Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons™
Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
- Keyword
-
- Repellents (10)
- Repellent (6)
- Irritation (4)
- Birds (3)
- Capsaicin (3)
-
- <i>Marmota monax</i> (2)
- Bird repellents (2)
- Communication (2)
- Damage (2)
- Fear (2)
- New Zealand (2)
- Odor (2)
- Semiochemicals (2)
- Urine (2)
- <i>Canis latrans</i> (1)
- <i>Herpestes auropunctatus</i> (1)
- <i>Lynx rufus</i> (1)
- <i>Microtus pennsylvanicu</i> (1)
- <i>Mus musculus</i> (1)
- <i>Passer domesticus</i> (1)
- <i>Populus tremuloides</i> (1)
- <i>Rattus exulans</i> (1)
- <i>Rattus norvegicus</i> (1)
- <i>Rattus rattus</i> (1)
- <i>Vulpes vulpes</i> (1)
- <i>Zenaida auriculata</i> (1)
- brown tree snakes (<i>Boiga irrenularis</i>) (1)
- <i>Bonasa umbellus</i> (1)
- <i>Canis latrans</i> (1)
- Acetates (1)
Articles 1 - 30 of 40
Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Acknowledgments
National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995
Committee Members Acknowledgments
Author Index
National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995
Author Index
Chemical Signals And Repellency: Problems And Prognosis, Gary K. Beauchamp
Chemical Signals And Repellency: Problems And Prognosis, Gary K. Beauchamp
National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995
The chemical senses (olfaction, gustation, and chemical irritation or pain) were likely the first to evolve. Their functions are among the most basic-to attract and to repel. Attracting compounds often signal food or sex; repelling compounds presumably signal danger. Among the chemical senses, only olfaction appears to have several functional roles, two of which are modulation of social behaviors and identification of food. Whether an odor attracts or repels often depends to a large degree on learning. Consequently, dissociated olfactory stimuli may be relatively poor candidates for repellents since, after repeated exposure, pest animals are likely to ignore them. Taste, …
Cinnamamide: A Nonlethal Chemical Repellent For Birds And Mammals, Elaine L. Gill, Richard W. Watkins, Joanne E. Gurney, Julie D. Bishop, Chris J. Feare, Clare B. Scanlon, David P. Cowan
Cinnamamide: A Nonlethal Chemical Repellent For Birds And Mammals, Elaine L. Gill, Richard W. Watkins, Joanne E. Gurney, Julie D. Bishop, Chris J. Feare, Clare B. Scanlon, David P. Cowan
National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995
There is a need for effective and environmentally sensitive methods of controlling vertebrate pest problems in agriculture and the urban environment. Nonlethal chemical repellents may meet this need where more traditional methods of control, such as scaring, shooting, and trapping, are either ineffectual or unacceptable. One such chemical repellent currently under investigation is cinnarnamide, a synthetic compound derived from a plant secondary compound, cinnamic acid. Cinnamamide is unusual because, unlike many of its contemporaries, it deters feeding by both birds and mammals. This paper reviews past and current laboratory and field studies in which cinnamarnide is shown to deter feeding …
The Chemistry Of Plant/Animal Interactions, Paul B. Reichardt
The Chemistry Of Plant/Animal Interactions, Paul B. Reichardt
National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995
Chemical approaches to studying plant/animal interactions have led to an appreciation that plant chemistry strongly influences patterns of herbivory. Although this chemistry is often rather complex, two basic factors have emerged: plant chemistry influences herbivores in both positive and negative ways by determining dietary quality of plants and by providing feeding cues. Examination of the results from numerous studies addressing these issues has led to the development of three working hypotheses: (1) there is a molecular basis for chemical cues; (2) the molecular diversity of chemical signals implies specific mechanisms for plant-initiated attraction or repellence of herbivores; and (3) there …
Peripheral Trigeminal Neural Processes Involved In Repellency, Bruce P. Bryant
Peripheral Trigeminal Neural Processes Involved In Repellency, Bruce P. Bryant
National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995
his paper outlines the primary factors that affect the neural mediation of behavioral responses to chemical irritants. First, effective irritants must permeate the cornified epithelium or penetrate the mucosa to gain access to nociceptive nerve endings that are present in the skin or mucosa. Physicochemical properties of the irritant/repellent will determine the degree to which an effective concentration can be attained at the nerve endings. Second, endings of specific classes of somatosensory neurons are present in the periphery that, when appropriately stimulated by chemical as well as thermal or mechanical means, signal potential or actual tissue damage by causing pain …
Experiments On Chemical Control Of Behavior In Brown Tree Snakes, David Chiszar, Gordon H. Rodda, Hobart M. Smith
Experiments On Chemical Control Of Behavior In Brown Tree Snakes, David Chiszar, Gordon H. Rodda, Hobart M. Smith
National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995
The brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis), accidentally introduced on Guam shortly after World War 11, is the target of extensive efforts aimed at reducing populations and preventing their spread to other Pacific islands. Chemical attractants and repellents have been investigated, and this paper presents an overview of current knowledge. In particular, chemical cues that have strong effects in laboratory tests have had only modest (though significant) effects in field tests on Guam. Reasons for the different outcomes of laboratory and field studies are discussed along with recommendations for the redesign of laboratory experiments.
A Review Of The Bird Repellent Effects Of 1 17 Carbocyclic Compounds, Larry Clark
A Review Of The Bird Repellent Effects Of 1 17 Carbocyclic Compounds, Larry Clark
National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995
We evaluated 117 carbocyclic compounds for their bird repellent effects in no-choice (one-bottle) drinking tests and summarized the results in this paper. Compounds derivative of aromatic heterocycles, acetophenones and carbocyclic compounds containing sulfur are often strong repellents. Anthranilates, aromatic alcohols, aromatic aldehydes, and carbocyclic compounds containing nitrogen are moderately strong repellents. However, the potency of anthranilates is highly variable, depending upon the nature of the substitutions. Acetates and benzoates are weak repellents. Benzoic acids and amino acids are not repellent to starlings. In addition, discussions of the type of behavioral assay, units of measure, and dose-response characterizations include recommendations for …
Behavioral Responses To Pine Needle Oil In The Northern Pocket Gopher, Gisela Epple, Dale L. Nolte, J. Russell Mason, Eugeny Aronov, Shirley Wager-Page
Behavioral Responses To Pine Needle Oil In The Northern Pocket Gopher, Gisela Epple, Dale L. Nolte, J. Russell Mason, Eugeny Aronov, Shirley Wager-Page
National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995
For many herbivorous mammals, oils from conifers are feeding repellents. Our study investigated effects of pine needle oil on feeding and other behaviors of northern pocket gophers. In one-choice feeding trials pocket gophers were offered sweet potato from single feeding stations placed into each subject's home cage. Stations contained either a scent dispenser with pine needle oil or with mineral oil. Pine needle oil did not inhibit food retrieval under these conditions. Responses to pine needle oil and to a control odorant, d-pulegone, were also tested in mazes where subjects were offered choices between two goal boxes, each containing food …
A Preliminary Evaluation Of Three Food Flavoring Compounds As Bird Repellents, Richard E.R. Porter
A Preliminary Evaluation Of Three Food Flavoring Compounds As Bird Repellents, Richard E.R. Porter
National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995
There is an increasing demand in New Zealand for nonlethal bird repellents to protect food crops and prevent poisonous mammal baits being eaten by native birds. Three food flavorings, dimethyl anthranilate (DMA), methyl anthranilate (MA), and a peppermint extract (Optamint), were applied to wheat as surface coatings at different concentrations and then offered to individually caged house sparrows (Passer domesticus). The birds were given one of four levels of treated wheat (control, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 .O% by weight for DMA and MA; 0, 1, 3, and 5 % by weight for Optarnint). Only Optamint at the 5% …
Origins Of Food Preference In Herbivores, Frederick D. Provenza
Origins Of Food Preference In Herbivores, Frederick D. Provenza
National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995
Food preference is best understood as the interaction between taste and postingestive feedback, determined by an animal's physiological condition and to a food's chemical characteristics. Taste (as well as smell and sight) enables animals to discriminate among foods and provides hedonic sensations associated with eating. Postingestive feedback calibrates taste in accord with a food's homeostatic utility: preference increases when foods are adequate in nutrients; conversely, preference decreases when foods are deficient in nutrients, when they contain excesses of toxins, and when they are too high in rapidly digestible nutrients. Preference also decreases when familiar foods are eaten too frequently or …
Electronic Rodent Repellent Devices: A Review Of Efficacy Test Protocols And Regulatory Actions, Stephen A. Schumake
Electronic Rodent Repellent Devices: A Review Of Efficacy Test Protocols And Regulatory Actions, Stephen A. Schumake
National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995
A wide variety of sonic/ultrasonic, electromagnetic, mechanical/vibrational, and electrical barrier devices have been researched, developed, and marketed over the past 30 years. Although there are currently no Environmental Protection Agency' (EPA) registration requirements, human safety and repellent efficacy test data for these devices may be requested whenever they are commercially manufactured, marketed, and retailed. This chapter reviews research reports and data sets for devices operating at selected frequency ranges, pulse rates, duty cycles, and intensity levels. It also describes examples of laboratory and field test protocols as well as recent EPA and Federal Trade Commission (FTC) regulatory actions in relation …
The Role Of Sensory Cues And Feeding Context In The Mediation Of Pine-Needle Oil's Repellency In Prairie Voles, Shirley A. Wager-Page, J. Russell Mason, Eugeny Aronov, Gisela Epple
The Role Of Sensory Cues And Feeding Context In The Mediation Of Pine-Needle Oil's Repellency In Prairie Voles, Shirley A. Wager-Page, J. Russell Mason, Eugeny Aronov, Gisela Epple
National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995
Pine-needle oil inhibits feeding in vertebrate species through sensory cues. Prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) significantly decreased their ingestion of raw apple pieces when pineneedle oil (10% vol/vol) was applied as a repellent coating. During single-choice tests, voles selected similar amounts of sunflower seeds from pine-needle oil-scented jars and vegetable oil-treated jars. However, when jars containing both stimuli were presented simultaneously, voles retrieved significantly more food from the vegetable oil-treated jars than the pine-needle oil-treated jars. Neonatal administration of capsaicin chronically depletes neurotransmitters in C- and A-a fibers greatly diminishing or abolishing pain transmission in the affected neurons (i.e., …
Effectiveness Of Varpel Rope@ On Norway Rats And House Mice In Laboratory And Field Conditions, J.D. Wilhide, M.D. Fletcher
Effectiveness Of Varpel Rope@ On Norway Rats And House Mice In Laboratory And Field Conditions, J.D. Wilhide, M.D. Fletcher
National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995
This study is based on observations made during the efficacy testing for EPA product approval of Varpel Rope®, a temporary repellent for Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) and the house mouse (Mus musculus). Animals were tested under both laboratory and field conditions. Laboratory testing was conducted at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, and resulted in 75-97% repellency. Field testing that resulted in repellency rates from 50 to 100%, was conducted in Newport, AR. Over 140 hr of videotape were recorded during the 1,800 individual laboratory and field trials. Testing was conducted from June 1989 through May 1992.
Repellents: Integrating Sensory Modalities, Michael L. Avery
Repellents: Integrating Sensory Modalities, Michael L. Avery
National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995
Recommendations for managing wildlife damage situations often involve application of multiple methods or techniques. The basis for such recommendations is unclear as there is little evidence that such combinations of methods work more effectively than the individual methods alone. In order to improve beyond hit or miss repellent applications, we should adopt principles exhibited in nature and develop repellent treatments based on the design of signals used in animal communications. In particular, characteristics that increase detectability, discriminability, and memorability should be identified and incorporated into repellent design. To do so, the sensory capabilities of the target species need to be …
Repellency Of Plant, Natural Products, And Predator Odors To Woodchucks, N. Jay Bean, Wyatt L. Korff, J. Russell Mason
Repellency Of Plant, Natural Products, And Predator Odors To Woodchucks, N. Jay Bean, Wyatt L. Korff, J. Russell Mason
National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995
Woodchuck (Marmota monax) damage to lawns, gardens, orchards, and other agricultural areas is of concern to homeowners and fanners throughout the northeastern region of the United States. Currently, the only effective control methods are live-trapping and relocation, shooting, or lethal trapping. Each of these techniques, though effective, has drawbacks that limit its use in residential areas. Using odors to repel the animals could provide a nonlethal option to help mitigate the vegetation and property damage caused by these animals. For this reason, we studied the repellency of several commonly available odorants to repel woodchucks. Nine different burrow sites …
Grit-Use Behavior In Birds: A Review Of Research To Develop Safer Granular Pesticides, Louis B. Best
Grit-Use Behavior In Birds: A Review Of Research To Develop Safer Granular Pesticides, Louis B. Best
National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995
Understanding avian grit-use behavior and the physical characteristics of grit particles that influence their consumption by birds can aid in formulating safer granular pesticides. Potential routes of avian exposure to granular pesticides include birds perceiving the granules as a source of grit and picking them up intentionally. Pesticides formulated on granules are used extensively in agricultural production, and many are highly toxic to birds. Despite this, past formulation decisions have not included assessments of avian risks. A research program was initiated that included several phases of investigation. Natural grit-use patterns (the occurrence and amount of grit in gizzards, characteristics of …
Responsiveness Of Brown Tree Snakes To Odors, Larry Clark
Responsiveness Of Brown Tree Snakes To Odors, Larry Clark
National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995
The brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) is native to the islands of Papua New Guinea and Northern Australia. An introduced population on Guam has been implicated in the decline of that island's avifauna, and the snakes regularly cause power outages on the island. Concern exists for accidental introduction on the Hawaiian Islands. Traps baited with live mice have been used in control efforts, but the logistics of maintaining live mice in the field is difficult and expensive. This study has two objectives. First, using efficacy reports of small mammal and bird feces as attractants, we set out to …
Behavioral Principles Governing Conditioned Food Aversions Based On Deception, Michael R. Conover
Behavioral Principles Governing Conditioned Food Aversions Based On Deception, Michael R. Conover
National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995
We often are unable to reduce wildlife damage because of our inability to apply a repellent directly to the plant, animal, or item that needs protection. Conditioned food aversions based on deception (CFABD) is one method that can be used to extend protection to these items (hereafter called models). In CFABD, the model is not treated; instead mimics of the model are created and then treated with a chemical that will sicken, but not kill, the animal consuming them. This approach is a reverse form of Batesian mimicry; normally the models are poisonous and the mimics are innocuous. Yet, the …
Contributors
National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995
Contributors
Sucrose As A Feeding Deterrent For Fruit-Eating Birds, Carlos Martinez Del Rio, Michael L. Avery, Kristin E. Brugger
Sucrose As A Feeding Deterrent For Fruit-Eating Birds, Carlos Martinez Del Rio, Michael L. Avery, Kristin E. Brugger
National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995
Economic losses due to bird damage to small fruits such as blueberries, grapes, and cherries can be very high and are expected to increase in the future. The primary sugars in these fruits are glucose and fructose. Sucrose is present in very low concentrations only. Our research has unveiled a physiological trait common to many fruit-eating species in the phylogenetically related families Muscicapidae, Mirnidae, and Sturnidae. These birds are unable to digest sucrose because they lack the intestinal enzyme sucrase which hydrolyzes sucrose into glucose and fructose prior to absorption. In cage tests these birds prefer glucose and fructose to …
Comparative Analysis Of Deer Repellents, Abderrahim El Hani, Michael R. Conover
Comparative Analysis Of Deer Repellents, Abderrahim El Hani, Michael R. Conover
National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995
The deer repellent literature is fragmented and hard to interpret because there is no standard method to measure repellent effectiveness. Instead, studies differ in (1) which repellents were tested, (2) which plant or food was used as a carrier, (3) repellent concentration, (4) test duration, (5) experimental design, and (6) criteria for success. Despite these difficulties, we analyzed the literature seeking over-arching trends in repellent effectiveness. Deer-Away Big Game Repellenta (BGR) and predator odors were usually more effective than other repellents. In most field tests, the best repellents usually reduced deer damage by < 60%. There was no significant difference in the effectiveness of area repellents and contact repellents. Factors affecting repellent effectiveness include relative palatability of the plant to be protected, size of local deer populations, availability of alternative forage, weather, amount and concentration of repellent used, and test duration. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer ( …
Effectiveness Of Capsaicin As A Repellent To Birdseed Consumption By Gray Squirrels, Christopher S. Fitzgerald, Paul D. Curtis, Milo E. Richmond, Joseph A. Dunn
Effectiveness Of Capsaicin As A Repellent To Birdseed Consumption By Gray Squirrels, Christopher S. Fitzgerald, Paul D. Curtis, Milo E. Richmond, Joseph A. Dunn
National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995
We evaluated the efficacy of capsaicin as an aversive agent to captive and free-ranging gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinenssi). Capsaicin appeared more aversive in lipid-based formulations. Sunflower hearts treated with capsaicin oleoresins at 100,000 Scoville Heat Units (SHU's) demonstrated near-complete aversiveness to captive squirrels. These treatments were sampled by food-deprived captive squirrels, but were not consumed due to their extreme pungency. Additionally, capsaicin-treated suet was very effective at lower concentrations than was observed with seeds (24,000 SHU-suet versus 100,000 SHU-seed). Three ground-pepper treatments (A = 8,250 SHU's, B = 27,500 SHU's, and C = 82,500 SHU's) offered simultaneously with …
Foreword
National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995
There is an increasingly critical need for the development of repellents and other non-lethal methods for wildlife damage management. This increase in importance reflects the preferences of an urbanized citizenry for alternatives to traditional management methods, and a growing conviction among an increasing number of wildlife professionals that repellents and other nonlethal tools should be an important component of integrated wildlife damage management.
Norway Rats' Communication About Foods And Feeding Sites, Bennett G. Galef Jr.
Norway Rats' Communication About Foods And Feeding Sites, Bennett G. Galef Jr.
National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995
After interacting with a recently fed "demonstrator" rat (Rattus norvegicus), a naive "observer" rat exhibits substantial enhancement of its preference for whatever food its demonstrator ate. Such social effects on food preference in rats are surprisingly robust and able to reverse both congenital flavor preferences and poison-induced, learned flavor aversions. Analysis of the pheromonal signals emitted by demonstrator rats that alter the food preferences of their observers indicates that experience of CS2 (a substance present in rat breath) together with the odor of a food is sufficient to enhance an observer rat's subsequent preference for the food. …
Review Of Regulatory-Imposed Marketing Constraints To Repellent Development, Judith M. Hushon
Review Of Regulatory-Imposed Marketing Constraints To Repellent Development, Judith M. Hushon
National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995
The purpose of this paper is to review the regulatory issues concerned with marketing repellents and to try to identify areas where changes may be needed. Repellents are covered unevenly by the various Federal and State pesticide laws. These laws were generally formulated to deal with pesticides and other highly toxic chemicals used to control "pests." However, repellents discourage pests due to their disagreeable properties rather than their toxicity. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has recently introduced reduced risk pesticide guidance which limits reporting requirements and hastens review. Those states that follow the Federal lead do not represent a problem. …
Dilution And Detoxication Costs: Relevance To Avian Herbivore Food Selection, Walter J. Jakubas, Christopher G. Gulgielmo, William H. Karasov
Dilution And Detoxication Costs: Relevance To Avian Herbivore Food Selection, Walter J. Jakubas, Christopher G. Gulgielmo, William H. Karasov
National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995
Toxicity and digestive inhibition are commonly thought of as the primary postingestive consequences by which plant secondary metabolites (PSM's) limit herbivore food selection. However, food selection may also be modified by nutritional costs imposed by detoxication processes and nutrient dilution. Few studies have determined the magnitude of these costs for vertebrate herbivores and their ecological significance. Research clarifying the mechanisms by which PSM's repel animals may give new insights into the development of repellents for nuisance wildlife and improve our ability to predict ecological interactions involving herbivores. Using captive ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), we tested whether PSM ingestion …
The Role Of Analytical Chemistry In Repellent Research, Bruce A. Kimball, Dale L. Nolte, Kevin L. Kelly, John J. Johnston
The Role Of Analytical Chemistry In Repellent Research, Bruce A. Kimball, Dale L. Nolte, Kevin L. Kelly, John J. Johnston
National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995
Development of effective repellents requires in depth investigation of the interaction of animals with their chemical environment. This multidisciplinary field, chemical ecology, has received much attention in the area of plant/invertebrate herbivore interactions. At the Denver Wildlife Research Center (DWRC), we have benefited by the close collaboration of chemists and biologists when studying the interactions of vertebrates with natural products. Typically, this combines chemical assays that provide information on the characteristics of chemical cues with bioassays that generate information on the mechanisms that drive animal behavior. The chemistry role in this research can be either supportive or interactive. Two recent …
In-Water Electroshock Techniques To Repel Aquatic Mammals And Birds, A. Lawrence Kolz, Richard E. Johnson
In-Water Electroshock Techniques To Repel Aquatic Mammals And Birds, A. Lawrence Kolz, Richard E. Johnson
National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995
Nonlethal electroshocking devices have been developed at the Denver Wildlife Research Center for repelling aquatic mammals and birds from selected areas. These devices are augmented with infrared motion sensors to turn on the apparatus only when warm-blooded animals are present, thereby conserving electrical energy and allowing battery operation. Electronic safety controls are incorporated to prevent animals from being over-exposed or repeatedly exposed to the electrical fields. The technical basis for this equipment is based upon research originally reported in the electrofishing literature. Obviously, any animal immersed in water is highly susceptible to electrical shock, but permanent injury can be avoided …
Review Of Synthetic Predator Odor Semiochemicals As Repellents For Wildlife Management In The Pacific Northwest, Pontus M.F. Lindgren, Thomas P. Sullivan, Douglas R. Crump
Review Of Synthetic Predator Odor Semiochemicals As Repellents For Wildlife Management In The Pacific Northwest, Pontus M.F. Lindgren, Thomas P. Sullivan, Douglas R. Crump
National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference 1995
The use of synthetic predator odor semiochemicals as area repellents has considerable potential for protection of forest and agricultural crops. Certain predator odors originating from feces, urine, or scent (anal) gland secretions elicit a "fear" response when detected by prey species. At least some genera (e.g., Microtus) appear to have an innate response to these odors. Synthetic constituents from the weasel family (Mustelidae) have been particularly effective in laboratory and field bioassays with a variety of mammal species. Semiochemicals from the stoat (Mustela erminea) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) have successfully reduced feeding damage to …