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Full-Text Articles in Physics

Unintended Consequences Of Imprecise Notation – An Example From Mechanics, Asim Gangopadhyaya, Gordon Ramsey Dec 2015

Unintended Consequences Of Imprecise Notation – An Example From Mechanics, Asim Gangopadhyaya, Gordon Ramsey

Asim Gangopadhyaya

We present a conundrum that results from the imprecise use of notation for partial derivatives. Taking an example from mechanics, we show that lack of proper care in re presenting partial derivatives in Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations paradoxically leads to two different values for the time derivative of the canonical momentum. This problem also exists in other areas of physics,such as thermodynamics.

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Coordinate Realizations Of Deformed Lie Algebras With Three Generator, Ranabir Dutt, Asim Gangopadhyaya, C. Rasinariu, Uday Sukhatne Dec 2015

Coordinate Realizations Of Deformed Lie Algebras With Three Generator, Ranabir Dutt, Asim Gangopadhyaya, C. Rasinariu, Uday Sukhatne

Asim Gangopadhyaya

Differential realizations in coordinate space for deformed Lie algebras with three generators are obtained using bosonic creation and annihilation operators satisfying Heisenberg commutation relations. The unified treatment presented here contains as special cases all previously given coordinate realizations of so(2,1), so(3), and their deformations. Applications to physical problems involving eigenvalue determination in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics are discussed.

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Translational Shape Invariance And The Inherent Potential Algebra, Asim Gangopadhyaya, Jeffrey Mallow, Uday Sukhatne Dec 2015

Translational Shape Invariance And The Inherent Potential Algebra, Asim Gangopadhyaya, Jeffrey Mallow, Uday Sukhatne

Asim Gangopadhyaya

For all quantum-mechanical potentials that are known to be exactly solvable, there are two different, and seemingly independent methods of solution. The first approach is the potential algebra of symmetry groups; the second is supersymmetric quantum mechanics, applied to shape-invariant potentials, which comprise the set of known exactly solvable potentials. Using the underlying algebraic structures of Natanzon potentials, of which the translational shape-invariant potentials are a special subset, we demonstrate the equivalence of the two methods of solution. In addition, we show that, while the algebra for the general Natanzon potential is so(2,2), the subgroup so(2,1) suffices for the shape …

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Anyonic Superconductivity In A Modified Large-U Hubbard Model, Asim Gangopadhyaya, Prasanta Panigrahi Dec 2015

Anyonic Superconductivity In A Modified Large-U Hubbard Model, Asim Gangopadhyaya, Prasanta Panigrahi

Asim Gangopadhyaya

A modified large-U Hubbard model at half filling is analyzed by a mean-field approach. Preserving a local U(1) symmetry of the action, the fluctuations about half filling are studied in the spirit of the commensurate-flux-phase condition. The fluctuations then contribute a Chern-Simons term to the tree-level Lagrangian with a coefficient appropriate to that of a half fermion. With the Coulomb repulsion term, we study the low-energy excitations of the model and show the existence of superconductivity in the presence of a four-Fermi interaction term.

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Superspace Ward Identities In Supersymmetric Gauge Theories, Asim Gangopadhyaya, Darwin Chang Dec 2015

Superspace Ward Identities In Supersymmetric Gauge Theories, Asim Gangopadhyaya, Darwin Chang

Asim Gangopadhyaya

In superspace formulation of supersymmetric gauge theories, gauge invariance requires an infinite set of identities between the infinite set of renormalization constants. Using Ward identities in superspace, the same is derived. These identities at one loop level are also demonstrated.

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The Electric Field At The Chargeless Interface Between Two Regions Of Space, Asim Gangopadhyaya, Robert Mcnees Dec 2015

The Electric Field At The Chargeless Interface Between Two Regions Of Space, Asim Gangopadhyaya, Robert Mcnees

Asim Gangopadhyaya

A common method for solving Poisson's equation in electrostatics is to patch together two or more solutions of Laplace's equation using boundary conditions on the potential and its gradient. Other methods may generate solutions without the need to check these conditions explicitly, and reconciling these solutions with the appropriate boundary conditions can be surprisingly subtle. As a result, a student may arrive at paradoxical conclusions—even in the case of elementary problems—that seem to be at odds with basic physical intuition. We illustrate this issue by showing how the potential of a uniformly charged ring appears to violate continuity of the …

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Heterotic Conformal Field Theory And Gepner’S Construction, Darwin Chang, Asim Gangopadhyaya, Alok Kumar, Jin Wang Dec 2015

Heterotic Conformal Field Theory And Gepner’S Construction, Darwin Chang, Asim Gangopadhyaya, Alok Kumar, Jin Wang

Asim Gangopadhyaya

We discuss some general properties of heterotic conformal field theory in which conformal anomalies c are different for the left-moving and right-moving sectors. It is precisely this type of theory that can be applied immediately to the construction of heterotic string theory. We discuss a general way of constructing such a theory using free fermions. The construction is then applied to generalize Gepner's construction of superstring solutions using the tensor products of N=2 superconformal field theories.

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Few-Boson Processes In The Presence Of An Attractive Impurity Under One-Dimensional Confinement, Nirav Mehta, Connor Morehead Nov 2015

Few-Boson Processes In The Presence Of An Attractive Impurity Under One-Dimensional Confinement, Nirav Mehta, Connor Morehead

Nirav P Mehta

We consider a few-boson system confined to one dimension with a single distinguishable particle of lesser mass. All particle interactions are modeled with δ functions, but due to the mass imbalance the problem is nonintegrable. Universal few-body binding energies, atom-dimer and atom-trimer scattering lengths, are all calculated in terms of two parameters, namely the mass ratio mL/mH, and ratio gHH/gHL of the δ-function couplings. We specifically identify the values of these ratios for which the atom-dimer or atom-trimer scattering lengths vanish or diverge. We identify regions in this parameter space in which various few-body inelastic processes become energetically allowed. In …

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Imaging Diffractometer With Holographic Encoding Enhancements For Laser Sensing And Characterization, Joesph Binford, Bradley Duncan, Jack Parker, Elizabeth Beecher, Mark Delong Nov 2015

Imaging Diffractometer With Holographic Encoding Enhancements For Laser Sensing And Characterization, Joesph Binford, Bradley Duncan, Jack Parker, Elizabeth Beecher, Mark Delong

Bradley D. Duncan

What is believed to be a novel holographic optical encoding scheme has been developed to enhance the performance of laser sensors designed for the measurement of wavelength and angular trajectory. A prototype holographic imaging diffractometer has been created to reconstruct holographic cueing patterns superimposed in the focal plane of wide-angle scene imagery. Based on experimental pattern metric measurements at the focal plane, a theoretical model is used to compute the laser source wavelength and its apparent propagation direction within the sensor's field of view. The benefits of incorporating holographic enhancements within an imager-based sensor architecture are discussed.

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Optical Sparse Aperture Imaging, Nicholas Miller, Matthew Dierking, Bradley Duncan Nov 2015

Optical Sparse Aperture Imaging, Nicholas Miller, Matthew Dierking, Bradley Duncan

Bradley D. Duncan

The resolution of a conventional diffraction-limited imaging system is proportional to its pupil diameter. A primary goal of sparse aperture imaging is to enhance resolution while minimizing the total light collection area; the latter being desirable, in part, because of the cost of large, monolithic apertures. Performance metrics are defined and used to evaluate several sparse aperture arrays constructed from multiple, identical, circular subapertures. Subaperture piston and∕or tilt effects on image quality are also considered. We selected arrays with compact nonredundant autocorrelations first described by Golay. We vary both the number of subapertures and their relative spacings to arrive at …

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Monte Carlo Simulation Of Multiple Photon Scattering In Sugar Maple Tree Canopies, Michael Greiner, Bradley Duncan, Matthew Dierking Nov 2015

Monte Carlo Simulation Of Multiple Photon Scattering In Sugar Maple Tree Canopies, Michael Greiner, Bradley Duncan, Matthew Dierking

Bradley D. Duncan

Detecting objects hidden beneath forest canopies is a difficult task for optical remote sensing systems. Rather than relying upon the existence of gaps between leaves, as other researchers have done, our ultimate goal is to use light scattered by leaves to image through dense foliage. Herein we describe the development of a Monte Carlo model for simulating the scattering of light as it propagates through the leaves of an extended tree canopy. We measured several parameters, including the gap fraction and maximum leaf-area density, of a nearby sugar maple tree grove and applied them to our model. We report the …

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Improving Mid-Frequency Contrast In Sparse Aperture Optical Imaging Systems Based Upon The Golay-9 Array, Andrew Stokes, Bradley Duncan, Matthew Dierking Nov 2015

Improving Mid-Frequency Contrast In Sparse Aperture Optical Imaging Systems Based Upon The Golay-9 Array, Andrew Stokes, Bradley Duncan, Matthew Dierking

Bradley D. Duncan

Sparse aperture imaging systems are capable of producing high resolution images while maintaining an overall light collection area that is small compared to a fully filled aperture yielding the same resolution. This is advantageous for applications where size, volume, weight and/or cost are important considerations. However, conventional sparse aperture systems pay the penalty of reduced contrast at midband spatial frequencies. This paper will focus on increasing the midband contrast of sparse aperture imaging systems based on the Golay-9 array. This is one of a family of two-dimensional arrays we have previously examined due to their compact, non-redundant autocorrelations. The modulation …

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Periodic, Pseudo-Noise Waveforms For Multi-Function Coherent Ladar, Matthew Dierking, Bradley Duncan Nov 2015

Periodic, Pseudo-Noise Waveforms For Multi-Function Coherent Ladar, Matthew Dierking, Bradley Duncan

Bradley D. Duncan

We report the use of periodic, pseudonoise waveforms in a multifunction coherent ladar system. We exploit the Doppler sensitivity of these waveforms, as well as agile processing, to enable diverse ladar functions, including high range resolution imaging, macro-Doppler imaging, synthetic aperture ladar, and range-resolved micro-Doppler imaging. We present analytic expressions and simulations demonstrating the utility of pseudonoise waveforms for each of the ladar modes. We also discuss a laboratory pseudonoise ladar system that was developed to demonstrate range compression and range-resolved micro-Doppler imaging, as well as the phase recovery common to each of the coherent modes.

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Holographic Aperture Ladar, Bradley Duncan, Matthew Dierking Nov 2015

Holographic Aperture Ladar, Bradley Duncan, Matthew Dierking

Bradley D. Duncan

Holographic aperture ladar is a variant of synthetic aperture ladar that seeks to increase cross-range scene resolution by synthesizing a large effective aperture through the motion of a smaller receiver and through the subsequent proper phasing and correlation of the detected signals in postprocessing. Unlike in conventional synthetic aperture ladar, however, holographic aperture ladar makes use of a two- dimensional translating sensor array, not simply a translating point detector. Also unlike in conventional synthetic aperture ladar, holographic aperture images will be formed in the two orthogonal cross-range dimensions parallel and perpendicular to the sensor platform’s direction of motion. The central …

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Experimental Demonstration Of A Stripmap Holographic Aperture Ladar System, Jason Stafford, Bradley Duncan, Matthew Dierking Nov 2015

Experimental Demonstration Of A Stripmap Holographic Aperture Ladar System, Jason Stafford, Bradley Duncan, Matthew Dierking

Bradley D. Duncan

By synthesizing large effective apertures through the translation of a smaller imaging sensor and the subsequent proper phasing and correlation of detected signals in postprocessing, holographic aperture ladar (HAL) systems seek to increase the resolution of remotely imaged targets. The stripmap HAL process was demonstrated in the laboratory, for the first time to our knowledge. Our results show that the stripmap HAL transformation can precisely account for off-axis transmitter induced phase migrations. This in turn allows multiple pupil plane field segments, sequentially collected across a synthetic aperture, to be coherently mosaiced together. As a direct consequence, we have been able …

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Effects Of Spatial Modes On Ladar Vibration Signature Estimation, Douglas Jameson, Matthew Dierking, Bradley Duncan Nov 2015

Effects Of Spatial Modes On Ladar Vibration Signature Estimation, Douglas Jameson, Matthew Dierking, Bradley Duncan

Bradley D. Duncan

Ladar-based vibrometry has been shown to be a powerful technique in enabling the plant identification of machines. Rather than sensing the geometric shape of a target laser vibrometers sense motions of the target induced by moving parts within the system. Since the target need not be spatially resolved, vibration can be sensed reliably and provide positive identification at ranges beyond the imaging limits of the aperture. However, as the range of observation increases, the diffraction-limited beam size on the target increases as well, and may encompass multiple vibrational modes on the target's surface. As a result, vibration estimates formed from …

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Bidirectional Scattering Distribution Functions Of Maple And Cottonwood Leaves, Michael Greiner, Bradley Duncan, Matthew Dierking Nov 2015

Bidirectional Scattering Distribution Functions Of Maple And Cottonwood Leaves, Michael Greiner, Bradley Duncan, Matthew Dierking

Bradley D. Duncan

We present our investigations into the optical scattering properties of both sugar maple (Acer saccarum) and eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) leaves in the near-IR wavelength regime. The bidirectional scattering distribution function (BSDF) describes the fractions of light reflected by and transmitted through a leaf for a given set of illumination and observation angles. Experiments were performed to measure the BSDF of each species at a discrete set of illumination and observation angles. We then modeled the BSDFs in such a way that other researchers may interpolate their values for scattering in any direction under illumination at any angle.

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Demonstrated Resolution Enhancement Capability Of A Stripmap Holographic Aperture Ladar System, Samuel Venable, Bradley Duncan, Matthew Dierking, David Rabb Nov 2015

Demonstrated Resolution Enhancement Capability Of A Stripmap Holographic Aperture Ladar System, Samuel Venable, Bradley Duncan, Matthew Dierking, David Rabb

Bradley D. Duncan

Holographic aperture ladar (HAL) is a variant of synthetic aperture ladar (SAL). The two processes are related in that they both seek to increase cross-range (i.e., the direction of the receiver translation) image resolution through the synthesis of a large effective aperture. This is in turn achieved via the translation of a receiver aperture and the subsequent coherent phasing and correlation of multiple received signals. However, while SAL imaging incorporates a translating point detector, HAL takes advantage of a two-dimensional translating sensor array. For the research presented in this article, a side-looking stripmap HAL geometry was used to sequentially image …

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Saturated Semiconductor Optical Amplifier Phase Modulation For Long Range Laser Radar Applications, Jennifer Carns, Bradley Duncan, Matthew Dierking Nov 2015

Saturated Semiconductor Optical Amplifier Phase Modulation For Long Range Laser Radar Applications, Jennifer Carns, Bradley Duncan, Matthew Dierking

Bradley D. Duncan

We investigate the use of a semiconductor optical amplifier operated in the saturation regime as a phase modulator for long range laser radar applications. The nature of the phase and amplitude modulation resulting from a high peak power Gaussian pulse, and the impact this has on the ideal pulse response of a laser radar system, is explored. We also present results of a proof-of-concept laboratory demonstration using phase-modulated pulses to interrogate a stationary target.

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Coupling Efficiencies For General Target Illumination Ladar Systems Incorporating Single Mode Optical Fiber Receivers, Christopher Brewer, Bradley Duncan, Kenneth Barnard, Edward Watson Nov 2015

Coupling Efficiencies For General Target Illumination Ladar Systems Incorporating Single Mode Optical Fiber Receivers, Christopher Brewer, Bradley Duncan, Kenneth Barnard, Edward Watson

Bradley D. Duncan

A rigorous method for modeling received power coupling efficiency (ηF/R) and transmitted power coupling efficiency (ηF/T) in a general-target-illumination ladar system is presented. For our analysis we concentrate on incorporating a single-mode optical fiber into the ladar return signal path. By developing expressions for both ηF/R and ηF/T for a simple, diffuse target, our model allows for varying range, beam size on target, target diameter, and coupling optics. Through numerical analysis ηF/R is shown to increase as the range to target increases and decrease as target diameter increases, and ηF/T is shown to decrease with target range. A baseline signal-to-noise …

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Parametric Extension Of The Classical Exposure Schedule Theory For Angle-Multiplexed Photorefractive Recording Using The Common-Aperture Beam Geometry, Mark Delong, Bradley Duncan, Jack Parker Nov 2015

Parametric Extension Of The Classical Exposure Schedule Theory For Angle-Multiplexed Photorefractive Recording Using The Common-Aperture Beam Geometry, Mark Delong, Bradley Duncan, Jack Parker

Bradley D. Duncan

The gradual reorientations in crystal geometry encountered during angle-multiplexed holographic recording with obliquely incident recording beams can create significant parametric exposure-time and recording-angle dependencies in both grating writing- and erasure-time constants. We present a parametric extension of the classically derived backward-recursion algorithm that compensates for the intermingling effects of recording geometry, writing-beam intensity variations, and unique crystal behavior. We present experimental data for a sequence of 301 holograms recorded with the goal of equal hologram strength and, separately, the same sequence recorded with the goal of equal hologram reconstruction intensity—which are different cases for a steeply incident readout beam.

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Space-Bandwidth Product Enhancement Of A Monostatic, Multi-Aperture Infrared Image Upconversion Ladar Receiver Incorporating Periodically Polled Linbo3, Christopher Brewer, Bradley Duncan, Phillip Maciejewski, Sean Kirkpatrick, Edward Watson Nov 2015

Space-Bandwidth Product Enhancement Of A Monostatic, Multi-Aperture Infrared Image Upconversion Ladar Receiver Incorporating Periodically Polled Linbo3, Christopher Brewer, Bradley Duncan, Phillip Maciejewski, Sean Kirkpatrick, Edward Watson

Bradley D. Duncan

We investigate the space-bandwidth product of a ladar system incorporating an upconversion receiver. After illuminating a target with an eye-safe beam, we direct the return into a piece of periodically poled LiNbO3 where it is upconverted into the visible spectrum and detected with a CCD camera. The theoretical and experimental transfer functions are then found. We show that the angular acceptance of the upconversion process severely limits the receiver field of regard for macroscopic coupling optics. This limitation is overcome with a pair of microlens arrays, and a 43% increase in the system’s measured space-bandwidth product is demonstrated.

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Real-Time Non-Linear Image Processing Using An Active Optical Scanning Technique, Bradley Duncan, Ting-Chung Poon, Ron Piper Nov 2015

Real-Time Non-Linear Image Processing Using An Active Optical Scanning Technique, Bradley Duncan, Ting-Chung Poon, Ron Piper

Bradley D. Duncan

Real-time non-linear image processing has been achieved using an active optical scanning technique. This paper reports experimental results in edge extraction for both binary and grey-scale transmissive objects. Binary edge extraction is achieved using morphological transformations, while grey-scale edge extraction is achieved using a threshold decomposition technique. Advantages and limitation of both techniques are identified.

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Gaussian Beam Analysis Of Optical Scanning Holography, Bradley Duncan, Ting-Chung Poon Nov 2015

Gaussian Beam Analysis Of Optical Scanning Holography, Bradley Duncan, Ting-Chung Poon

Bradley D. Duncan

A detailed theoretical treatment based on Gaussian beam theory is provided for optical scanning holography [ J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 2, 512 ( 1985)]. Topics addressed include the derivation of the impulse response for the optical scanning holographic system, methods of achieving off-axis holographic recordings, reconstructed image resolution, magnification, and distortion. Also presented is experimental verification of the technique based on measurements of the hologram of a simple transmissive slit object.

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Optical-Fiber Preamplifiers For Ladar Detection And Associated Measurements For Improving The Signal-To-Noise Ratio, Michael Salisbury, Paul Mcmanamon, Bradley Duncan Nov 2015

Optical-Fiber Preamplifiers For Ladar Detection And Associated Measurements For Improving The Signal-To-Noise Ratio, Michael Salisbury, Paul Mcmanamon, Bradley Duncan

Bradley D. Duncan

In an effort to increase achievable postdetection signal-tonoise ratios (SNRs) of continuous-wave, 1-gm all-solid-state ladar systems, a prototype rare-earth-doped optical-fiber amplifier has been included in the optical return signal path of both a heterodyne and a directdetection ladar system. We provide numerical predictions for SNR increases according to our previously developed theory. We also detail our experimental efforts and provide the results of SNR measurements for four distinct cases: direct ladar detection with and without a fiber amplifier, and heterodyne ladar detection with and without a fiber amplifier. Experimentally measured increases in SNRs for ladar systems incorporating an optical-fiber amplifier …

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Volume Holographic Memory For Laser Threat Discrimination, Mark Delong, Bradley Duncan, Jack Parker Nov 2015

Volume Holographic Memory For Laser Threat Discrimination, Mark Delong, Bradley Duncan, Jack Parker

Bradley D. Duncan

Using conventional volume-holographic angle multiplexing in an Fe:LiNbO3 crystal, we have developed a compact laser threat discriminator, intended for aircraft integration, that optically detects laser spatial coherence and angle of arrival while simultaneously rejecting incoherent background sources, such as the Sun. The device is intended for a specific type of psychophysical laser attack against U.S. Air Force pilots, namely, third-world-country exploitation of inexpensive and powerful cw Ar-ion or doubled Nd:YAG lasers in the visible spectrum to blind or disorient U.S. pilots. The component does not solve the general tactical laser weapon situation, which includes identifying precision-guided munitions, range finders, and …

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Analysis Of Ladar Range Resolution Enhancement By Sinusoidal Phase Modulation, Leonard Masters, Martin Mark, Bradley Duncan Nov 2015

Analysis Of Ladar Range Resolution Enhancement By Sinusoidal Phase Modulation, Leonard Masters, Martin Mark, Bradley Duncan

Bradley D. Duncan

The ability of a ladar system to resolve two or more separate returns from a combined echo is related to the effective correlation bandwidth of the pulse emitted by the ladar system. Phase modulation of an outgoing pulse introduces additional frequency components, which increases the effective correlation bandwidth of the pulse and thus improves the range resolution of the system. In this paper, we discuss the general theoretical basis for achieving improved range resolution using a modulated waveform and a matched filter receiver. We then demonstrate these concepts by considering the particular case of improved range resolution for a sinusoidally …

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Aberration Production Using A High-Resolution Liquid-Crystal Spatial Light Modulator, Jason Schmidt, Matthew Goda, Bradley Duncan Nov 2015

Aberration Production Using A High-Resolution Liquid-Crystal Spatial Light Modulator, Jason Schmidt, Matthew Goda, Bradley Duncan

Bradley D. Duncan

Phase-only liquid-crystal spatial light modulators provide a powerful means of wavefront control. With high resolution and diffractive (modulo 2𝜋) operation, they can accurately represent large-dynamic-range phase maps. As a result, they provide an excellent means of producing electrically controllable, dynamic, and repeatable aberrations. However, proper calibration is critical to achieving accurate phase maps. Several calibration methods from previous literature were considered. With simplicity and accuracy in mind, we selected one method for each type of necessary calibration. We augmented one of the selected methods with a new step that improves its accuracy. After calibrating our spatial light modulator with our …

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Fibre-Optic Network Architectures For On-Board Digital Avionics Signal Distribution, Mohammad Alam, Mohammed Atiquzzaman, Bradley Duncan, Hung Nguyen, Richard Kunath Nov 2015

Fibre-Optic Network Architectures For On-Board Digital Avionics Signal Distribution, Mohammad Alam, Mohammed Atiquzzaman, Bradley Duncan, Hung Nguyen, Richard Kunath

Bradley D. Duncan

Continued progress in both civil and military radio-frequency (RF) digital avionics applications is overstressing the capabilities and reliability of existing RF communication networks based on coaxial cables on board modern aircrafts. Future avionics systems will require high-bandwidth on-board communication links that are lightweight, immune to electromagnetic interference, and highly reliable. Fibre-optic networks can meet all these challenges in a cost-effective manner. Recently, on-board fibre-optic communication systems, where a fibre-optic network acts like a local area network (LAN) for digital data communications, have become a topic of extensive research and development. However, modern digital avionics systems require a system capable of …

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Real-Time Reconstruction Of Scanned Optical Holograms Using An Electron Beam Addressed Spatial Light Modulator, Bradley Duncan, Ting-Chung Poon, Ming Hsien Wu, K. Shinoda, Y. Suzuki Nov 2015

Real-Time Reconstruction Of Scanned Optical Holograms Using An Electron Beam Addressed Spatial Light Modulator, Bradley Duncan, Ting-Chung Poon, Ming Hsien Wu, K. Shinoda, Y. Suzuki

Bradley D. Duncan

Real-time holographic recording has recently been demonstrated (1990, Jpn J. Appl. Phys., 29 L1840) using the optical heterodyne scanning technique proposed by Poon (1985, Jp. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 2 521). In this paper we discuss the reconstruction of holograms generated by the heterodyne scanning technique. The primary concentration is on real-time reconstruction using an electron beam addressed spatial light modulator (EBSLM). For comparison, coherent reconstruction methods are also presented. Additional topics to be addressed are the spatial frequency limitations of the EBSLM and the derivation of the incoherent point spread function (PSF) of the holographic imaging system. Based upon …

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