotic models of cognitive systems. In the context of this metaphor, synthetic task environments offer a means to bring some of the additional complexities of triadic semiotic systems under experimental control where converging empirical methods can help to titrate through the additional complexity to distill basic theoretical insights that will potentially have practical …
Statistical Measures For Workload Capacity Analysis, Joseph W. Houpt, James T. Townsend
Statistical Measures For Workload Capacity Analysis, Joseph W. Houpt, James T. Townsend
Psychology Faculty Publications
A critical component of how we understand a mental process is given by measuring the effect of varying the workload. The capacity coefficient (Townsend and Nozawa, 1995 and Townsend and Wenger, 2004) is a measure on response times for quantifying changes in performance due to workload. Despite its precise mathematical foundation, until now rigorous statistical tests have been lacking. In this paper, we demonstrate statistical properties of the components of the capacity measure and propose a significance test for comparing the capacity coefficient to a baseline measure or two capacity coefficients to each other.
Bayesian Analyses Of The Survivor Interaction Contrast, Joseph W. Houpt, Andrew Heathcote, Ami Eidels, James T. Townsend
Bayesian Analyses Of The Survivor Interaction Contrast, Joseph W. Houpt, Andrew Heathcote, Ami Eidels, James T. Townsend
Psychology Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.
Bayesian Approaches To Assessing Architecture And Stopping Rule, Joseph W. Houpt, Andrew Heathcote, Ami Eidels, J. T. Townsend
Bayesian Approaches To Assessing Architecture And Stopping Rule, Joseph W. Houpt, Andrew Heathcote, Ami Eidels, J. T. Townsend
Psychology Faculty Publications
Much of scientific psychology and cognitive science can be viewed as a search to understand the mechanisms and dynamics of perception, thought and action. Two processing attributes of particular interest to psychologists are the architecture, or temporal relationships between sub-processes of the system, and the stopping rule, which dictates how many of the sub-processes must be completed for the system to finish. The Survivor Interaction Contrast (SIC) is a powerful tool for assessing the architecture and stopping rule of a mental process model. Thus far, statistical analysis of the SIC has been limited to null-hypothesis- significance tests. In this talk …
General Recognition Theory Extended To Include Response Times: Predictions For A Class Of Parallel Systems, James T. Townsend, Joseph W. Houpt, Noah H. Silbert
General Recognition Theory Extended To Include Response Times: Predictions For A Class Of Parallel Systems, James T. Townsend, Joseph W. Houpt, Noah H. Silbert
Psychology Faculty Publications
General Recognition Theory (GRT; Ashby & Townsend, 1986) is a multidimensional theory of classification. Originally developed to study various types of perceptual independence, it has also been widely employed in diverse cognitive venues, such as categorization. The initial theory and applications have been static, that is, lacking a time variable and focusing on patterns of responses, such as confusion matrices. Ashby proposed a parallel, dynamic stochastic version of GRT with application to perceptual independence based on discrete linear systems theory with imposed noise (Ashby, 1989). The current study again focuses on cognitive/perceptual independence within an identification classification paradigm. We extend …
Configuration As A Source Of Information, Joseph W. Houpt, Robert D. Hawkins, Ami Eidels, James T. Townsend, Michael J. Wenger
Configuration As A Source Of Information, Joseph W. Houpt, Robert D. Hawkins, Ami Eidels, James T. Townsend, Michael J. Wenger
Psychology Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.
Fundamental Properties Of Simple Emergent Feature Processing, Robert D. Hawkins, Joseph W. Houpt, Ami Eidels, James T. Townsend, Michael J. Wenger
Fundamental Properties Of Simple Emergent Feature Processing, Robert D. Hawkins, Joseph W. Houpt, Ami Eidels, James T. Townsend, Michael J. Wenger
Psychology Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.