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Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Gypsum Karst Of Great Britain, Anthony H. Cooper
Gypsum Karst Of Great Britain, Anthony H. Cooper
International Journal of Speleology
In Great Britain the most spectacular gypsum karst development is in the Zechstein gypsum (late Permian) mainly in north-eastern England. The Midlands of England also has some karst developed in the Triassic gypsum in the vicinity of Nottingham. Along the north-east coast, south of Sunderland, well-developed palaeokarst, with magnificent breccia pipes, was produced by dissolution of Permian gypsum. In north-west England a small gypsum cave system of phreatic origin has been surveyed and recorded. A large actively evolving phreatic gypsum cave system has been postulated beneath the Ripon area on the basis of studies of subsidence and boreholes. The rate …
Gypsum Karst In China, Lu Yaoru, Anthony H. Cooper
Gypsum Karst In China, Lu Yaoru, Anthony H. Cooper
International Journal of Speleology
The Peoples Republic of China has the largest gypsum resources in the world and a long history of their exploitation. The gypsum deposits range in age from Pre-Cambrian to Quaternary and their genesis includes marine, lacustrine, thermal (volcanic and metasomatic), metamorphic and secondary deposits. The gypsum is commonly associated with other soluble rocks such as carbonates and salt. These geological conditions, regional climate differences and tectonic setting strongly influence the karstification process resulting in several karst types in China. Well developed gypsum palaeokarst and some modem gypsum karst is present in the Fengfeng Formation (Ordovician) gypsum of the Shanxi and …
A New Genus And Species Of Troglobitic Trechinae (Coleoptera, Carabidae) From Southern China, Augusto Vigna Taglianti
A New Genus And Species Of Troglobitic Trechinae (Coleoptera, Carabidae) From Southern China, Augusto Vigna Taglianti
International Journal of Speleology
Guizhaphaenops zorzini n.gen.n.sp. is described from Anjia Yan Cave, Shuicheng County, Guizhou (China). This highly specialized troglobite species is easily recognizable from the other cave dwelling Trechini from China for the main morphological external characters, but its true relationships remain uncertain, the male being still unknown. Similar in habitus to Cathaiaphaenops and to Sinotroglodytes, the new taxon is much more related to the latter, being dorsally glabrous and having the mentum fused with the submentum, with a deep oval fovea, but it differs in its elongated head, with incomplete frontal furrows and without posterior frontal setae.
The Dissolution And Conversion Of Gypsum And Anhydrite, Alexander Klimchouk
The Dissolution And Conversion Of Gypsum And Anhydrite, Alexander Klimchouk
International Journal of Speleology
The development of karst is a complex system driven by the dissolution of a host rock and the subsequent removal of dissolved matter by moving water. It is the process that, at various stages, initiates or triggers associated processes including erosion, collapse and subsidence. The dissolution of sulphate rocks proceeds by different mechanisms and at different rates to those associated with the dissolution of carbonate rocks. For each rock type different factors influence the process. This chapter is an attempt to summarise the present knowledge of the dissolution chemistry and kinetics of gypsum and anhydrite. These are important for the …
Hydrogeology Of Gypsum Formations, Alexander Klimchouk
Hydrogeology Of Gypsum Formations, Alexander Klimchouk
International Journal of Speleology
Detailed explanation of hydrogeological characteristics of gypsum aquifers is given in various situations: deep-seated karst-confined conditions, subjacent, entrenched and denuded karst types-semi-confined, phreatic and vadose conditions. The hydrogeological evolution of barren exposed gypsum karst and flow velocities in gypsum karst aquifers is also discussed.
Breakdown Development In Cover Beds, And Landscape Features Induced By Intrastratal Gypsum Karst, Alexander Klimchouk, Vjacheslav Andrejchuk
Breakdown Development In Cover Beds, And Landscape Features Induced By Intrastratal Gypsum Karst, Alexander Klimchouk, Vjacheslav Andrejchuk
International Journal of Speleology
Intrastratal karst is by far the predominant gypsum karst type. Its development may begin in deep-seated settings within rocks already buried by younger strata, and it proceeds increasingly rapidly as uplift brings gypsum sequences into progressively shallower positions. Such development commonly occurs under confined (artesian) hydrogeological conditions, that subsequently change to open conditions (phreatic-water table-vadose). The general evolutionary line of intrastratal karst is typified by progressive emergence of a sequence into a shallower position, activation of groundwater circulation and development of cave systems within karst units, commencement of gravitational breakdown and its upward propagation through overlying beds, and development of …
Gypsum Karst In The United States, Kenneth S. Johnson
Gypsum Karst In The United States, Kenneth S. Johnson
International Journal of Speleology
Gypsum is one of the most soluble of common rocks; it is dissolved readily to form caves, sinkholes, disappearing streams, and other karst features that typically are found in limestones and dolomites. The four basic requirements for gypsum karst to develop are: (1) a deposit of gypsum; (2) water, unsaturated with CaSO4 (3) an outlet for escape of dissolving water; and (4) energy to cause water to flow through the system. Gypsum deposits are present in 32 of the 48 conterminous United States, and they underlie about 35-40% of the land area; they are reported in rocks of every …
Gypsum Karst Of France, Michel Chardon, Jean Nicod
Gypsum Karst Of France, Michel Chardon, Jean Nicod
International Journal of Speleology
Many small and scattered areas of gypsum karst are present in France. They occur in the plains and plateaux (Paris, Lorraine, Provence) as well as in the mountains, especially the Alps. Typical gypsum karst landforms are well developed and widespread, but underground cavities are scarce, despite much exploration and the apparent existence of subsurface waterflow. The Alps and Provence contain the largest karstic areas.
The Gypsum Karst Of Italy, Paolo Forti, Ugo Sauro
The Gypsum Karst Of Italy, Paolo Forti, Ugo Sauro
International Journal of Speleology
Gypsum karst has been studied in Italy since the last decades of the l9th Century. In 1917 the geographer Olinto Marinelli published “Fenomeni carsici delle regioni gessose d’Italia”, a fundamental synthesis of the early research. He distinguished 56 different morpho-karstic gypsum units and/or areas, which are all different in size and character, and described them, paying special attention to their surface morphology and hydrology. Marinelli listed all the main gypsum units and only a few secondary outcrops were overlooked. After Marinelli’s synthesis, except for some discussion of archaeological caves, only a few papers about gypsum karst and environment were published …
Gypsum Karst Of The Eastern-European Plain, Vjacheslav Andrejchuk, Alexander Klimchouk
Gypsum Karst Of The Eastern-European Plain, Vjacheslav Andrejchuk, Alexander Klimchouk
International Journal of Speleology
Description of karst in the Eastern European Plain, comprising the following regions: Baltic, Timansky, Pinego-Severodvinsky, Volgo-Kamsky, Pre-Ural, Pre-Caspian, Donetsk and Podol'sko Bukovinsky.
Speleothems And Cave Minerals In Gypsum Caves, Paolo Forti
Speleothems And Cave Minerals In Gypsum Caves, Paolo Forti
International Journal of Speleology
For many years gypsum karst was considered to contain little of interest from the point of view of chemical deposits. Relatively recently a general study of speleothems has begun within gypsum karst areas in different climatic zones around the world. So far this ongoing research has shown that gypsum karst can be very interesting in terms of its contained chemical deposits. In this chapter, all that is currently known about speleothems in gypsum caves is reported systematically, and the distinctive climatic control over them is emphasised.
Geographical Variation In The Tropical Cave Cockroach Paratemnopteryx Stonei Roth (Blattellidae) In North Queensland, Australia, David Paul Slaney, Philip Weinstein
Geographical Variation In The Tropical Cave Cockroach Paratemnopteryx Stonei Roth (Blattellidae) In North Queensland, Australia, David Paul Slaney, Philip Weinstein
International Journal of Speleology
Observations of cave dwelling organisms in both tropical and temperate caves often reveal morphological modifications, which may reflect various stages of adaptation to cave life. From April 1994 to June 1995 a number of adult Paratemnopteryx stonei were collected from 7 caves in tropical North Queensland to investigate the degree of geographical variation in such troglomorphies between cave populations. Results of morphometric analyses showed the occurrence of a morphological discontinuity between cave populations from the different geographic regions. The body dimensions particularly important in discriminating between each cave population were tegmen length (both sexes), and secondly, tegmen width and tarsus …
Gypsum Karst Of The World: A Brief Overview, Alexander Klimchouk, Paolo Forti, Anthony Cooper
Gypsum Karst Of The World: A Brief Overview, Alexander Klimchouk, Paolo Forti, Anthony Cooper
International Journal of Speleology
Short description of caves and karsts in gypsum of different parts of the World.
First Record Of Parastenocarididae (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) From Subterranean Freshwater Of Insular Greece And Description Of Two New Species, Vezio Cottarelli, Maria Cristina Bruno
First Record Of Parastenocarididae (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) From Subterranean Freshwater Of Insular Greece And Description Of Two New Species, Vezio Cottarelli, Maria Cristina Bruno
International Journal of Speleology
The genus Parastenocaris, new for Greece, has been discovered in the hyporheic habitat of Kos and Kythira Island with two new species, that are described and discussed in this work. Parastenocaris aesculapii n. sp. shares some characters with P. nolli from Germany and P. italica from Italy, Macedonia and Turkey. Parastenocaris aphroditis n. sp. belongs, according to the Authors, to a group of species living exclusively in estuarine interstitial habitats, which are all characterised by peculiar morphology and ecology, that are as well considered and interpreted.
Geomorphological Aspects Of Gypsum Karst Areas With Special Emphasis On Exposed Karst, Ugo Sauro
Geomorphological Aspects Of Gypsum Karst Areas With Special Emphasis On Exposed Karst, Ugo Sauro
International Journal of Speleology
Medium- to large-size forms in gypsum karst are described, including dolines, blind valleys, ploje-like depressions, collapses and positive and/or residual forms such as outliers, cone-like hills, dome-like hills, mesa-like tabular blocks and plateaux and breccia pipe hills. The similarities and/or difference between gypsum and carbonate forms are discussed.
Gypsum Karst Of The Baltic Republics, Bernardas Paukstys, Vytautas Narbutas
Gypsum Karst Of The Baltic Republics, Bernardas Paukstys, Vytautas Narbutas
International Journal of Speleology
The Baltic Republics of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania have karst areas developed in both carbonate and gypsiferous rocks. In the north, within the Republic of Estonia, Ordovician and Silurian limestones and dolomites crop out, or are covered by glacial Quaternary sediments. To the south, in Latvia and Lithuania, gypsum karst is actively developing in evaporites of Late Devonian (Frasnian) age. Although gypsum and mixed sulphate-carbonate karst only occupy small areas in the Baltic countries, they have important engineering and geo-ecological consequences. Due to the rapid dissolution of gypsum, the evolution of gypsum karst causes not only geological hazards such as …
A Recent Colonization Of Dolichopoda Cave Crickets In The Poscola Cave (Orthoptera, Rhaphidophoridae), Camilla Bernardini, Claudio Di Russo, Mauro Rampini, Donatella Cersaroni, Valerio Sbordoni
A Recent Colonization Of Dolichopoda Cave Crickets In The Poscola Cave (Orthoptera, Rhaphidophoridae), Camilla Bernardini, Claudio Di Russo, Mauro Rampini, Donatella Cersaroni, Valerio Sbordoni
International Journal of Speleology
We report a series of investigations carried out on a Dolichopoda population recently discovered in the Poscola cave and in some small caves nearby (Lessini Mountains, Vicenza). This population is located north of Po river, outside the present known geographic range of this genus in Italy. Morphology of the epiphallus corroborated by chromosome and allozyme analysis indicated that this population belongs to D. laetitiae. Study of the genetic structure of population in the Poscola area revealed high gene flow levels between Poscola and the other minor caves, suggesting the occurrence of a single expanding population. This finding as well …
Lithobius Nuragicus N.Sp., A New Lithobius From A Sardinian Cave (Chilopoda, Lithobiomorpha), Marzio Zapparoli
Lithobius Nuragicus N.Sp., A New Lithobius From A Sardinian Cave (Chilopoda, Lithobiomorpha), Marzio Zapparoli
International Journal of Speleology
A new species of Lithobius from a Sardinian cave (Cagliari, Santadi, loc. Su Benatzu, Grotta “Pirosu”, 576 Sa/Ca, m 270) is described. Lithobius nuragicus n. sp. belongs to the subgenus Lithobius s. str. and is related to Lithobius variegatus Leach, 1814, occurring in the British Isles, Brittany, Channel Isles, Iberian Peninsula, Maghreb, Sicily and Southern Italy. This new species is differentiated from L. variegatus by the number of prosternal teeth (3+3), the number and arrangement of ocelli (1+3; little, depigmented, not contiguous to each other, in the center of a depigmented area, posterosuperior ocellus larger than the other ocelli), the …
Sulphate Rocks As An Arena For Karst Development, Alexander Klimchouk, Vjacheslav Andrejchuk
Sulphate Rocks As An Arena For Karst Development, Alexander Klimchouk, Vjacheslav Andrejchuk
International Journal of Speleology
The rocks in which karst systems develop are most commonly composed of carbonate sulphate and chloride minerals. The sulphate minerals are quite numerous, but only gypsum and anhydrite form extensive masses in sedimentary sequences. Other minerals, which represent sulphates of K, Mg and Na, normally occur as minor beds (0.1-5.0 m), or as inclusions associated with chloride rocks. However some minerals precipitated in salt-generating basins, such as mirabilite and glauberite (typically formed in the Kara-Bogaz-Gol Gulf, salt lakes of Siberia and in China), form sequences up to 5-10 m thick where karst may develop. Due to the very high solubility …
Dissolution Of Gypsum From Field Observations, Alexander Klimchouk, Franco Cucchi, Jose Maria Calaforra, Sergey Aksem, Furio Finocchiaro, Paolo Forti
Dissolution Of Gypsum From Field Observations, Alexander Klimchouk, Franco Cucchi, Jose Maria Calaforra, Sergey Aksem, Furio Finocchiaro, Paolo Forti
International Journal of Speleology
The paper reports the results of field measurements of gypsum dissolution in various countries (Ukraine, Spain, Italy and others) and in different environments (river waters, precipitation, vadose zone, unconfined aquifer, perched cave lakes, ephemeral streams in caves, confined aquifer, cave air).
The Typology Of Gypsum Karst According To Its Geological And Geomorphological Evolution, Alexander Klimchouk
The Typology Of Gypsum Karst According To Its Geological And Geomorphological Evolution, Alexander Klimchouk
International Journal of Speleology
Definition of karst in gypsum and explanation of different types of karst in gypsum: intrastratal, exposed, covered, buried, exumed and palaeokarst.
Speleogenesis In Gysum, Alexander Klimchouk
Speleogenesis In Gysum, Alexander Klimchouk
International Journal of Speleology
Satisfactory explanation of the origin and development of caves (speleogenesis) is a core problem of karst studies. Karst evolves as a circulation system, organised and interconnected through a conduit structure. Such a system may include superficial inputs and outputs, expressed as or related to karst landforms. However, there may be no such components if the system is represented entirely by conduits as in the case with deep-seated intrastratal karst. The main differences between speleogenesis in gypsum and in carbonate rocks lie in the chemistry and kinetics of their dissolution, in some of the lithological or structural peculiarities of the respective …
Weathering Crust And Karren On Exposed Gypsum Surfaces, Tommaso Macaluso, Ugo Sauro
Weathering Crust And Karren On Exposed Gypsum Surfaces, Tommaso Macaluso, Ugo Sauro
International Journal of Speleology
The evolution of gypsum bare rock surfaces is the result both of volume changes of the outer rock layer and mass wasting by dissolutional processes. Some unusual weathering processes induce an increase in the volume of the outer gypsum layer, resulting in the development of a “weathering crust” and of characteristic forms such as small ridges and bubbles. However, the more typical erosional forms are dissolutional ones of karren type, which are commonly interconnected, or superimposed upon the previously described forms. In this chapter a classification system is proposed and discussed, within which the magnitude, order and geometry of the …
Environmental Problems In Gypsum Karst Terrains, Alexander Klimchouk, Vjacheslav Andrejchuk
Environmental Problems In Gypsum Karst Terrains, Alexander Klimchouk, Vjacheslav Andrejchuk
International Journal of Speleology
Description of environmental problems in gypsum karst areas, especially of the effects related to human impacts that are unique to gypsum karst systems or most commonly occur herein. The paper deals with pollution (oil, radioactive substances and fertilizers), mining activity, underground water abstraction, construction of dams and reservoirs, collapse and subsidence hazards giving examples of former Soviet Union.
Gypsum Karst Of Germany, Stephan Kempe
Gypsum Karst Of Germany, Stephan Kempe
International Journal of Speleology
Description of gypsum karst and caves in Germany.
Some Examples Of Gypsum Karsts And The More Important Gypsum Caves In Spain, Jose Maria Calaforra, Antonio Pulido-Bosch
Some Examples Of Gypsum Karsts And The More Important Gypsum Caves In Spain, Jose Maria Calaforra, Antonio Pulido-Bosch
International Journal of Speleology
Spain possesses some of the most important examples of gypsum karst in Europe, in terms of the extent and variety of the gypsiferous outcrops. These are divided into gypsum belonging to the Triassic, Palaeogene and Neogene epochs, each of which displays different lithological and structural aspects. Some of Spain’s most significant gypsum karsts, from the speleological standpoint, are described, and these share a common characteristic of all supporting the development of large caves. Reference is made to the geomorphology, hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of the gypsum karsts of Sorbas, Vallada and Gobantes-Meliones, which provide significant examples of intrastratal karst, speleogenesis by …
Gypsum Karst In The Western Ukraine, Alexander Klimchouk
Gypsum Karst In The Western Ukraine, Alexander Klimchouk
International Journal of Speleology
The great gypsum karst of the Western Ukraine, which is associated with Miocene (Badenian) gypsum, provides the worlds foremost examples of intrastratal gypsum karst and speleogenesis under artesian conditions. Differential neotectonic movements have resulted in various parts of the territory displaying different types (stages) of intrastratal karst, from deep-seated, through subjacent, to entrenched. Internal gypsum karstification proceeded mainly under confined hydrogeological conditions. While such development still continues in part of the territory, other parts exhibit entrenched karst settings. Huge relict maze cave systems have been explored here, five of which are currently the longest known gypsum caves in the world. …
Gypsum Karst Of The Pre-Ural Region, Russia, Vjacheslav Andrejchuk
Gypsum Karst Of The Pre-Ural Region, Russia, Vjacheslav Andrejchuk
International Journal of Speleology
Description of the gypsum karst of the pre-Ural region in Russia, with special emphasis on speleogenesis.
Gypsum Karst In The South Of The Siberian Platform, Russia, Yuri Trzcinski
Gypsum Karst In The South Of The Siberian Platform, Russia, Yuri Trzcinski
International Journal of Speleology
Description of gypsum karst in Siberia.