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Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Wildlife And Vertebrate Pests In Egypt, A. Maher Ali, Hassana Hafez
Wildlife And Vertebrate Pests In Egypt, A. Maher Ali, Hassana Hafez
Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)
The conservation of Egyptian wildlife is discussed. Control measures are reviewed for rodents and birds, especially the house sparrow. Because of the high dam permanent irrigation has resulted in Arvicanthis becoming a more serious invader of rural buildings.
Controlling Damage By Forest Rodents And Lagomorphs Through Habitat Manipulation, John E. Borrecco
Controlling Damage By Forest Rodents And Lagomorphs Through Habitat Manipulation, John E. Borrecco
Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)
Damage to coniferous seedlings and trees by forest rodents, including forest lagomorphs, is a major factor limiting prompt regeneration and causing significant losses in young stands. Manipulating the vegetation to adversely influence food and cover thereby reducing animal numbers is proposed as an approach to alleviating damage. The adaptability, high reproductive potential, opportunistic feeding behavior, and mobility of forest rodents combined with the species diversity of rodent communities, rapid recovery of vegetation, and need for long-term protection make habitat manipulation for damage control a difficult approach. However, an example is presented where herbicide-induced reduction in vegetative cover and availability of …
Bird And Mammal Problems In Southeastern Pine Forests, T.E. Campbell
Bird And Mammal Problems In Southeastern Pine Forests, T.E. Campbell
Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)
Birds and rodents eat pine seeds needed for regeneration, and the larger mammals destroy established seedlings by browsing or trampling. Some of the problems they cause have been solved or solutions are near; some still defy solution.
Bird And Mammal Problems In Southeastern Pine Forests, T.E. Campbell
Bird And Mammal Problems In Southeastern Pine Forests, T.E. Campbell
Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)
Birds and rodents eat pine seeds needed for regeneration, and the larger mammals destroy established seedlings by browsing or trampling. Some of the problems they cause have been solved or solutions are near; some still defy solution.
Review Of Cultural And Other Control Methods For Reducing Pine Vole Populations In Apple Orchards, Rose E. Byers, R.S. Young, R.D. Neeley
Review Of Cultural And Other Control Methods For Reducing Pine Vole Populations In Apple Orchards, Rose E. Byers, R.S. Young, R.D. Neeley
Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)
The use of cultivation three times a year (May, July, and November) or cultivation plus a residual herbicide twice a year (July and November) greatly aided in the control of pine voles Microtus pinetorum (LeConte) in apple orchards. The use of Chlorophacinone (CPN) or Diphacinone (DPN) baits placed by hand in holes and runs 2-3 weeks after the November cultivation resulted in a very effective control procedure. Without cultivation at least two applications of anticoagulant baits at the rate of 10 lbs/acre each were required to insure adequate control. Due to low apple prices in 1975, large numbers of dropped …
Pheromones In Small Rodents And Their Potential Use In Pest Control, Erik Christiansen
Pheromones In Small Rodents And Their Potential Use In Pest Control, Erik Christiansen
Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)
The paper reviews social interactions in small rodents in which pheromones have been reported to play a part. Some of the chemical messengers involved may have a potential use in control of rodent pests. Research in this field should be encouraged, because alternatives to the current control methods are highly desirable.
Increasing Pocket Gopher Problems In Reforestation, John C. Capp
Increasing Pocket Gopher Problems In Reforestation, John C. Capp
Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)
Concern over pocket gopher damage to conifer seedlings is increasing rapidly in the northwestern United States. The evolution of the pocket gopher (Thomomys spp.) has resulted in an animal that occurs throughout northwest forested areas and responds to site disturbances by increasing numbers and distribution. Pocket gophers kill or slow growth of conifer seedlings. More extensive logging, wildfires, and insect epidemics are resulting in more damage problem areas. This will continue. Current damage control is judged poor. Juvenile dispersal, high natural mortality rate, need for intensive treatment on entire damaged areas, current dependency on pesticides for control, increasing …
Commercial Pest Management Of Birds In Grapes, Jim Clore
Commercial Pest Management Of Birds In Grapes, Jim Clore
Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)
Vineyard losses to birds are primarily due to two species; these are the starling (Sturnus vulgaris) and the house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus). The majority of losses in the Central California Coastal region are caused by the starling, due to the large numbers of migratory birds arriving prior to harvest. Starlings are best controlled by a combination of pyrotechnic and acoustic devices. Linnets are most effectively controlled by trapping and poisoning. No matter what type of control is used, it is necessary to have sound knowledge of the birds' behavior and reliable personnel carrying out the program. …
Modeling As A Management Tool For Assessing The Impact Of Blackbird Control Measures, Richard A. Dolbeer, Charles R. Ingram, John L. Seubert
Modeling As A Management Tool For Assessing The Impact Of Blackbird Control Measures, Richard A. Dolbeer, Charles R. Ingram, John L. Seubert
Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)
Attempts to reduce blackbird numbers by spraying roosts have created considerable controversy. Opinions and suppositions fuel this controversy; yet, until now, decision makers have had no quantitative tools to predict the impacts of population reduction or to aid in formulating management strategies. To improve the predictive ability, we have synthesized data on red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) populations into a computerized system, BIRDS (Blackbird Information Retrieval and Data System). Grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), cowbirds (Molothrus ater), and starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) will be added to the system later. BIRDS is designed to estimate the number …
Evaluation Of Urban Rodent Infestations—An Approach In Nepal, Stephen C. Frantz, John P. Comings
Evaluation Of Urban Rodent Infestations—An Approach In Nepal, Stephen C. Frantz, John P. Comings
Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)
Studies in urban areas have shown that food and shelter are primary environmental factors regulating rodent population growth. These supportive resources can be modified to reduce urban rodent damage; however, widespread adoption of environmental control techniques will require a thorough understanding of rodent-man interrelationships. This study was concerned with what factors should be monitored for making rational ecological decisions on the necessity of rodent management, establishment of priorities, choice of appropriate strategies and evaluation of effectiveness. Guidelines are given for comprehensive monitoring of habitats (social, structural and sanitary factors) and rodent populations (habitat requirements, growth characteristics and zoonosis potential).
Management Of Pine Voles, David E. Davis
Management Of Pine Voles, David E. Davis
Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)
The pine vole (Microtus pinetorum) damages apple trees in western North Carolina, sometimes spectacularly. The current research monitors populations in orchards for several years to compare damage in different management practices. Recommendations for orchard management to reduce damage are devised and used to illustrate the process of application of basic knowledge. Populations of voles were monitored by 3 simple methods. Data on reproduction were obtained. Data on home range and mortality were found in the literature. In two counties, the orchards generally had grass in the alleys and sometimes a growth of weeds under the tree canopy. In …
Hazards To Wildlife Associated With Underground Strychnine Baiting For Pocket Gophers, Paul L. Hegdal, Thomas A. Gatz
Hazards To Wildlife Associated With Underground Strychnine Baiting For Pocket Gophers, Paul L. Hegdal, Thomas A. Gatz
Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)
Under an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) contract, we evaluated the hazards associated with strychnine baiting for pocket gophers (Geomys bursarius) with the burrow-builder. On the Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge, Minnesota, we treated 662 ha (1638 acres) with 0.5 percent strychnine-treated bait. Treated fields were scattered throughout 10 sections. Control was effective--data from pocket gopher activity plots showed 87.5 ± 5.9 percent reductions in activity. Populations of other small rodents (while quite low) significantly declined on the treated area, but significantly increased on the control area. To measure secondary effects we equipped 36 raptors and 36 mammalian predators with …
Frontmatter And Contents
Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)
PROCEEDINGS SEVENTH VERTEBRATE PEST CONFERENCE
Deer And Reforestation In The Pacific Northwest, Glenn L. Crouch
Deer And Reforestation In The Pacific Northwest, Glenn L. Crouch
Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)
Deer and reforestation interact mainly during regeneration after wildfire or logging. In interior forests, browsing by mule deer often damages conifer seedlings planted on winter or transitional ranges. In the Douglas-fir region, numbers of black-tailed deer increase dramatically after forests are logged or burned, in response to improved forage supplies. Here, browsing on planted stock in clearcuts lowers forest productivity by reducing growth rates and occasionally contributes to plantation failures. Browsing damage can be controlled by fences or cages, but costs are prohibitive. Amelioration of damage by black-tailed deer could be achieved through long-range planning for concurrent deer and timber …
Food Preferences And Food Location By Pocket Gophers In Idaho, Kenneth E. Hungerford
Food Preferences And Food Location By Pocket Gophers In Idaho, Kenneth E. Hungerford
Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)
Pocket gophers (Thomomys talpoides) in environmental systems adapted readily to laboratory conditions. The laboratory equipment is described in this paper. Results are reported, including data on food consumption as it varies with the activity patterns of the gopher and the variation between individual gophers. One gopher used an average of 52 g of food per day for a 131-day period, but during an extremely active 17-day period, the gopher consumed approximately its own weight in food each day (75 g). The experimental setup is described for food location experiments and results indicate that gophers locate their food primarily …
Closing Remarks—Seventh Vertebrate Pest Conference, Walter E. Howard
Closing Remarks—Seventh Vertebrate Pest Conference, Walter E. Howard
Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)
On behalf of the Council of the Vertebrate Pest Conference, I thank you all for your very apparent interest in the papers and your cooperation in making the Conference a success. The sophistication of vertebrate pest-control methods has come a long way since our first Conference, in 1962. Our outgoing Chairman, Mr. Charles C. Siebe, has acknowledged the fine contributions to this Conference made by so many, including personnel from the County Agricultural Commissioner Offices in California. And we now acknowledge Charlie's fine leadership for the past two years in this organization, known as the "Vertebrate Pest Conference."
A Philosophy Of Vertebrate Pest Control, Walter E. Howard
A Philosophy Of Vertebrate Pest Control, Walter E. Howard
Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)
Vertebrate pest problems are foremost economic, political and social rather than biological anomalies. Students are often turned away from vertebrate control, which is applied ecology, by professors who know only theory and do not understand the ecology of man-modified environments. Applied ecologists seeking alternative methods of vertebrate control benefit environment far more than the negative, anti-control approach based on half-truths that are used for self-serving purposes by many protectionist organizations and government leaders in CEQ, EPA and USDI. A healthy ethic, with deep ecological conscience, would be to appreciate the glory of death in nature, for death means life to …
Avoidance Of Prey By Captive Coyotes Punished With Electric Shock, Samuel B. Linhart, Jerry D. Roberts, Stephen A. Schumake, Richard Johnson
Avoidance Of Prey By Captive Coyotes Punished With Electric Shock, Samuel B. Linhart, Jerry D. Roberts, Stephen A. Schumake, Richard Johnson
Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)
Four individually penned coyotes (Canis latrans) that had learned to kill live domestic rabbits for food were presented with one black and one white rabbit during daily 1-hour sessions and punished by a brief, severe shock from a high-voltage collar each time they attacked the black rabbit. One coyote did not learn the color association; after three shocks; it refused to kill either rabbit for 10 days but killed both indiscriminately when retested 4 weeks later. The other three coyotes learned to avoid black rabbits after only three to five shocks and, when repeatedly retested without shock at …
A Regional Approach To Rodent Control In The San Francisco Bay Area, Earl W. Mortenson, George L. Rotramel
A Regional Approach To Rodent Control In The San Francisco Bay Area, Earl W. Mortenson, George L. Rotramel
Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)
A federally funded rat control project is being conducted by the Vector Control Section, California State Department of Health in cooperation with local health agencies in the Sari Francisco Bay Area. Four community demonstration areas were selected in urban poverty areas in the region. The objective of each demonstration program is to reduce the rat infestation to a level that will not have significant adverse health or economic effect. Environmental improvement and community participation are emphasized. Concurrent studies are being conducted to determine the status of anticoagulant resistance, the occurrence of rodent-borne diseases, and the significance of rat infestations in …
Methiocarb For Preventing Blackbird Damage To Sprouting Rice, Donald F. Mott, Joseph L. Guarino, Edward W. Schafer Jr., Donald J. Cunningham
Methiocarb For Preventing Blackbird Damage To Sprouting Rice, Donald F. Mott, Joseph L. Guarino, Edward W. Schafer Jr., Donald J. Cunningham
Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)
Seed rice was treated with 0.25% methiocarb to test its effectiveness as a blackbird repellent in Vermilion Parish, Louisiana in the spring of 1975. Two replications of 3 treated and 3 untreated plots showed 68% more seedlings in treated plots (2,393) than in untreated plots (1,429). Half as many birds (chiefly redwing blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) were recorded in treated (1.18/mi n) as in untreated plots (2.39/min).
Pest Bird Damage Control In Cattle Feedlots: The Integrated Systems Approach, Thomas K. Palmer
Pest Bird Damage Control In Cattle Feedlots: The Integrated Systems Approach, Thomas K. Palmer
Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)
The cattle feedlot affords an ideal habitat for large concentrations of birds. Several species are primarily involved in feed depredations and contamination. The development of an integrated systems approach to control involves the interaction of - human attitude, cultural control practices and application of bird damage control techniques, each of which is a dynamic system in itself.
Opening Comments—Seventh Vertebrate Pest Conference, Charles C. Siebe
Opening Comments—Seventh Vertebrate Pest Conference, Charles C. Siebe
Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)
On behalf of the Vertebrate Pest Council, it is my pleasure to welcome you to the Seventh Vertebrate Pest Conference. We are pleased that the American Society for Testing and Materials held its first Symposium on Test Methods for Vertebrate Pest Control and Management Materials in conjunction with our Conference, and we congratulate Symposium Chairman Rex Marsh for the excellent program that was presented. The concerns and challenges of today's society mandate that we be knowledgeable and up-to-date concerning the use of vertebrate pest damage control methods and materials and the impacts of our programs on the environment.
Operational Aspects Of Successful Ground Squirrel Control By Aerial Application Of Grain Bait, Conrad Schilling
Operational Aspects Of Successful Ground Squirrel Control By Aerial Application Of Grain Bait, Conrad Schilling
Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)
By County Ordinance the County Agricultural Commissioner has been charged with rodent suppression in Fresno County, California. For nine years personnel from the Agricultural Commissioner's Office have conducted a county operated and funded program of ground squirrel suppression through the use of aerially applied zinc phosphide treated squirrel oat groats. Planning procedures, relative costs and operational aspects of the program are outlined. This technique of ground squirrel suppression has been shown to have many advantages over hand application of rodent baits. No known hazards to non-target wildlife species have been demonstrated.
Contamination Of Forest Ecosystems By Sodium Fluoroacetate (Compound 1080)*, J.A. Peters
Contamination Of Forest Ecosystems By Sodium Fluoroacetate (Compound 1080)*, J.A. Peters
Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)
Predictive and conceptual models are used to examine the contamination, toxicology, and residues of sodium fluoroacetate (Compound 1080) in relation to its application in vertebrate pest control programs on forest and pastoral lands. As a pesticide, the toxin appears to be neither mobile nor persistent. Exceedingly slender opportunities exist therefore for significant contamination of susceptible components of the environment.
Pharmacological Review Of Chemicals Used For The Capture Of Animals, Peter J. Savarie
Pharmacological Review Of Chemicals Used For The Capture Of Animals, Peter J. Savarie
Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)
A review of the literature reveals that over 60 chemicals have been used for the capture of wild animals, but only 30 of the most widely used chemicals are discussed in the present paper. For practical considerations these chemicals can be classified as being either (l) neuromuscular blocking agents, or (2) central nervous system (CNS) depressants. Some common neuromuscular blocking agents are d-tubocurarine, gallamine, succiny1choline, and nicotine. M99 and its derivatives, phencyclidine, and xylazine are some of the more commonly used CNS depressants. Neuromuscular blocking agents have a relatively rapid onset and short duration of action but they do not …
Anticoagulants—A Problem Of Distribution For The Hawaiian Sugar Industry, Allen H. Teshima
Anticoagulants—A Problem Of Distribution For The Hawaiian Sugar Industry, Allen H. Teshima
Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)
Current rodent control practices for the Hawaiian sugar industry revolve around the use of single grain baits containing anticoagulants in bait stations and zinc phosphide for aerial applications. Neither type of control programs as they are now applied has been very effective against the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) which is becoming a major problem species for the industry. As a result, we have sought a more effective anticoagulant, to which the Norway rat is more susceptible, and an improved method of bait distribution. With knowledge of the month-to-month variation in the field rodents' gestation rate, a new control …
The Cost Of Predator Damage Control Using Trapping As The Primary Control Technique, Ronald A. Thompson
The Cost Of Predator Damage Control Using Trapping As The Primary Control Technique, Ronald A. Thompson
Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)
The justification and economics of the operational animal damage control program in California as conducted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service are discussed. Emphasis is given to the necessity for use of the steel trap. Nearly 83 percent of the depredators are taken by trapping. Annual agricultural losses due to predation were estimated at $4.7 million in California for Fiscal Year 1975. The projected cost-benefit ratio was 1:3.9.
The Use Of Aircraft In Predator Control, Dale A. Wade
The Use Of Aircraft In Predator Control, Dale A. Wade
Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)
Private aerial hunting of predators for protection of livestock began before 1925 in the western United States. Apparently, it was first used in professional control programs in 1942. Inclement weather, dense vegetation and rough terrain are limiting factors and helicopters are more versatile than fixed-wing aircraft. When it can be employed, aerial hunting is unsurpassed as an immediate control method where livestock losses are severe and the need for control is urgent.
The Role Of Private Consultants In Vertebrate Pest Problems In Canada, D.E. Alsager
The Role Of Private Consultants In Vertebrate Pest Problems In Canada, D.E. Alsager
Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)
An in depth look at the principal requirements of an orderly and systematic approach to vertebrate pest problems in Canada is presented (Part I) as a prerequisite to a proposed theoretical model illustrating the involvement of various agencies. A model depicting how these agencies could best utilize their available resources towards the development of improved vertebrate pest control technology is presented in Part II. The involvement of private consultants in vertebrate pestology is relatively new (and perhaps unappreciated), yet offers substantial potential in the development of selected facets of the vertebrate pest field. The proposed roles of other agencies are …
Laboratory And Field Investigations With Difenacoum, A Promising New Rodenticide, John O. Bull
Laboratory And Field Investigations With Difenacoum, A Promising New Rodenticide, John O. Bull
Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1976)
Difenacoum is a new rodenticide recently introduced on the British market; it is one of the most potent of a series of hydroxycoumarin-based anticoagulants. Difenacoum is effective against laboratory rats and mice resistant to conventional anticoagulants and has a marked selectivity in favor of non-target species. Vitamin K1 is an effective antidote and the hazard of secondary poisoning is minimal. Laboratory and field trials confirm difenacoum's efficacy against wild resistant strains. Further work is in progress to evaluate the efficacy of difenacoum against other rodent pest species.