Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Directory Of Water Resource Experts At Arkansas Universities And Colleges, Kenneth F. Steele

Technical Reports

The objective of this publication is to identify those faculty and staff scientists in the universities and colleges of Arkansas who are actively conducting research on water resource issues and problems. Undoubtedly, we have omitted several such researchers, but hopefully, a second edition of this publication will be more complete.

Compositional And Taphonomic Variations In Modern Crinoid-Rich Sediments From The Deep-Water Margin Of A Carbonate Bank, Ghislaine Llewellyn, Charles G. Messing

Marine & Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles

Multivariate analyses of the coarse-grained fraction (>2 mm) of sediments accumulating in deep water (419-434 m) along the western margin of the Little Bahama Bank reveal identifiable, small-scale compositional and taphonomic variations among local subhabitats (ridge crest, slope, foreslope, base of slope, pavements and scour pit) separated by meters to tens of meters. Bulk composition varies between planktic-(crest and slope) and lithic-dominated (pavements, scour pit) sediments. Local macrobenthic skeletal components also vary significantly among subhabitats, but are commonly dominated by echinoid and crinoid material; crinoid columnals contribute 9-52% of the coarse skeletal component of 17 sediment samples considered. Distributional …

Air Pollution Transport Modeling, David M. Paal

Theses and Dissertations

This research effort addresses modeling of the transportation of air pollution in the atmosphere and the numerical analysis of the partial differential equations used in such modeling. Three Gaussian models are examined and compared using example problems. Several finite difference schemes are developed to solve the partial differential equations used in air pollution transport modeling. This study examines three Gaussian models SCREEN, AFTOX, and the program GAUSPLUM. The model GAUSPLUM is developed in this study and uses the Ada programming language and the analytic solution to the advection- diffusion equation. Numerical analysis of the partial differential equations PDE used in …

Shock Wave Interaction With L-Shaped Structures, Richard C. Miller

Theses and Dissertations

This study investigated the interaction of shock waves with L-shaped structures using the CTH hydrodynamics code developed by Sandia National Laboratories. Computer models of shock waves traveling through air were developed using techniques similar to shock tube experiments. Models of L-shaped buildings were used to determine overpressures achieved by the reflecting shock versus angle of incidence of the shock front. An L-shaped building model rotated 45 degrees to the planar shock front produced the highest reflected overpressure of 9.73 atmospheres in the corner joining the two wings, a value 9.5 times the incident overpressure of 1.02 atmospheres. The same L-shaped …

Performance Impacts For Actuator Misalignments And Failures In Large- Aperture Adaptive-Optic Telescopes, Timothy D. Hogan

Theses and Dissertations

Large-aperture telescopes require adaptive optics in order to compensate for atmospheric turbulence which would otherwise negate the resolution advantages of using large apertures. This investigation analyzes the impacts of misalignments and failures, in the deformable mirror actuators, upon the performance of such systems. A numerical simulation of a standard adaptive optics system is used to generate characteristic optical transfer function OTF and signal-to-noise ratio SNR performance metrics. The performance impacts of the misalignments are shown to be dependent upon the Fried parameter effective telescope diameter, the source object brightness, and the control system time delay. The degree of performance degradation …

Developing Prediction Regions For A Time Series Model For Hurricane Forecasting, William Cheman

Theses and Dissertations

In this thesis, a class of time series models for forecasting a hurricanes future position based on its previous positions and a generalized model of hurricane motion are examined and extended. Results of a literature review suggest that meteorological models continue to increase in complexity while few statistical approaches, such as linear regression, have been successfully applied. An exception is provided by a certain class of time series models that appear to forecast storms almost as well as current meteorological models without their tremendous complexity. A suggestion for enhancing the performance of these time series models is pursued through an …

The Hazardous Waste Land, Jerry L. Anderson

Jerry L. Anderson

This article was one of the first comprehensive critiques of the Superfund remediation and liability system. The article addresses systemic problems with the CERCLA mechanism that result in inequity and slow the pace of cleanups.

Precipitation Gauge Testing On The Wasatch Plateau, Utah, During Early 1993, United States Department Of The Interior, Bureau Of Reclamation

Meterology

The Bureau of Reclamation performed an independent evaluation of an ETI (Electronic Techniques, Inc.) precipitation gauge at the High Altitude Site on the western slope of the Wasatch Plateau in central Utah. The ETI gauge could provide a desirable alternative to conventional recording gauges in several applications, including evaluation of cloud seeding projects, if it performs as advertised. The testing program was intended to determine its performance in a winter mountain environment. The ETI precipitation gauge proved to be reliable from time of installation in late November 1992 until removal in late March 1993. The only problem found was an …

A Comparison Of No And N20 Production By The Autophic Nitrifier Nitrosomonas Europaea And The Heterotrophic Nitrifier Alcaligenes Faecalis, Iris C. Anderson, Mark Poth, Julie Homstead, David J. Burdige

OES Faculty Publications

Soil microorganisms are important sources of the nitrogen trace gases NO and N₂O for the atmosphere. Present evidence suggests that autotrophic nitrifiers such as Nitrosomonas europaea are the primary producers of NO and N₂O in aerobic soils, whereas denitrifiers such as Pseudomonas spp. or Alcaligenes spp. are responsible for most of the NO and N₂O emissions from anaerobic soils. It has been shown that Alcaligenes faecalis, a bacterium common in both soil and water, is capable of concomitant heterotrophic nitrification and denitrification. This study was undertaken to determine whether heterotrophic nitrification might be …

Circulation, Fall 1993, Center For Coastal Physical Oceanography, Old Dominion University

CCPO Circulation

Fall 1993 issue of CCPO Circulation featuring article "Palmer Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER)"

Visualizing Object Oriented Software In Three Dimensions, Colin Ware, David Hui, Glenn Franck

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

There is increasing evidence that it is possible to perceive and understand increasingly comple x information systems if they are displayed a s graphical objects in a three dimensional space . Object-oriented software provides an interestin g test case - there is a natural mapping fro m software objects to visual objects . In this paper we explore two areas. 1) Information perception : we are running controlled experiments to determine empirically if our initial premise is valid; how much more (or less) can be understoo d in 3D than in 2D? 2) Layout: our strategy is to combine partially …

Probable Glacial Climatic Conditions In Source Areas During Deposition Of Parts Of The Ash Hollow Formation, Ogallala Group (Late Tertiary), Of Western Nebraska, Patricia E. Helland, Robert F. Diffendal Jr.

Robert F. Diffendal, Jr., Publications

Evidence of the climatic conditions in the mountain sediment source areas for the late Tertiary Ash Hollow Formation of the Ogallala Group in western Nebraska has been sought in an SEM (scanning electron microscope) study of surface features on detrital quartz grains from these deposits. The following lines of indirect evidence raised the possibility of glacial conditions: uplift of up to 3500 m in the source areas, paleohydrologic parameters indicative of a transport system analogous to the modern North Saskatchewan River, and possible cold climate surface features on cobbles from the deposits. SEM analysis shows that five of the nine …

Identification And Quantitation Of Volatile Amines In Chesapeake Bay Sediments, Neeraja Y. Krishna

Chemistry & Biochemistry Theses & Dissertations

Sediments from different parts of the Chesapeake Bay were analyzed to determine the presence of volatile amines. A HF-HCl extraction method was used to extract both exchangeable and fixed amines from the sediments and a purge-and-trap technique was used to concentrate the amines. Following derivatization with heptafluorobutyric anhydride (HFBA), the HFBA-amines were analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection and with mass spectrometric detection. One primary amine, i-amylamine with a concentration ranging from 0. 78 nmoles/g dry weight to < 0.05 nmoles/g dry weight was found in a total of twenty seven samples collected on three different dates in 1993. Another primary amine, 2-methylbutylamine with a concentration ranging from 0.18 nmoles/g dry weight to < 0.05 nmoles/g dry weight was found in a total of twenty three samples collected on three different dates in 1993. A secondary amine, diethylamine was detected but could not be quantified in a total of seven samples collected in September 1993. The concentrations of these amines varied with location in the Bay, depth in the sediment, and time of year the sediments were collected. The origin of i-amylamine and 2-methylbutylamine might be from the biological decarboxylation of amino acids leucine and isoleucine, respectively. The origin of diethylamine is unknown.

Description, Distribution, And Abundance Of The Blue Crab, Callinectes Sapidus (Rathbun), Spawning Stock Of The Lower Chesapeake Bay, Patrick John Geer

OES Theses and Dissertations

The lower Chesapeake Bay spawning stock of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, (Rathbun), is examined for seven years (1986 - 1992) in an attempt to better understand stock behavior. Three methods of post-stratification are used to describe the distribution and movement of the population over time. The three methods, density strata, geographic zones, and depth strata, did well in explaining movements of the population, indicating a trend of increased concentration of blue crabs near the eastern Bay late in the spawning season - October. The data suggest a bimodal period of spawning and a trimodal period of abundance. The …

Second Post-Construction Report: 1992 Biological Monitoring Of The Hollywood-Hallandale Beach Renourishment. Draft, Richard E. Dodge, Walter Goldberg, Steven C. Hess, Charles G. Messing

Marine & Environmental Sciences Faculty Reports

In 1990. Nova University (Contractor) with Coral Reef Associates and ERM South (Subcontractors) was awarded a contract to provide biological monitoring services for the Hollywood Hallandale Beach Renourishment Project. A notice to proceed for the initial biological monitoring (Pre-construction) was issued in September. 1990. Pre-construction field monitoring took place in October. 1990. Renourishment dredging began in April and ended August, 1991. Approximately 1.2 million cubic yards of sediment were removed and subsequently emplaced on 5 miles of shoreline. The first post-construction monitoring took place in October. 1991. On August 24.1992 the eye of Hurricane Andrew passed some 30 miles to …

Effect Of Wind Changes During The Last Glacial Maximum On The Circulation In The Southern Ocean, John M. Klinck, David A. Smith

CCPO Publications

Present-day surface wind stress climatology is manipulated to simulate wind conditions during the last glacial maximum. These estimated wind fields force a one-layer, wind-driven numerical model of the southern ocean to determine if a change in the strength of the surface wind stress can shift the location of the Antarctic Polar Front, which is part of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. A change in the forcing by a factor of 0.5-2.0 results in a change in the speed of the flow by an identical factor with no change in position. However, if the present-day wind climatology is shifted meridionally there is …

Data Report : Hypoxia In The James River, 1992, G. M. Sisson, A. Y. Kuo, Bruce Neilson, Nancy C. Wilson

Reports

As part of the hypoxia program of the Virginia Chesapeake Bay Initiatives, the Department of Physical Sciences of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) conducted a series of measurements around the mouth of the James River estuary. The measurements were made in the summer of 1992. Two types of measurements were conducted: measurements at moored stations and measurements by slackwater surveys. The former collected data for investigation of dissolved oxygen (DO) variation, and associated physical parameters, in an intratidal time scale, as well as for studying the vertical distributions of the measured parameters. The latter collected data for spatial …

Gravity Wave-Driven Fluctuations In The O2 Atmospheric (0-1) Nightglow From An Extended, Dissipative Emission Region, Michael P. Hickey Ph.D., G. Schubert, R. L. Walterscheid

Publications

The wave-driven fluctuations in the O2(0-1) atmospheric nightglow is modeled and the parameter (eta) is calculated using a model that accounts for either three-body recombination of atomic oxygen atoms alone to form the O2(b exp 1 Sigma(g)(+)) state directly, or by the further inclusion of the process that allows the formation of the O2(c exp 1 Sigma(u)(-)) intermediate state. The calculations are performed for a latitude of 18 deg N and for the months of March and June. The general results, which display how (eta) varies with wave period, horizontal wavelength, season, and chemical scheme, show that for given values …

Arkanasas Water Resources Center Evaluation Report Fy 1988-Fy 1992, Kenneth F. Steele

Technical Reports

Since the beginning of the Arkansas Water Resources Center the overall program has been focused on helping local, state and federal agencies learn to manage Arkansas' water resources. AWRC has contributed substantially to the State's water resources via research and training of students. Through the years, projects have included topics concerned with irrigation, ground water modeling, non-point source pollution (including sediment erosion), water quality, efficient septic tank design, and ecosystems. Information on water research and other water-resource information is disseminated by the Center through public presentations, conferences, and publications. Since 1980, an average of more than 15 principal investigators a …

Age, Growth, And Mortality Of Atlantic Croaker, Micropogonias Undulatus, In The Chesapeake Bay Region, With A Discussion Of Apparent Geographic Changes In Population Dynamics, Luiz R. Barbieri, Mark E. Chittenden Jr., Cynthia M. Jones

OES Faculty Publications

Atlantic croaker, Micropogonias undulatus, collected from commercial catches in Chesapeake Bay and in Virginia and North Carolina coastal waters during 1988-1991 (n=1,967) were aged from transverse otolith sections. Ages 1-8 were recorded, but eight-year-old fish were rare. Marginal increment analysis showed that for ages 1-7, annuli are formed once a year during the period April-May. Otolith age readings were precise: >99% agreement within and between readers. Observed lengths-at-age were highly variable and growth rate decreased after the first year. Despite the high variability in sizes-at-age, observed lengths for ages 1-7 fit the von Bertalanffy growth model (r2=0.99; n=753) well. …

Regional Distribution Of Monsoon And Desert Dust Signals Recorded In Asian Glaciers, Cameron P. Wake, Paul Andrew Mayewski, Xie Zichu, Wang Ping, Li Zhongquin

Earth Science Faculty Scholarship

Short‐term (6 months to 17 years) glaciochemical records have been collected from glacier basins throughout the mountains of central Asia. The spatial distribution of snow chemistry in central Asia is controlled predominantly by the influx of dust from the arid and semi‐arid regions in central Asia. The glaciochemical data suggests that glaciers which are removed from large source areas of mineral aerosol, such as those in the Himalaya, the Karakoram, and the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, are the ones most likely to contain longer‐term glaciochemical records which detail annual to decadal variation in the strength of the Asian monsoon and long‐range …

Water Quality In Chesapeake Bay : Virginia Portion, Water Year 1992 : A Report To The Virginia Department Of Environmental Quality, Kevin Curling, Rodney Jackson, Bruce Neilson

Reports

The Chesapeake Bay Water Quality Monitoring Program (WQMP) has three main objectives: (1) characterization of water quality conditions, (2) detection of temporal trends in water q1llality, and (3) crr.ation of a data base that furthers our understanding of the proceses that control water quality in the Chesapeake Bay system. The purpose of this report is to characterize water quality conditions in the Virginia portion of Chesapeake Bay during the 1992 water year, which runs from October 1991 through September 1992. These monitoring efforts have been conducted with funding from the US Environmental Protection Agency and the Commonwealth of Virginia.

Production And Decomposition Of Hydrogen Peroxide By Marine Phytoplankton, Dong-Beom Kim

OES Theses and Dissertations

H₂0₂ in seawater has complicated sources and sinks. The relative importance of biological regulation of H₂0₂ compared to other processes is not well understood. In addition, environmental factors affecting the biological regulation of H202 are largely unknown. Marine phytoplankton was examined for the kinetics of the production and decomposition of H₂0₂ in the dark. Effects of varying environmental factors such as light, temperature, salinity, nutrients, amino acids, trace metals and growth phase, were examined. H₂0₂ was determined with the scopoletin-fluorescence decay method.

Five out of 11 species produced …

The Biogeochemistry Of Iodine In Seawater, Lingsu Zhang

OES Theses and Dissertations

Iodate and iodide are the two major species of iodine in seawater. In comparison to iodate, iodide is thermodynamically unstable in oxic seawater. The conversion (or reduction) of iodate to iodide may be mediated via biological activities. Since biological activities vary with the season, the conversion of iodate to iodide may also vary seasonally. The conversion (or oxidation) of iodide to iodate is thermodynamically feasible, but the mechanism is poorly known. Hydrogen peroxide, which is ubiquitous in surface seawater, may oxidize iodide to iodate.

Water samples were collected in the middle and lower Chesapeake Bay in different seasons between 1990 …

Determination Of The Efficacy Of Fertilization Practices On Bob Kidd Lake, Richard L. Meyer, Jeanette K. Shipley-Phillips

Technical Reports

Fertilization strategies have been used as a standard practice on Bob Kidd and other lakes and reservoirs to enhance the availability of phytoplankton and zooplankton as food sources for developing fish. The nominal practice is to use a fixed application rate and a constant ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer per acre of lake surface. The application technique varies as does the timing. Application techniques vary from spillage and bulk deposition of fertilizer at selected sites to broadcasting of pellets or a pre-mixed slurry via boat and/or airplane. Timing is usually in the spring under appropriate weather conditions.

Ua66/8/2 Climatic Extremes In Kentucky, Wku Kentucky Climate Center

WKU Archives Records

Kentucky Climate Center report number 28 Climatic Extremes in Kentucky.

Nutrient Content Of Runoff Water From Rice Fields, C. E. Wilson Jr., P. A. Moore Jr., R. J. Norman, B. R. Wells

Technical Reports

Current perception is that nutrient runoff from croplands is a significant contributor to poor water quality in some areas. While extensive research has been conducted to survey and ameliorate this problem for several upland crops, little work has been done to evaluate the problem with flooded rice (Oryza sativa, L.) soils. Since rice production utilizes a major portion of the total irrigation water usage for certain areas, it is important to understand the contribution of rice production to non-point source N and P in surface water. Several production fields were selected to evaluate the concentrations of nutrients in the floodwater …

The Influence Of Reservoir Basin Morphometry On Phytoplankton Community Structure, Richard L. Meyer, G. Keith Trost

Technical Reports

The research protocol was designed to compare three reservoirs with similar physical environments but different morphometry. Three reservoirs on the western edge of the Ozark uplift were selected because of their similar substrate and climatic condition. The reservoirs primarily differed in morphometry. Two of the reservoirs were of identical size, Bob Kidd and Prairie Groves Lakes, but of different configuration, semicircular and linear, respectively. The bifurcated lake, Lincoln Lake, was of smaller size. Each lake is dimictic. Each of the lakes were nitrate-N limited while soluble reactive phosphorus-P is available and not restricting the growth of phytoplankton. Although the pattern …

Computer Simulation Model Calibration And Validation For Prediction Of Water Quality Impacts Of Poultry Waste Disposal, D. R. Edwards, T. C. Daniel

Technical Reports

Runoff and water quality data collected from two pairs of grazed fields in northwestern Arkansas were analyzed to support efforts to model runoff quality from areas receiving poultry manure and other fertilizer sources. The monitoring period described in this report was September 1, 1991 to April 30, 1993. One of each pair of fields was fertilized with inorganic fertilizer, and the other received either poultry litter or manure. Losses of fertilizer constituents were quite low from an agronomic standpoint, ranging from approximately 2-11 kg N/ha/year and 0.5-4.1 kg P04-P/ha/year. Annual losses of fertilizer constituents were dominated by only a small …

Effect Of Drying On Cyromazine Loss From Surface-Applied Caged-Layer Manure, T. C. Daniel, D. H. Pote, D. R. Edwards

Technical Reports

In Arkansas, much of the environmental concern related to water quality has focused on the high volume of poultry fecal waste spread on the surf ace of local pastures to fertilize forage grass. Cyromazine (N-cyclopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6- triamine), a feed-through larvicide used to control house flies (Musca domestica), is often a component of caged-layer manure. Cyromazine is quite soluble and stable in water, and previous research has shown that it can be readily washed from pasture plots by intense rainfall. Therefore, a study was conducted to evaluate increased drying time as a best management practice technique for reducing cyromazine runoff losses from …