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Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons™
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- William C. McPeck (11)
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Articles 31 - 58 of 58
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Individualism And Collectivism: Societal-Level Processes With Implications For Individual-Level And Society-Level Outcomes, Daphna Oyserman, Ayse K. Uskul
Individualism And Collectivism: Societal-Level Processes With Implications For Individual-Level And Society-Level Outcomes, Daphna Oyserman, Ayse K. Uskul
Ayse K Uskul
No abstract provided.
Prevention-Focused Self-Regulation And Aggressiveness, Johannes Keller, Melanie Hurst, Ayse K. Uskul
Prevention-Focused Self-Regulation And Aggressiveness, Johannes Keller, Melanie Hurst, Ayse K. Uskul
Ayse K Uskul
The present research examined the relationship between individual differences in self-regulatory mechanisms as outlined in regulatory focus theory (promotion- and prevention-focused self-regulation) and aggressiveness. Two studies revealed that the more individuals’ habitual self-regulatory orientation is dominated by a prevention-focus, the more likely they are to score high on measures of cynical hostility, reciprocity norm endorsement, and aggressiveness. An additional study involving the manipulation of perceived violation of a reciprocity norm showed that predominantly prevention-focused participants were particularly sensitive to the experience of a norm violation and reacted in a hostile and aggressive manner following the norm violation experience. Findings indicate …
Ecocultural Basis Of Cognition: Farmers And Fishermen Are More Holistic Than Herders, Ayse K. Uskul, Shinobu Kitayama, Richard N. Nisbett
Ecocultural Basis Of Cognition: Farmers And Fishermen Are More Holistic Than Herders, Ayse K. Uskul, Shinobu Kitayama, Richard N. Nisbett
Ayse K Uskul
It has been proposed that social interdependence fosters holistic cognition, that is, a tendency to attend to the broad perceptual and cognitive field, rather than to a focal object and its properties, and a tendency to reason in terms of relationships and similarities, rather than rules and categories. This hypothesis has been supported mostly by demonstrations showing that East Asians, who are relatively interdependent, reason and perceive in a more holistic fashion than do Westerners. We examined holistic cognitive tendencies in attention, categorization, and reasoning in three types of communities that belong to the same national, geographic, ethnic, and linguistic …
Regulatory Fit And Health Behavior, Ayse K. Uskul, Johannes Keller, Daphna Oyserman
Regulatory Fit And Health Behavior, Ayse K. Uskul, Johannes Keller, Daphna Oyserman
Ayse K Uskul
Everyone prefers health to ill-health, though some worry more about ill health than others and for some abstract health concerns seem to pale compared with the prospect of immediate hedonic pleasures. Two studies (n = 90, n = 70) utilized a ‘fit’ in self-regulatory focus approach (Higgins, 2000) to describe when and how worrying about health (vs. focus on hedonic pleasure) is likely to lead to distinct health behaviors. According to this model, individuals differ in their self-regulatory focus –some focus on reaching safety and security through vigilant and careful action (prevention focus) and others focus on opportunities to eagerly …
On-Line Social Decision Making And Antisocial Behavior: Some Essential But Neglected Issues, Reid Griffith Fontaine
On-Line Social Decision Making And Antisocial Behavior: Some Essential But Neglected Issues, Reid Griffith Fontaine
Reid G. Fontaine
The last quarter century has witnessed considerable progress in the scientific study of social information processing (SIP) and aggressive behavior in children. SIP research has shown that social decision making in youth is particularly predictive of antisocial behavior, especially as children enter and progress through adolescence. In furtherance of this research, more sophisticated, elaborate models of on-line social decision making have been developed, by which various domains of evaluative judgment are hypothesized to account for both responsive decision making and behavior, as well as self-initiated, instrumental functioning. However, discussions of these models have neglected a number of key issues. In …
On-Line Social Decision Making And Antisocial Behavior: Some Essential But Neglected Issues, Reid G. Fontaine
On-Line Social Decision Making And Antisocial Behavior: Some Essential But Neglected Issues, Reid G. Fontaine
Reid G. Fontaine
The last quarter century has witnessed considerable progress in the scientific study of social information processing (SIP) and aggressive behavior in children. SIP research has shown that social decision making in youth is particularly predictive of antisocial behavior, especially as children enter and progress through adolescence. In furtherance of this research, more sophisticated, elaborate models of on-line social decision making have been developed, by which various domains of evaluative judgment are hypothesized to account for both responsive decision making and behavior, as well as self-initiated, instrumental functioning. However, discussions of these models have neglected a number of key issues. In …
Social Information Processing And Cardiac Predictors Of Adolescent Antisocial Behavior, Reid G. Fontaine
Social Information Processing And Cardiac Predictors Of Adolescent Antisocial Behavior, Reid G. Fontaine
Reid G. Fontaine
The relations among social information processing (SIP), cardiac activity, and antisocial behavior were investigated in adolescents over a 3-year period (from ages 16 to 18) in a community sample of 585 (48% female, 17% African American) participants. Antisocial behavior was assessed in all 3 years. Cardiac and SIP measures were collected between the first and second behavioral assessments. Cardiac measures assessed resting heart rate (RHR) and heart rate reactivity (HRR) as participants imagined themselves being victimized in hypothetical provocation situations portrayed via video vignettes. The findings were moderated by gender and supported a multiprocess model in which antisocial behavior is …
Supervisor Appraisal As The Link Between Family-Work Balance And Contextual Performance
Supervisor Appraisal As The Link Between Family-Work Balance And Contextual Performance
L. A. Witt
No abstract provided.
Happy Law Students, Happy Lawyers, Nancy Levit, Douglas Linder
Happy Law Students, Happy Lawyers, Nancy Levit, Douglas Linder
Nancy Levit
This article draws on research into the science of happiness and asks a series of interrelated questions: Whether law schools can make law students happier? Whether making happier law students will translate into making them happier lawyers, and the accompanying question of whether making law students happier would create better lawyers? After covering the limitations of genetic determinants of happiness and happiness set-points, the article addresses those qualities that happiness research indicates are paramount in creating satisfaction: control, connections, creative challenge (or flow), and comparisons (preferably downward). Those qualities are then applied to legal education, while addressing the larger philosophical …
Perspectives On Social Cognition, Leslie Marsh, Christian Onof
Perspectives On Social Cognition, Leslie Marsh, Christian Onof
Leslie Marsh
No longer is sociality the preserve of the social sciences, or ‘‘culture’’ the preserve of the humanities or anthropology. By the same token, cognition is no longer the sole preserve of the cognitive sciences. Social cognition (SC) or, sociocognition if you like, is thus a kaleidoscope of research projects that has seen exponential growth over the past 30 or so years. That so many disciplines now invoke the term ‘‘social cognition,’’ shouldn’t tempt one into thinking that they are all denoting the same idea. On the contrary, with such methodologically and perspectivally diverse interests involved, there is every chance that …
Perspectives On Social Cognition, Leslie Marsh, Christian Onof
Perspectives On Social Cognition, Leslie Marsh, Christian Onof
Leslie Marsh
No longer is sociality the preserve of the social sciences, or ‘‘culture’’ the preserve of the humanities or anthropology. By the same token, cognition is no longer the sole preserve of the cognitive sciences. Social cognition (SC) or, sociocognition if you like, is thus a kaleidoscope of research projects that has seen exponential growth over the past 30 or so years. That so many disciplines now invoke the term ‘‘social cognition,’’ shouldn’t tempt one into thinking that they are all denoting the same idea. On the contrary, with such methodologically and perspectivally diverse interests involved, there is every chance that …
Naming The Pain And Guiding The Care: The Central Tasks Of Diagnosis, Donald D. Denton
Naming The Pain And Guiding The Care: The Central Tasks Of Diagnosis, Donald D. Denton
Donald Denton
In my prior volume on diagnosis I identified two themes in diagnosis that would need attention: the continued professionalization of religious care and the continued spiritualization of secular care. The challenge for religious providers of relational care would be to find a unified language of diagnosis with which they could communicate among themselves and also speak effectively with the wider community of human care. The challenge in the secular clinical community was somewhat similar, growing out of the culture’s emerging desire for care that includes sensitivity to spiritual values: finding a nosology for diagnosis that would honor the dilemmas of …
The Universal Case For Diversity, Inclusion And Intercultural Collaboration In Organizational And Societal Change, Effenus Henderson Mr.
The Universal Case For Diversity, Inclusion And Intercultural Collaboration In Organizational And Societal Change, Effenus Henderson Mr.
Effenus Henderson
No abstract provided.
The Influence Of Hope On The Relationship Between Racial Discrimination And Depressive Symptoms, Kira Hudson Banks, Jennifer L. Singleton, Laura P. Kohn-Wood
The Influence Of Hope On The Relationship Between Racial Discrimination And Depressive Symptoms, Kira Hudson Banks, Jennifer L. Singleton, Laura P. Kohn-Wood
Kira Hudson Banks, Ph.D.
This study investigated how hope influences the relationship between discrimination and depressive symptoms. Results from participants’ (N=318) responses suggest that increased levels of hope were directly related to decreased levels of depressive symptoms. However, increased levels of hope were also related to a stronger relationship between discrimination and depressive symptoms.
Administrative And Punitive Isolation Of Children In Jails And Prisons: Cruel, Unusual, And Awaiting Condemnation, Ben Kleinman
Administrative And Punitive Isolation Of Children In Jails And Prisons: Cruel, Unusual, And Awaiting Condemnation, Ben Kleinman
Ben Kleinman-Green
This article applies our emerging understanding of how children mature into adults to the question of whether it is acceptable to subject children to isolation regimes in jails and prisons just as we do fully developed adults. I hope to shed light on the legal questions raised by the impact isolation has on the development of child inmates.
Cultural Change And Marketing, Steve Jenner, Brent Macnab, Donnel A. Briley, Richard Brislin, Reg Worthley
Cultural Change And Marketing, Steve Jenner, Brent Macnab, Donnel A. Briley, Richard Brislin, Reg Worthley
Donnel A Briley
The results of this study suggest that marketing strategies need to be adjusted to changing cultures. Culture affects marketing decisions regarding product, price, promotion and place (the 4 Ps). Many marketing studies have been reported based on Hofstede's seminal work on national culture (1980). Marketing managers need to be cautious about assuming the validity of the Anglo cluster equating the cultures of the United States (U.S.) and Canada. We should recognize that national cultures are changing in the U.S., Canada and Mexico, as well as most other countries in the world. Our findings for a very recent sample of people …
Personality Theories And Models: An Overview, Gregory J. Boyle, Gerald Matthews, Donald H. Saklofske
Personality Theories And Models: An Overview, Gregory J. Boyle, Gerald Matthews, Donald H. Saklofske
Gregory J. Boyle
Extract:
The thesis of these volumes is that the study of personality traits has advanced towards 'normal science' in the sense of a Kuhnian paradigm (cf. Eysenck, 1981; Kuhn, 1962). That is, most researchers in this area share a set of common core beliefs supported by empirical evidence. These include the relative stability of traits over time, a significant genetic and biological influence on personality, and relevance of traits to many areas of everyday life.
Intuition Versus Analysis: Strategy And Experience In Complex Everyday Problem Solving, Jean E. Pretz
Intuition Versus Analysis: Strategy And Experience In Complex Everyday Problem Solving, Jean E. Pretz
Jean E Pretz
Research on dual processes in cognition has found that explicit, analytical thought is more powerful and less vulnerable to heuristics and biases than is implicit, intuitive thought. However, several studies have found that holistic, intuitive processes can outperform analysis, documenting the disruptive effects of hypothesis testing, think-aloud protocols, and analytical judgments. To examine the effects of intuitive versus analytical strategy and level of experience on problem solving, first- through fourth-year undergraduates solved problems dealing with college life. Results of two studies showed that the appropriateness of strategy depends on the problem solver’s level of experience. Analysis was found to be …
Wrongly Accused Redux: How Race Contributes To Convicting The Innocent: The Informants Example, Andrew E. Taslitz
Wrongly Accused Redux: How Race Contributes To Convicting The Innocent: The Informants Example, Andrew E. Taslitz
Andrew E. Taslitz
This article analyzes five forces that may raise the risk of convicting the innocent based upon the suspect's race: the selection, ratchet, procedural justice, bystanders, and aggressive-suspicion effects. In other words, subconscious forces press police to focus more attention on racial minorites, the ratchet makes this focus every-increasing, the resulting sense by the community of unfair treatment raises its involvment in crime while lowering its willingness to aid the police in resisting crime, innocent persons suffer when their skin color becomes associated with criminality, and the police use more aggressive techniques on racial minorities in a way that raises the …
A Childhood Disorder Grows Up, Lee A. Wilkinson
A Childhood Disorder Grows Up, Lee A. Wilkinson
Lee A Wilkinson, PhD
Despite the large number of research and clinical studies related to children and adolescents with Asperger’s syndrome, psychologists have only recently begun to appreciate the complex challenges faced by adults who were not identified in childhood. This article aims to increase the knowledge base of psychologists in the mainstream mental health community, who may have limited or no experience working with adults with autism spectrum disorders.
The Effects Of Accomplice Witnesses And Jailhouse Informants On Jury Decision Making, Jeffrey S. Neuschatz, Deah S. Lawson, Jessica K. Swanner, Christian A. Meissner, Joseph S. Neuschatz
The Effects Of Accomplice Witnesses And Jailhouse Informants On Jury Decision Making, Jeffrey S. Neuschatz, Deah S. Lawson, Jessica K. Swanner, Christian A. Meissner, Joseph S. Neuschatz
Christian A. Meissner, Ph.D.
The present study presents one of the first investigations of the effects of accomplice witnesses and jailhouse informants on jury decision-making. Across two experiments, participants read a trial transcript that included either a secondary confession from an accomplice witness, a jailhouse informant, a member of the community or a no confession control. In half of the experimental trial transcripts, the participants were made aware that the cooperating witness providing the secondary confession was given an incentive to testify. The results of both experiments revealed that information about the cooperating witness’ incentive (e.g., leniency or reward) did not affect participants’ verdict …
Examining The Cross-Race Effect In Lineup Identification Using Caucasian And First Nations Samples, Luke B. Jackiw, Katherine D. Arbuthnott, Jeffrey E. Pfeifer, Jessica L. Marcon, Christian A. Meissner
Examining The Cross-Race Effect In Lineup Identification Using Caucasian And First Nations Samples, Luke B. Jackiw, Katherine D. Arbuthnott, Jeffrey E. Pfeifer, Jessica L. Marcon, Christian A. Meissner
Christian A. Meissner, Ph.D.
This study examined whether findings from research on the cross-race effect (CRE) in eyewitness memory with Caucasian/Black samples can be generalized to Caucasian/First Nations pairings in a lineup identification task. This study used a novel approach to investigate the CRE, using 6 targets, as well as simultaneous lineups that included both target present (TP) and target absent (TA) arrays. This study also addressed the efficacy of the contact hypothesis as it applies to these populations. A significant CRE was discovered. Furthermore, both Caucasian and First Nations participants were more likely to choose from the lineup when attempting to recognize First …
Forgive As Christ Forgave, Luke M. Tse
A Grief Observed: Insight For Helpers, Luke M. Tse
A Grief Observed: Insight For Helpers, Luke M. Tse
Luke M. Tse, Ph.D.
No abstract provided.
Acculturation, Allen Gnanam
Acculturation, Allen Gnanam
Allen Gnanam
Acculturation is an experience/ phenomenon that occurs when groups of individuals with different cultural backgrounds engage in on going/ continuous physical contact, which in turn causes one or more of the different cultures too experience adaptation/ a change in their original cultural practices (Berry, 1997); (Berry, 2008). Acculturation is a phenomenon that occurs at a macro level/ group level and a micro level/ individual level, and this means that an individual of a certain ethnic minority group can experience acculturation differently than their ethnic minority group (Berry, 1997). Macro level acculturation occurs when the original culture of a specific ethnic …
China- Tibet Conflict, Allen Gnanam
China- Tibet Conflict, Allen Gnanam
Allen Gnanam
China- Tibet tensions are continually growing, as Tibetans are protesting for total independence from China, despite condemnation from their spiritual leader, the Dalai Lama, who is only seeking a sense of autonomy for Tibet (Sinder, 2008). As Tibetan protests are becoming violent and aggressive, the Dalai Lama has also threatened to resign as Tibet’s government in exile (Sinder, 2008), however, his rhetoric is not being exposed to the Tibetan people, due to government censorship in China. Therefore the Dalai Lama, an exiled institutional entrepreneur, has to find new methods that will enable his influential message, to be received by the …
The Tripartite Model Of Supervision For Rehabilitation Counselors, Jared C. Schultz
The Tripartite Model Of Supervision For Rehabilitation Counselors, Jared C. Schultz
Jared C. Schultz
No abstract provided.
The Effects Of Curvature On Haptic Judgments Of Extent In Sighted And Blind People, Morton A. Heller, Astrid M.L. Kappers, Melissa Mccarthy, Ashley Clark, Tara Riddle, Erin Fulkerson, Lindsay Wemple, Anne Mcclure Walk, Andreana Basso, Crystal Wanek, Kristen Russler
The Effects Of Curvature On Haptic Judgments Of Extent In Sighted And Blind People, Morton A. Heller, Astrid M.L. Kappers, Melissa Mccarthy, Ashley Clark, Tara Riddle, Erin Fulkerson, Lindsay Wemple, Anne Mcclure Walk, Andreana Basso, Crystal Wanek, Kristen Russler
Morton A. Heller
A series of experiments was carried out to examine the effect of curvature on haptic judgments of extent in sighted and blind individuals. Experiment 1 showed that diameters con- necting the endpoints of semicircular lines were underestimated with respect to straight lines, but failed to show an effect of visual experience on length judgments. In experiment 2 we tested arc lengths. The effects of curvature on perceived path length were weaker, but were still present in this experiment.Visual experience had no effect on path length judgments. Another experiment was performed to examine the effect of repeated tracing (1, 5, 9, …