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Full-Text Articles in Environmental Health and Protection
Why Do Possums Survive Aerial Poisoning Operations?, D. R. Morgan, C. L. Batcheler, J. A. Peters
Why Do Possums Survive Aerial Poisoning Operations?, D. R. Morgan, C. L. Batcheler, J. A. Peters
Proceedings of the Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1986)
Major causes of failure of aerial poisoning operations against possums identified were: sublethal toxic loading, undersize sublethal baits, nonlearned behavioral aversion to 1080, and failure to encounter bait. Dislike of bait was not a major cause of failure. Progress has been made towards solving these problems, but failure to encounter bait remains a likely major reason for possums surviving aerial poisoning. Improvements in the aerial sowing of bait are essential if the full benefit of this progress is to be realized.
Plagues Of The House Mouse In South Eastern Australia, Glen Saunders
Plagues Of The House Mouse In South Eastern Australia, Glen Saunders
Proceedings of the Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1986)
Plagues of the house mouse (Mus musculus) occur at irregular intervals throughout the agricultural regions of south-eastern Australia. This paper discusses these phenomena in terms of their impact on agricultural production, previous attempts to reduce damage and levels of infestation, and associated environmental implications. Consideration is also given to the accurate prediction of mouse plagues and the control strategies which need to be in place if effective management is to become a reality.
An Urban Roof Rat Control Program In Orange County, California, Gilbert L. Challet
An Urban Roof Rat Control Program In Orange County, California, Gilbert L. Challet
Proceedings of the Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1986)
A program to control roof rats (Rattus rattus) has been conducted by the Orange County Vector Control District since 1975. Orange County is located in southern California just south of Los Angeles and is composed of 782 square miles of coastal foothills and alluvial plain with a population of 2 million. Urbanization takes up about one-half the total area and it is mainly a semi-desert situation with usually less than 15 inches of rain a year. However, because of the balmy temperature and imported water, vegetation grows rampant. Vegetation is used by the rats as harborage (Algerian ivy, …
The Economic Importance And Control Of Vertebrate Pests Of Graminaceous Crops With Particular Reference To Rice (Oryza Sativa) In Nigeria—A Review, Modupe Akande
Proceedings of the Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1986)
Graminaceous crops, especially rice (Oryza sativa), have within the last years in Nigeria, surged to be of utmost economic importance, not in improving the economy but in depleting the country of fast foreign exchange. Attempts at improving and massively increasing the production and cultivation of rice (and other graminaceous crops) to meet the enormous demand have proved abortive. This is mainly a result of the ineffective control measures applied against destructive avian pests that sometimes reduce rice plantations to nothing. Much research is still needed to enhance better and effective control strategies.
Field Evaluation Of Single And Multiple Dose Anticoagulant Rodenticides In Reducing Rodent Populations And Damages In Coconut Plantations, Ranjan Advani
Proceedings of the Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1986)
Comparative efficacy of brodifacoum, bromadialone (second-generation single-dose anticoagulant) was evaluated in a coconut crop on Minicoy Island. Pre- and postrodent control relative levels of rodent populations and damages were recorded as indices for assessing effectiveness of different concentrations and different bait formulations of three rodenticides. The black rat, Rattus rattus (Linnaeus), constituting a new record for Minicoy Island, was the predominant rodent species infesting the coconut crop. On an average, application of brodifacoum (.005% and .002%), bromadialone (.005% and .002%) and warfarin (0.025%) reduced rodent populations by 74.5, 73.58, 79.1, 69.16 and 68.44% respectively, resulting in reduction of rodent damages …
Anticoagulant Translocation And Plant Residue Studies In Crops, Leonard R. Askham
Anticoagulant Translocation And Plant Residue Studies In Crops, Leonard R. Askham
Proceedings of the Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1986)
Three types of assessment techniques explore the possible environmental hazards of two anticoagulant compounds currently used for rodent control. In the first, rheological methodologies were used to assess the ability of pelletized baits to withstand precipitation. From these data, objective information was developed to assist agricultural producers to select a proper bait for a specific climatic period. Bioanalytical evaluations of chlorophacinone indicated that the compound decomposes when exposed to ultraviolet light into four nontoxic elements. Hence, if translocation were to occur, the elements—-not the parent compound—-would be the likely candidates. Finally, radioactive (14C) braomdiolone was tested for translocatability. From the …
Pest Bird Control With The Avicide Bcf 7000-Sun Oil Refinery Project, Tulsa, Oklahoma, Charles W. Areson
Pest Bird Control With The Avicide Bcf 7000-Sun Oil Refinery Project, Tulsa, Oklahoma, Charles W. Areson
Proceedings of the Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1986)
The Sun Refinery at Tulsa presented a new and special type of problem that I had never faced before. The refinery is just across the Arkansas River from downtown Tulsa. Many species of protected birds roost and nest within the confines of the refinery proper and in the surrounding river bank areas to the north, urban and manufacturing area to the east and southeast, rail yards to the south, and hills to the south and southwest. According to Sidney Cabbiness, Environmental Egineer for Sun, the following birds and other animals are known to make this area their home or feeding …
Secondary Toxicity Of Coyotes Killed By 1080 Single-Dose Baits, Richard J. Burns, Guy E. Connolly, Iwao Okuno
Secondary Toxicity Of Coyotes Killed By 1080 Single-Dose Baits, Richard J. Burns, Guy E. Connolly, Iwao Okuno
Proceedings of the Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1986)
Carcasses and viscera of coyotes poisoned by Compound 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate) in single-dose tallow baits (SDBs) were fed to 3 coyotes, 3 domestic dogs, 4 striped skunks, and 15 black-billed magpies to determine if these species would be poisoned secondarily. Test subjects received no food other than tissues from poisoned coyotes for periods of 14 to 35 days. Total amounts of contaminated coyote tissues consumed by dogs, coyotes, skunks, and magpies, respectively, averaged 67, 152, 117, and 371% of body weight. Except for one skunk that refused to eat, no mortalities occurred and no evidence of poisoning was seen. The …
Eradication And Control Of Feral And Free-Ranging Dogs In The Galapagos Islands, Bruce D. Barnett
Eradication And Control Of Feral And Free-Ranging Dogs In The Galapagos Islands, Bruce D. Barnett
Proceedings of the Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1986)
Islands are notorious for the ease with which the balance of their natural communities can be upset by the introduction of organisms from other areas. Introduced species can establish themselves quickly and successfully at the expense of native flora and fauna because the usual checks to their increase found in their home environments are often absent on islands. Many island organisms are ill-fitted to withstand predation by or competition with introduced organisms. A characteristic of some island species that increases their vulnerability to introduced predators is their relative "fearlessness". As Darwin (1845) prophetically wrote when describing the extraordinary tameness of …
Alternate Toxicants For The M-44 Sodium Cyanide Ejector, Guy Connolly, Richard J. Burns, Gary D. Simmons
Alternate Toxicants For The M-44 Sodium Cyanide Ejector, Guy Connolly, Richard J. Burns, Gary D. Simmons
Proceedings of the Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1986)
The M-44 sodium cyanide (NaCN) ejector is an important tool for coyote damage control. For greatest effectiveness, the ejected NaCN mixture must be a dry powder. NaCN readily absorbs and reacts with moisture to cause solidification or "caking" in M-44 capsules. Because it is difficult to seal the capsules water tight, caking has been a chronic problem ever since NaCN ejectors were introduced over 40 years ago. The toxicity and caking properties of three alternate compounds are reported in this paper. Comparative toxicity tests were made with M-44 ejectors containing NaCN, potassium cyanide (KCN), calcium cyanide (CaCN), and methomyl. Five …
Batproofing Structures With Birdnetting Checkvalves, Stephen C. Frantz
Batproofing Structures With Birdnetting Checkvalves, Stephen C. Frantz
Proceedings of the Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1986)
Denial of re-entry (batproofing) through structural modification is widely accepted as the most effective and ecologically sound method for eliminating commensal bats from structures. Such methods are clearly superior to lethal measures which have only questionable efficacy and may exacerbate bat/human interactions. However, since bats are able to enter small and obscure openings, conventional batproofing of all such openings is often not practical or economical. Further since this work must usually be done after bats have already begun roosting in a structure, the difficulty of high ladder work at night to seal exit holes can be discouraging to homeowners as …
Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference Frontmatter And Table Of Contents
Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference Frontmatter And Table Of Contents
Proceedings of the Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1986)
Table of Contents
A Changing Approach To Dingo Control In Western Australia, A. W. Hogstrom
A Changing Approach To Dingo Control In Western Australia, A. W. Hogstrom
Proceedings of the Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1986)
The traditional method of dingo control on sheep properties in Western Australia relied on labor-intensive trapping and baiting. A cost/price squeeze in the rangeland sheep-grazing areas around 1970 forced a revision of these practices. Research was conducted on dingo biology, habitat preference and use, movements, social organization and damage to livestock. The data demonstrated the territorial nature of dingoes, that they usually occur in groups of 2 to 15, that long movements are rare, and that they quickly learn to harass and kill sheep. Aerial baiting trials using factory-manufactured baits and baits prepared from fresh meat demonstrated that an adequate …
Implications And Management Of Feral Mammals In California, Walter E. Howard, Rex E. Marsh
Implications And Management Of Feral Mammals In California, Walter E. Howard, Rex E. Marsh
Proceedings of the Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1986)
"Feral" is defined. For each of the principal species of feral mammals in California we note the broad ecological implications they have on the environment and the potential or actual management approaches being followed. The main emphasis of this paper, and all of the slides shown, was on how wild horses and burros, two controversial feral species, are managed in California and in other western states. The feral pig is about to become the number one big game animal in California, and mustrats (Ondatra zibethica (L.)), which were introduced or escaped into the Sacramento Valley—-hence locally feral--are the state's …
A Review Of Brodifacoum Efficacy In The U.S. And Worldwide, Dale E. Kaudeinen, Michael Rampaud
A Review Of Brodifacoum Efficacy In The U.S. And Worldwide, Dale E. Kaudeinen, Michael Rampaud
Proceedings of the Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1986)
It was just over 10 years ago with the paper by Hadler and Shadbolt (1975) that a series of novel anticoagulants, which included brodifacoum, was announced. Today, after a decade of brodifacoum study and experience, the value of this compound in vertebrate pest management, particularly in rodent control, can scarcely be questioned. In order to most effectively build upon this experience, a thorough review of the literature for the period of 1975 to 1985 was undertaken to also include much unpublished information available to the authors. Undoubtedly to a greater extent than any other new vertebrate pesticide, brodifacoum has been …
Private Costs Of Predator Control In New Mexico In 1983, Gary A. Littauer, Ronald J. White, David Carroll Hall
Private Costs Of Predator Control In New Mexico In 1983, Gary A. Littauer, Ronald J. White, David Carroll Hall
Proceedings of the Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1986)
A survey was conducted by the New Mexico Department of Agriculture in early 1984 to determine costs incurred by livestock producers to control predation on livestock during 1983. Out of a sample of 1,848 producers who were sent questionnaires, 706 (38%) usable responses were returned. The respondents reported having about 30% of the peak number of sheep and lambs and 19% of the peak number of range beef cattle and calves, respectively, estimated to have been in New Mexico in 1983. Total cost reported by 306 respondents who had costs, not including donations to the New Mexico cooperative Animal Damage …
An Integrated Approach To Bubonic Plague Control In A Southwestern Plague Focus, Curtis E. Montman, Allan M. Barnes, Gary O. Maupin
An Integrated Approach To Bubonic Plague Control In A Southwestern Plague Focus, Curtis E. Montman, Allan M. Barnes, Gary O. Maupin
Proceedings of the Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1986)
Plague is widespread among rodents and their fleas in the western United States, but most human cases occur in several definable, ecologically unique, and geographically limited high risk areas in the Southwest and Pacific Coast states. Control strategies to prevent human cases in high risk areas must vary from one epizootic focus to another, depending on such basic ecological factors as rodent/flea species involved; their distribution, abundance, seasonality, and relationship with the plague organism; climatic factors that affect transmission; the lifestyles of human residents; and others. This paper briefly summarizes preliminary results of a long-term program to define human risk …
Agriculture And Forestry Rodent Problems And Control In Italy, Luciano A. Santini
Agriculture And Forestry Rodent Problems And Control In Italy, Luciano A. Santini
Proceedings of the Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1986)
Rodent pest problems and their control in Italy are reviewed. Two rats, Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus, and the field mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus, are often important pests both in rural and forestry areas. Other species, such as voles, Microtus arvalis and Microtus (Pitymys) savii, in orchards and in horticulture, and Sciurus vulgaris and Myoxus (Glis) glis in forestry, sometimes represent serious problems. For each species the kind of damage and control is recorded, and additional considerations are supplied to the public and private organizations responsible for rodent control.
Rodent Control In East Africa, William R. Smythe
Rodent Control In East Africa, William R. Smythe
Proceedings of the Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1986)
The nations of East Africa consist of Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique and Zimbabwe. They encompass a widely varied topography, from coral strands to snow-capped mountains, rain forests to deserts, and tropical to temperate. In all these areas where soil and rainfall patterns permit, agricultural crops are grown. For the most part farming is of a subsistence nature being small single family plots. These farms make up to 90% of the farming in most of the East African nations. There are large farms in Kenya and Zimbabwe generally confined to the temperate uplands. Elsewhere there are large government …
Opening Remarks—Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference, Terrell P. Salmon
Opening Remarks—Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference, Terrell P. Salmon
Proceedings of the Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1986)
On behalf of the Vertebrate Pest Council, welcome to the 12th Vertebrate Pest Conference. Every other year since 1962, the Vertebrate Pest Council has sponsored the conference with the primary objective of bringing individuals interested in vertebrate pest control together to discuss problems and solutions of mutual concern. The main objectives of the conference are: 1. To exchange information on vertebrate pest management and related matters. 2. To advance environmentally safe vertebrate pest management methodologies. 3. To build cooperation with public and private agencies in solving vertebrate pest problems. 4. To consider and promote discussion and interaction among agencies and …
Strychine-Salt Blocks For Controlling Porcupines In Pine Forests: Efficacy And Hazards, R. Michael Anthony, James Evans, Gerald D. Lindsey
Strychine-Salt Blocks For Controlling Porcupines In Pine Forests: Efficacy And Hazards, R. Michael Anthony, James Evans, Gerald D. Lindsey
Proceedings of the Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1986)
Strychnine-salt blocks were evaluated for effectiveness in killing porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) in pine forests in Oregon and California. Radio-collared porcupines were exposed to strychnine-salt bait located on trees and on the ground in covered bait stations called "cubbies." Bait blocks placed in trees and in cubbies were poorly accepted by porcupines. Only 4 of 32 marked porcupines exposed to bait were poisoned. Two died at cubbies and two died at trees. Other wildlife found poisoned at cubbies were seven unmarked porcupines, seven yellow-pine chipmunks (Tamias amoenus), five Nuttall's cottontails (Sylvilagus nuttallii), four deer mice …
Results Of Eight Years' Examination Of The Habitats Of Residual Urban Norway Rat Populations After Eradication, Daniel Bajomi, Katalin Sasvari
Results Of Eight Years' Examination Of The Habitats Of Residual Urban Norway Rat Populations After Eradication, Daniel Bajomi, Katalin Sasvari
Proceedings of the Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1986)
In Budapest (population 2 million) 33 out of 100 buildings were rat-infested in the early seventies. Thus general deratization was decreed to cover the whole of the city in 1971 to 1972. As a result of the global eradication method applied, the rate of rat-infested premises could be reduced below 0.5% annually. After control the sparsely occurring rats could freely choose any of the habitats released for settling. The habitats of Budapest most preferred by Norway rats are presented after a wide-ranging investigation carried out over 8 years. Our examination data support and in some cases reveal the requirements of …
Advances In The Integrated Control Of The European Rabbit In South Australia, John R. W. Burley
Advances In The Integrated Control Of The European Rabbit In South Australia, John R. W. Burley
Proceedings of the Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1986)
In South Australia, success in control of the European rabbit has been based on an understanding of rabbit biology and behavior. Drastic population reduction is obtained by use of Compound 1080. This method is much more effective when carried out during midsummer to late autumn. At this time, territorial boundaries are relaxed and the young have been weaned and are feeding aboveground. To ensure that the greatest number of rabbits can receive a lethal dose, it is necessary to pre-feed the population with un-poisoned bait over a period of 8 to 10 days. Oat grain has been chosen as the …
An Integrated Pest Management Approach To Roof Rat Control In Oceanfront Riprap, Ventura County, California, Daniel P. Claffey, Minoo B. Madon, Randall T. Smith
An Integrated Pest Management Approach To Roof Rat Control In Oceanfront Riprap, Ventura County, California, Daniel P. Claffey, Minoo B. Madon, Randall T. Smith
Proceedings of the Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1986)
During the summer months of 1979, public agencies in Ventura County received complaints which pointed to a rodent infestation of campground areas along the north coastal strip. Investigations revealed a widespread infestation of oceanfront riprap by roof rats (Rattus rattus). Visual surveillance, trapping, baiting and population-estimating techniques and results are described and discussed. Implementation of integrated pest management practices resulted in the reduction of rat populations to a no-complaint level and provided a framework for a long-term maintenance program.
Conference Participants
Proceedings of the Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1986)
The Conference totalled 372 registered attendees. The participants came from 31 states, the District of Columbia, and 13 other countries: Australia, Canada, China, Ethiopia, France, Israel, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Nigeria, Trinidad, United Kingdom, and Zimbabwe. Students from Sudan and Taiwan were also in attendance. The wide representation from the United States and from countries throughout the world contributed to the success of the Conference by providing a highly diversified group for the exchange of ideas and information.
The House Mouse In Poultry Operations: Pest Significance And A Novel Baiting Strategy For Its Control, Robert M. Corrigan, Ralph E. Williams
The House Mouse In Poultry Operations: Pest Significance And A Novel Baiting Strategy For Its Control, Robert M. Corrigan, Ralph E. Williams
Proceedings of the Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1986)
Enclosed and insulated commercial poultry buildings provide ideal habitat for supporting unusually large populations of the house mouse (Mus musculus L.). Mice cause damage to various structural and operational components of poultry facilities; thus, they are of economic significance as well as general nuisances. Effective mouse control programs in poultry operations are often difficult, complicated, time consuming and inefficient due to various environmental and operational factors intrinsic to commercial poultry facilities. The significance of the house mouse as an economic pest in poultry operations is discussed via the results of a rodent control survey of 161 commercial poultry operations …
Bird Problems In California Pistachio Production, A. Charles Crabb, Terrell P. Salmon, Rex E. Marsh
Bird Problems In California Pistachio Production, A. Charles Crabb, Terrell P. Salmon, Rex E. Marsh
Proceedings of the Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1986)
In 1984 studies were initiated to identify the bird species causing damage to pistachio nuts, quantify the losses, and explore possible methods for alleviating bird losses. The first year's field observations were made to identify and determine the level of activity of the various depredating bird species in the orchard. Field samples of nuts were collected to assess the levels of damage occurring in representative orchards. A mail survey of all commercial pistachio growers in California was conducted to determine which bird species growers believed were the cause of nut losses, the extent of damage they have experienced and what, …
Closing Remarks For The 12th Vertebrate Pest Conference, A. Charles Crabb
Closing Remarks For The 12th Vertebrate Pest Conference, A. Charles Crabb
Proceedings of the Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1986)
This concludes the 12th Vertebrate Pest Conference. Before going on with my closing remarks, I think we should acknowledge the excellent job done by all of our session chairpersons and speakers. On behalf of the Vertebrate Pest Council I want to thank you for your participation in the conference.
Population Dynamics And Expansion Rates Of Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs, Lyle A. Crosby, Randy Graham
Population Dynamics And Expansion Rates Of Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs, Lyle A. Crosby, Randy Graham
Proceedings of the Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1986)
The purpose of this review is to describe population dynamics and annual rates of increase of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) and to determine annual expansion rates of uncontrolled populations. Their reproductive characteristics, including social behavior are examined as they relate to these factors. In this analysis, the first step is to determine the average number of male and female prairie dogs of breeding age that are present at each burrow system before and after the reproductive cycle. From this determination the total number of prairie dogs is determined, based on the average density of active burrows for …
Pocket Gopher Damage To Conifers In Western Forests: A Historical And Current Perspective On The Problem And Its Control, Glenn A. Crouch
Pocket Gopher Damage To Conifers In Western Forests: A Historical And Current Perspective On The Problem And Its Control, Glenn A. Crouch
Proceedings of the Twelfth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1986)
Pocket gophers (Thomomys spp.) damage or destroy regeneration on hundreds of thousands of acres of forestland in the western United States each year. Despite years of research, poisoning the offending animals—a technique developed around the turn of the century on agricultural land--is still the most prevalent practice for controlling damage on western forests.