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- Keyword
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- Invasive species (51)
- Brown treesnake (8)
- Eradication (8)
- Rapid response (5)
- <i>Boiga irregularis</i> (4)
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- Florida (4)
- Guam (4)
- Management (4)
- Rodenticide (4)
- Amphibian (3)
- Boiga irregularis (3)
- Hawaii (3)
- House mouse (3)
- Island conservation (3)
- Risk (3)
- Rodent (3)
- Rodents (3)
- Surveillance (3)
- <i>Felis catus</i> (2)
- <i>Mus musculus</i> (2)
- <i>Rattus rattus</i> (2)
- Alien species (2)
- Brodifacoum (2)
- Control (2)
- Disease (2)
- Dispersal (2)
- Early detection (2)
- Education (2)
- Feral cat (2)
- Genetics (2)
Articles 1 - 30 of 56
Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Welcome And Opening Remarks, Richard L. Bruggers
Welcome And Opening Remarks, Richard L. Bruggers
Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species
Greetings and welcome to Fort Collins. We at the National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC) have had the privilege of organizing and hosting four international symposia since 1993. The first three were on the topics of contraception and wildlife, repellents in wildlife management, and the economics of wildlife damage management.
Today, it is my pleasure to welcome you to our fourth symposium: the International Symposium on Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species. I know our Symposium’s organizing committee has strived to bring you a diverse group of international speakers….all of whom are working on the cutting edge of invasive species research, management, and …
The Political, Economic And Management History Of A Successful Exotic Eradication: The Case Of Black-Tailed Jackrabbits In One Part Of Florida, Richard M. Engeman, Bernice Constantin, Jeffrey Bunting
The Political, Economic And Management History Of A Successful Exotic Eradication: The Case Of Black-Tailed Jackrabbits In One Part Of Florida, Richard M. Engeman, Bernice Constantin, Jeffrey Bunting
Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species
Black-tailed jackrabbits are a prolific, mobile species that became established at Miami International Airport, Florida. These animals posed a potential threat for colonization through additional parts of Florida if they were able to spread beyond the expansive airport property. Moreover, their carcasses from collisions with vehicles and aircraft attracted large scavenging and predatory birds to the airport, causing potential airstrike hazards. While the jackrabbits ultimately were successfully eradicated, the political, economic and management paths to that success were convoluted. We describe that history here and how a beneficial outcome was ultimately achieved.
Managing Starlings In Australia – Can Drc-1339 Be The Answer?, Tina Bentz, Steven Lapidge, David Dall, Ronald G. Sinclair
Managing Starlings In Australia – Can Drc-1339 Be The Answer?, Tina Bentz, Steven Lapidge, David Dall, Ronald G. Sinclair
Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species
European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) are one of the most abundant and widespread bird species on earth. Introduced to Australia in the late 1850s, their highly adaptive ecology has enabled them to become a major pest. Concerns include public health and safety, economic impacts, detrimental environmental effects, and bird strikes at airports. Unfortunately current Australian control methods are ineffective and more efficacious, humane methods need to be developed. A feasibility study was undertaken of the likely risks/benefits of avicide DRC 1339 (3-chloro-4-methylbenzenamine hydrochloride) in Australia. This included a risk-analysis, a multi-industry survey and non-toxic bait trials to assess target-specificity. …
The Role Of Early Detection And Rapid Response In Thwarting Amphibian And Reptile Introductions In Florida, Todd S. Campbell
The Role Of Early Detection And Rapid Response In Thwarting Amphibian And Reptile Introductions In Florida, Todd S. Campbell
Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species
Prevention is the best policy for dealing with introduced species. However, biologists often spend an inordinate amount of time studying their spread and impacts rather than focusing on what should be done to thwart their establishment in the first place. Amphibian and reptile introductions are reaching epidemic proportions in Florida, largely due to irresponsible behavior by pet owners and the pet industry, but also due to ineffective preventive policies and actions. Prevention of additional amphibian and reptile introductions in Florida will require a comprehensive approach involving legal restrictions of certain problematic species, a massive public education effort, and a well-funded …
Ecology Of An Invasive Predator In Hawaii, Steven C. Hess, Heidi Hansen, Paul C. Banko
Ecology Of An Invasive Predator In Hawaii, Steven C. Hess, Heidi Hansen, Paul C. Banko
Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species
Cats (Felis catus) brought to Hawaii in the 1700s now occupy most habitats throughout the islands, including montane and sublapine zones. We studied home range, population genetics, diseases, and diet of feral cats on Hawai`i Island. Feral cats on Mauna Kea live in low densities and exhibit some of the largest reported home ranges. While 95% kernel home range estimates for 4 males ( x = 1418 ha) were nearly twice as large as 3 female home ranges ( x = 772 ha), one male maintained a home range of 2050 ha. Population genetics revealed that Mauna Kea …
Considering Control Of Invasive Barred Owls To Benefit California Spotted Owls: Possible Justification And Draft Methods, Kent B. Livezey, Richard M. Engeman, Dennis F. Rock, Donald A. Yasuda
Considering Control Of Invasive Barred Owls To Benefit California Spotted Owls: Possible Justification And Draft Methods, Kent B. Livezey, Richard M. Engeman, Dennis F. Rock, Donald A. Yasuda
Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species
Invasive, but native to North America, barred owls (Strix varia) are negatively affecting site occupancy, reproduction, and survival of federally threatened northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina), thereby confounding the land-based conservation strategy for northern spotted owls. Barred owls are moving southward into the range of non-federally listed California spotted owls (S. o. occidentalis), but are not, at this time or in the foreseeable future, a threat to the California spotted owl population. We recommend consideration of barred owl control in the northern Sierra Nevada Mountains, while barred owl numbers are low enough to …
Methods And Strategies For Managing Feral Hog Damage In Grain Production Areas In Central Texas, T. J. Muir, Gary Mcewen
Methods And Strategies For Managing Feral Hog Damage In Grain Production Areas In Central Texas, T. J. Muir, Gary Mcewen
Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species
Texas Wildlife Services (WS) personnel conduct feral hog damage management projects to protect a variety of resources in Texas. For the past 12 years, WS personnel have conducted feral hog (Sus scrofa) damage management projects on an 11,000 acre wildlife management area (WMA) and surrounding farmlands located in central Texas. The WMA is managed by the United States (US) Army Corp of Engineers and Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Surrounding areas are farmlands and the primary crops grown there are corn and grain sorghum. Feral hogs have damaged area grain crops and the US Army Corp of Engineers …
Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species
Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species
Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species
No abstract provided.
Developing A New Toxin For Potential Control Of Feral Cats, Stoats, And Wild Dogs In New Zealand, Elain C. Murphy, Charles T. Eason, Steve Hix, Duncan Macmorran
Developing A New Toxin For Potential Control Of Feral Cats, Stoats, And Wild Dogs In New Zealand, Elain C. Murphy, Charles T. Eason, Steve Hix, Duncan Macmorran
Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species
The endemic fauna of New Zealand evolved in the absence of mammalian predators and their introduction has been responsible for many extinctions and declines. Predator control will have to be on-going if some native species are to survive on the mainland. Currently, predator control relies largely on labourintensive trapping, so the development of humane predator-specific toxins would provide valuable additional control methods. Para-aminopropiophenone (PAPP) is being investigated as a toxin for feral cats (Felis catus), stoats (Mustela erminea), and wild dogs (Canis familiaris). Carnivores appear to be much more susceptible to PAPP than birds, …
Prioritization Of Action On Non-Native Species – Progress In Great Britain, Niall Moore
Prioritization Of Action On Non-Native Species – Progress In Great Britain, Niall Moore
Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species
There is an increasing number of calls for action on a wide range of invasive non-native species, but only a limited resource to deal with them. It is clearly important for policy makers and others to be able to prioritize where these scarce resources are directed in order to maximize their conservation benefit. Coordination of effort, and knowledge sharing are clearly important as are risk assessment methods which attempt to quantify the risk posed by a range of species that are either present or are likely to invade. Great Britain, as an island, has advantages over continental landmasses in that …
Impacts Of Introduced Species On An Island Ecosystem: Non-Native Reptiles And Amphibians In The Us Virgin Islands, Renata J. Platenberg
Impacts Of Introduced Species On An Island Ecosystem: Non-Native Reptiles And Amphibians In The Us Virgin Islands, Renata J. Platenberg
Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species
Island ecosystems are highly sensitive to the impacts of introduced species. Non-native invasive snakes, lizards, and amphibians can introduce diseases into native populations and have other deleterious effects through predation, competition, and habitat manipulation. The United States (US) Virgin Islands are situated on the Puerto Rican Shelf in the Caribbean Sea and have a long history of human impacts and species introductions. Two species, the green iguana (Iguana iguana) and the red-legged tortoise (Geochelone carbonaria) were historically introduced and have become naturalized with little apparent impact to the local ecosystem. Recent years, however, have seen the …
Climate Matching As A Tool For Predicting Potential North American Spread Of Brown Treesnakes, Gordon H. Rodda, Robert N. Reed, Catherine S. Jarnevich
Climate Matching As A Tool For Predicting Potential North American Spread Of Brown Treesnakes, Gordon H. Rodda, Robert N. Reed, Catherine S. Jarnevich
Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species
Climate matching identifies extralimital destinations that could be colonized by a potential invasive species on the basis of similarity to climates found in the species’ native range. Climate is a proxy for the factors that determine whether a population will reproduce enough to offset mortality. Previous climate matching models (e.g., Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Prediction [GARP]) for brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis) were unsatisfactory, perhaps because the models failed to allow different combinations of climate attributes to influence a species’ range limits in different parts of the range. Therefore, we explored the climate space described by bivariate parameters of …
Flotation Materials For Aerial Delivery Of Acetaminophen Toxic Baits To Brown Treesnakes, Peter J. Savarie, Tom C. Mathies, Kathleen A. Fagerstone
Flotation Materials For Aerial Delivery Of Acetaminophen Toxic Baits To Brown Treesnakes, Peter J. Savarie, Tom C. Mathies, Kathleen A. Fagerstone
Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubes are effective bait stations for delivering dead neonatal mice (DNM) treated with the oral toxicant, 80 mg acetaminophen, to brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis) in accessible jungle forest on Guam. However, PVC tubes are not practical for delivery of baits to remote areas of jungle or the forest canopy. Further, it is important that baits entangle in the canopy and not fall to the ground where they can be scavenged by non-target animals such as crabs. Data from helicopter aerial deployment of untreated DNM with radio transmitters that landed on the ground in areas of …
Population Ecology And Some Potential Impacts Of Emerging Populations Of Exotic Parrots, Douglas E. Runde, Will C. Pitt, J. T. Foster
Population Ecology And Some Potential Impacts Of Emerging Populations Of Exotic Parrots, Douglas E. Runde, Will C. Pitt, J. T. Foster
Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species
Parrots have been transported around the world since the 1400s and about 44 species have established populations outside of their native ranges. At least 70% of these introduced species were identified as potential agricultural pests, compared to only 15% of all parrot species. At least 74 exotic psittacines have been reported in the wild in the United States, but only nine species were considered established. Since 1990, 24 psittacine species have been sighted in the wild in Hawai`i, about 21 species regularly occur on the main islands and at least five appear established. Past history of successful introduction, recent status …
Habitattitude™: Getting A Backbone About The Pet Release Pathway, Jamie K. Reaser, N. Marshall Meyers
Habitattitude™: Getting A Backbone About The Pet Release Pathway, Jamie K. Reaser, N. Marshall Meyers
Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species
Many people would not consider their family complete without a pet. Unfortunately, for some pet owners, circumstances arise that prevent them from being able to properly care for their companions and pet abandonment has become one of the most common pathways of vertebrate species introduction. It is also one of the most challenging pathways to address once the animals become established, eradication and control programs face significant public scrutiny and are often challenged by “animal rights” groups. Prevention measures are thus the key to minimizing the size and impacts of the “pet release pathway.” Habitattitude™ is a proactive campaign designed …
Pest Eradication Technology – The Critical Partner To Pest Exclusion Technology: The Maungatautari Experience, Cam Speedy, Tim Day, John Innes
Pest Eradication Technology – The Critical Partner To Pest Exclusion Technology: The Maungatautari Experience, Cam Speedy, Tim Day, John Innes
Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species
Invasive pest eradication is an increasingly viable management option for conservation and wildlife managers all over the world. The list of successful rodent eradications from isolated islands continues to grow globally. Now, with the development of effective pest exclusion technologies, the opportunities for eradicating multiple species of vertebrate pests from progressively larger fragments of habitat in mainland situations are also increasing. Attempts at eradicating up to fifteen separate species of pest mammal from indigenous forest fragments protected by Xcluder™ pest proof fencing have been made on the main islands of New Zealand. These include various assemblages of multiple species of …
Monitoring The Sale And Trafficking Of Invasive Vertebrate Species Using Automated Internet Search And Surveillance Tools, Karl Suiter, Sanda Sferrazza
Monitoring The Sale And Trafficking Of Invasive Vertebrate Species Using Automated Internet Search And Surveillance Tools, Karl Suiter, Sanda Sferrazza
Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species
The internet is often an unregulated pathway that can lead to the introduction of invasive species. Surveillance of internet-related sale or trade activities can reduce the movement of potentially invasive species and serve to lessen the risk of an introduction. The Invasive Species Internet Monitoring System automates the process of searching the internet for suspect sites (e.g., internet storefronts, chat rooms, etc.) involved in the sale or trade of targeted species. Additionally, this software system incorporates data management features that permit the archiving of suspect website content, assists subject matter experts in evaluating sites for risk, send informational emails to …
Genetic Options For The Control Of Invasive Vertebrate Pests: Prospects And Constraints, Ronald E. Thresher
Genetic Options For The Control Of Invasive Vertebrate Pests: Prospects And Constraints, Ronald E. Thresher
Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species
Conventional methods for the control of invasive pests are generally effective only on small-space scales or short-time frames. For most well established pest populations, longer-term efforts to manage the problem have been largely abandoned. I examine the potential of using “autocidal” genetic techniques to control terrestrial vertebrate pests, based on the inheritance through males of transgenes that either sterilize females or convert them into functional males (“daughterless”). Simulation analysis of two high profile pest species, the cane toad (Bufo marinus) in Australia and brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) in an urban environment, using realistic parameters, suggests that …
Management Of Invasive Vertebrates In The United States: An Overview, Gary W. Witmer, Patrick W. Burke, Will C. Pitt, Michael L. Avery
Management Of Invasive Vertebrates In The United States: An Overview, Gary W. Witmer, Patrick W. Burke, Will C. Pitt, Michael L. Avery
Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species
At least 161 introduced/invasive vertebrates have become established in the United States and its territories, including at least 81 mammalian, 94 avian, and 86 reptilian/amphibian species. Particularly problematic species include feral cats and dogs; feral pigs; commensal rats and mice; starlings, pigeons, and house sparrows; and bullfrogs, brown treesnakes, and coqui frogs. We briefly review these introductions and the types of damage they cause. We review the basic types of methods used for control or eradication of each taxonomic group, including physical, chemical, biological, and cultural methods. We also discuss some of the challenges in managing these species, including issues …
The Brown Treesnake Rapid Response Team, James W. Stanford, Gordon H. Rodda
The Brown Treesnake Rapid Response Team, James W. Stanford, Gordon H. Rodda
Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species
In the 1940s the brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis) was accidentally transported to Guam and became established. Brown treesnakes have caused and continue to cause major problems for the ecology, economy, and quality of life on Guam. As Guam’s snake densities increased in the late 1970s, extralimital encounters began to be reported on islands with transportation links to Guam. In 1993, a major effort was initiated to reduce the potential for brown treesnakes to accidentally enter Guam’s transportation system. In 2002, a multi-agency Rapid Response Team (RRT) was established to assist in detection and capture of brown treesnakes on …
Florida’S Non-Native Avifauna, Michael L. Avery, Michael P. Moulton
Florida’S Non-Native Avifauna, Michael L. Avery, Michael P. Moulton
Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species
Florida has a mild climate, diverse natural habitats, and a growing, mobile human population. Florida also hosts thousands of species of introduced plants, fish, and wildlife. A recent compilation lists 196 non-native bird species, comprising 15 orders, which have occurred in Florida. The list includes 72 species of parrots and parakeets (psittaciformes), 51 passerines, and 22 species of waterfowl (anseriformes). First sightings of newly introduced bird species in Florida increased rapidly through the 1980s, but numbers of new species detected appear to have subsided since then. Sources of introductions are often not reported, but of those that are known, most …
Island Biosecurity As A Pest Management Tactic In New Zealand, Keith Broome
Island Biosecurity As A Pest Management Tactic In New Zealand, Keith Broome
Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species
New Zealand is an archipelago with many islands of conservation significance, none of which has the full suite of invasive vertebrate pests found on mainland New Zealand. Managing invasive species on New Zealand islands involves prevention of pests establishing and controlling or extirpating those already there. Prevention measures, referred to as island biosecurity, focuses on the three major pathways for pests to arrive: deliberate release, accidental release and swimming. Managing deliberate release is largely reactive but does have opportunities for prevention depending on the motivation of offenders. Managing accidental release is where most proactive work is done by Department of …
Landscape Genetics Of Feral Swine And Implications For Management, Johanna Delgado-Acevedo, Randy W. Deyoung, Tyler A. Campbell
Landscape Genetics Of Feral Swine And Implications For Management, Johanna Delgado-Acevedo, Randy W. Deyoung, Tyler A. Campbell
Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species
The management of the invasive feral pig (Sus scrofa) has been the subject of intense study in recent years. Feral pigs are also susceptible to diseases (e.g., brucellosis, pseudorabies) that can be transmitted to livestock, humans, and wildlife. Feral pigs clearly represent a threat to the sustainability of multiple agriculture products. Population reduction (trapping or shooting) is the best current alternative for controlling pig damage. However, reduction is crude and inefficient in terms of manpower and resources because pigs from neighboring areas quickly recolonize managed areas. We used a panel of 9 microsatellite loci to study broad-scale population …
Alaska’S Rat Spill Response Program, Steven M. Ebbert, Arthur Sowls, G. Vernon Byrd
Alaska’S Rat Spill Response Program, Steven M. Ebbert, Arthur Sowls, G. Vernon Byrd
Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species
The introduction of rodents on an island as a new predator usually interferes with natural island biodiversity, particularly on islands without any native mammalian predators. Many Alaskan islands, and most islands in the Aleutian Island region of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge (AMNWR), are free of mammalian predators and are vulnerable to invasion by rodents. Rat introduction to islands can put ground-nesting birds, such as seabirds and endemic landbirds, at risk of extirpation. The refuge is also concerned about additional introductions of house mice. As far as we know, the introduction, or “spilling,” of rats onto refuge islands from …
The Path To Eradication Of The Gambian Giant Pouched Rat In Florida, Richard Engeman, Gary W. Witmer, Jean B. Bourassa, John W. Woolard, Bernice Constantin, Parker T. Hall, Scott Hardin, Neil D. Perry
The Path To Eradication Of The Gambian Giant Pouched Rat In Florida, Richard Engeman, Gary W. Witmer, Jean B. Bourassa, John W. Woolard, Bernice Constantin, Parker T. Hall, Scott Hardin, Neil D. Perry
Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species
A thriving population of Gambian giant pouched rats became established on Grassy Key, a 550-ha island in Florida, following escape(s) from an exotic pet breeder. After existence of the population was verified, computer models indicated that Gambian giant pouched rats could successfully invade a large portion of North America if they reached the mainland. This largest of rat species is highly prolific, and its dispersal to the mainland could result in substantial negative impacts to agriculture, environment, and wildlife. Additionally, Gambian giant pouched rats are known vectors of a variety of diseases transmissible to humans and livestock. The first action …
Invasive Rats And Bubonic Plague In Northwest Uganda, Jeff N. Borchert, Jeff J. Mach, Timothy J. Linder, Asaph Ogen-Odoi [Deceased, In Memoriam], Santos Angualia
Invasive Rats And Bubonic Plague In Northwest Uganda, Jeff N. Borchert, Jeff J. Mach, Timothy J. Linder, Asaph Ogen-Odoi [Deceased, In Memoriam], Santos Angualia
Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species
Major introductions of roof rats (Rattus rattus) likely occurred in the ports of East Africa during the Third Plague Pandemic in the late 1800’s. Transport via trains, boats, and trucking likely introduced this species to inland areas of East Africa, ultimately including Northwest Uganda. Historic plague outbreaks occurred during the early part of the 20th century and continue to cause a human disease burden in the West Nile region of NW Uganda via the bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic forms. Four field sites in this area were trapped to determine the rodent species composition in commensal and peridomestic areas …
Foreword, Gary W. Witmer, Will C. Pitt, Kathleen A. Fagerstone
Foreword, Gary W. Witmer, Will C. Pitt, Kathleen A. Fagerstone
Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species
The effects of invasive vertebrate species on agriculture, human health and safety, and the environment are a growing concern around the world. The number of incidents of invasive species causing harm continues to climb with increased worldwide travel and transportation of goods. The focus for many decades was on invasive pathogens, plants, and invertebrates because they can greatly affect human and animal health and food supplies. In recent years, invasive vertebrate species, such as rats, feral pigs, and feral cats, have garnered more attention because the magnitude of their impacts have been repeatedly highlighted in the media. In response, better …
Multiple-Species Exclusion Fencing And Technology For Mainland Sites, Tim Day, Roger Macgibbon
Multiple-Species Exclusion Fencing And Technology For Mainland Sites, Tim Day, Roger Macgibbon
Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species
Eradication of invasive vertebrate pests from increasingly large islands has become an important wildlife management and conservation tool internationally. Success on islands has prompted attempts to exclude and eradicate vertebrate pests from mainland sites. Early mainland exclusion efforts often failed due to ineffective or poorly maintained barriers to pest reinvasion. Over the last 10 years, we have conducted extensive experiments to design effective pest exclusion technology. We have determined the behavior and physical abilities of many of the vertebrate pest species found in New Zealand and other parts of the world. Pest species have been tested against a variety of …
Can Temperature Be Used As A Tool For Limiting Brown Treesnake Invasion Via Transportation Pathways?, Michelle T. Christy, Julie A. Savidge, Richard Bischof, Gordon H. Rodda
Can Temperature Be Used As A Tool For Limiting Brown Treesnake Invasion Via Transportation Pathways?, Michelle T. Christy, Julie A. Savidge, Richard Bischof, Gordon H. Rodda
Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species
The use of extreme temperatures is one of the few chemical residue-free techniques available for control of pest species and has proven fast and effective in a variety of applications. We determined the upper and lower lethal temperatures for the brown treesnake. We also investigated whether gender, size, body condition and exposure time influenced survival at temperature extremes. Elevating snake core temperatures to 40°C and 41°C for one hour resulted in 99% mortality within seven days (40°C) and 100% mortality within one hour of exposure (41°C). Mortality decreased sharply to 51% for a one hour exposure to 39°C. Shorter, heavier …
Invasive Species Management And Research Using Gis, Tracy Holcombe, Thomas J. Stohlgren, Catherine Jarnevich
Invasive Species Management And Research Using Gis, Tracy Holcombe, Thomas J. Stohlgren, Catherine Jarnevich
Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are powerful tools in the field of invasive species management. GIS can be used to create potential distribution maps for all manner of taxa, including plants, animals, and diseases. GIS also performs well in the early detection and rapid assessment of invasive species. Here, we used GIS applications to investigate species richness and invasion patterns in fish in the United States (US) at the 6-digit Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC) level. We also created maps of potential spread of the cane toad (Bufo marinus) in the southeastern US at the 8-digit HUC level using regression …