Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Recommended Practice For Use Of Electrostatic Analyzers In Electric Propulsion Testing Read More: Http://Arc.Aiaa.Org/Doi/Abs/10.2514/1.B35413, Shawn C. Farnell

Shawn C Farnell

Electrostatic analyzers are used in electric propulsion to measure the energy per unit charge E/q" role="presentation" style="display: inline; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px 2px 0px 0px; margin: 0px; font-family: "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(37, 79, 98); position: relative;">E/qE/q distribution of ion and electron beams: in the downstream region of thrusters, for example. This paper serves to give an overview of the most fundamental, yet most widely used, types of electrostatic analyzer designs. Analyzers are grouped into …

Characterization Of Ceriporiopsis Subvermispora Bicupin Oxalate Oxidase Expressed In Pichia Pastoris, Patricia Moussatche, Eric Hoffer, Ellen W. Moomaw, Et Al.

Ellen Moomaw

Oxalate oxidase (E.C. 1.2.3.4) catalyzes the oxygen-dependent oxidation of oxalate to carbon dioxide in a reaction that is coupled with the formation of hydrogen peroxide. Although there is currently no structural information available for oxalate oxidase from Ceriporiopsis subvermispora (CsOxOx), sequence data and homology modeling indicate that it is the first manganese-containing bicupin enzyme identified that catalyzes this reaction. Interestingly, CsOxOx shares greatest sequence homology with bicupin microbial oxalate decarboxylases (OxDC). We show that CsOxOx activity directly correlates with Mn content and other metals do not appear to be able to support catalysis. EPR spectra indicate that the Mn is …

Fungal Oxalate Decarboxylase Activity Contributes To Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum Early Infection By Affecting Both Compound Appressoria Development And Function, Xiaofei Liang, Ellen W. Moomaw, Jeffrey A. Rollins

Ellen Moomaw

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum pathogenesis requires the accumulation of high levels of oxalic acid (OA). To better understand the factors affecting OA accumulation, two putative oxalate decarboxylase (OxDC) genes (Ss-odc1 and Ss-odc2) were characterized. Ss-odc1 transcripts exhibited significant accumulation in vegetative hyphae, apothecia, early stages of compound appressorium development and during plant colonization. Ss-odc2 transcripts, in contrast, accumulated significantly only during mid to late stages of compound appressorium development. Neither gene was induced by low pH or exogenous OA in vegetative hyphae. A loss-of-function mutant for Ss-odc1 (Δss-odc1) showed wild-type growth, morphogenesis and virulence, and was not characterized further. Δss-odc2 mutants hyperaccumulated …

Characterization Of Ceriporiopsis Subvermispora Bicupin Oxalate Oxidase Expressed In Pichia Pastoris, Patricia Moussatche, Eric Hoffer, Ellen W. Moomaw, Et Al.

Ellen Moomaw

Oxalate oxidase (E.C. 1.2.3.4) catalyzes the oxygen-dependent oxidation of oxalate to carbon dioxide in a reaction that is coupled with the formation of hydrogen peroxide. Although there is currently no structural information available for oxalate oxidase from Ceriporiopsis subvermispora (CsOxOx), sequence data and homology modeling indicate that it is the first manganese-containing bicupin enzyme identified that catalyzes this reaction. Interestingly, CsOxOx shares greatest sequence homology with bicupin microbial oxalate decarboxylases (OxDC). We show that CsOxOx activity directly correlates with Mn content and other metals do not appear to be able to support catalysis. EPR spectra indicate that the Mn is …

Fungal Oxalate Decarboxylase Activity Contributes To Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum Early Infection By Affecting Both Compound Appressoria Development And Function, Xiaofei Liang, Ellen W. Moomaw, Jeffrey A. Rollins

Ellen Moomaw

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum pathogenesis requires the accumulation of high levels of oxalic acid (OA). To better understand the factors affecting OA accumulation, two putative oxalate decarboxylase (OxDC) genes (Ss-odc1 and Ss-odc2) were characterized. Ss-odc1 transcripts exhibited significant accumulation in vegetative hyphae, apothecia, early stages of compound appressorium development and during plant colonization. Ss-odc2 transcripts, in contrast, accumulated significantly only during mid to late stages of compound appressorium development. Neither gene was induced by low pH or exogenous OA in vegetative hyphae. A loss-of-function mutant for Ss-odc1 (Δss-odc1) showed wild-type growth, morphogenesis and virulence, and was not characterized further. Δss-odc2 mutants hyperaccumulated …

Volume Holographic Optical Elements, Ching-Cherng Sun, Partha P. Banerjee

Partha Banerjee

The final two papers are concerned with the analysis of novel holograms. Banerjee et al. investigate holographic recording and reconstruction for edge-lit holograms recorded in a 90-degree geometry. Various cases of recording and readout that incorporate propagational diffraction have been modeled. It is shown that the 90-degree geometry can result in beam shaping, as evidenced through preliminary experimental results with photorefractive lithium niobate. Nguyen et al. propose a new approach for designing computer-generated holograms. An artificial neural network is used to initiate the genetic algorithm so that the high computation cost of genetic algorithms for synthesizing holograms is significantly reduced …

Iron Behavior In A Northern Estuary: Large Pools Of Non-Sulfidized Fe(Ii) Associated With Organic Matter, Changxun Yu, Joonas J. Virtasalo, Torbjörn Karlsson, Pasi Peltola, Peter Österholm, Edward D. Burton, Laura Arppe, Johan K. Hogmalm, Antti E K Ojala, Mats E. Aström

Associate Professor Edward D Burton

The estuaries of the Northern Baltic Sea (Gulf of Bothnia) receive an abundance of diagenetically reactive catchment-derived Fe, which is to a large degree complexed with organic matter or present as Fe (hydr-)oxides. However, our understanding of sedimentary Fe diagenesis in these estuaries is limited. To address this limitation, the present study examines Fe geochemistry in a 3.5-m-thick estuarine benthic mud layer and three samples of suspended particulate matter of a catchment on the eastern Gulf of Bothnia. The age–depth model of the mud, constructed on the basis of sedimentary features as well as ¹³⁷Cs and aquatic plant ^{14 …}

Enhanced Aox Accumulation And Aquatic Toxicity During 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol Degradation In A Co(Ii)/Peroxymonosulfate/Cl− System, Changling Fang, Dongxue Xiao, Wenqian Liu, Xiaoyi Lou, Jun Zhou, Zhaohui Wang, Jianshe Liu

Dr Zhaohui Wang

Chloride ion is known to affect on degradation kinetics in different ways during HO• and SO4 •−-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). However, its effect on absorbable organic halogen (AOX) evolution and acute toxicity of treated water remains unknown, despite the importance of the two parameters in evaluating the applicability of AOPs. In the present study, Co/peroxymonosulfate (Co/PMS) and UV/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2) treatment of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol was compared in terms of AOX formation, chlorinated byproducts and acute toxicity. Both Co/PMS and UV/H2O2 systems were more reactive under acidic conditions, resulting in elevated AOX levels when compared with those at neutral pH. The …

Chemical Dynamics Of Aluminum Nanoparticles In Ammonium Nitrate And Ammonium Perchlorate Matrices: Enhanced Reactivity Of Organically Capped Aluminum, William K. Lewis, Barbara A. Harruff-Miller, Joseph R. Gord, Andrew T. Rosenberger, Thomas M. Sexton, Elena A. Guliants, Christopher E. Bunker

Elena A. Guliants

Aluminum nanoparticles have been a subject of active investigation in recent years because of their potential to enhance the energy content of energetic materials. The associated kinetics of the chemical reaction and energy release are, in many cases, governed by the properties of the passivation layer protecting the particle rather than those of the underlying metal core. The passivation layer of Al particles is typically an oxide shell several nanometers thick, but other possibilities are now available. We have previously developed synthesis routes to produce air-stable Al nanoparticles that are capped by oleic acid. In the present study, we examine …

Carbon Nanoparticles As Visible-Light Photocatalysts For Efficient Co2 Conversion And Beyond, Li Cao, Sushant Sahu, Parambath Anilkumar, Christopher E. Bunker, Juan Xu, K. A. Shiral Fernando, Ping Wang, Elena A. Guliants, Kenneth N. Tackett Ii, Ya-Ping Sun

Elena A. Guliants

Increasing atmospheric CO2 levels have generated much concern, driving the ongoing carbon sequestration effort. A compelling CO2 sequestration option is its photocatalytic conversion to hydrocarbons, for which the use of solar irradiation represents an ultimate solution. Here we report a new strategy of using surface-functionalized small carbon nanoparticles to harvest visible photons for subsequent charge separation on the particle surface in order to drive the efficient photocatalytic process. The aqueous solubility of the catalysts enables photoreduction under more desirable homogeneous reaction conditions. Beyond CO2 conversion, the nanoscale carbon-based photocatalysts are also useful for the photogeneration of H2 from water under …

Transition From Contraction To Extension In The Northeastern Basin And Range: New Evidence From The Copper Mountains, Nevada, Jeffrey M. Rahl, Allen J. Mcgrew, Kenneth A. Foland

Allen J. McGrew

New mapping, structural analysis, and 40Ar/39Ar dating reveal an unusually well‐constrained history of Late Eocene extension in the Copper Mountains of the northern Basin and Range province. In this area, the northeast‐trending Copper Creek normal fault juxtaposes a distinctive sequence of metacarbonate and granitoid rocks against a footwall of Upper Precambrian to Lower Cambrian quartzite and phyllite. Correlation of the hanging wall with footwall rocks to the northwest provides an approximate piercing point that requires 8–12 km displacement in an ESE direction. This displaced fault slice is itself bounded above by another normal fault (the Meadow Fork Fault), which brings …

Optimal Binomial, Poisson, And Normal Left-Tail Domination For Sums Of Nonnegative Random Variables, Iosif Pinelis

Iosif Pinelis

Exact upper bounds on the generalized moments E ƒ (S_n) of sums S_n of independent nonnegative random variables X_i for certain classes Ƒ of nonincreasing functions ƒ are given in terms of (the sums of) the first two moments of the X_i’s. These bounds are of the form Eƒ(η), where the random variable η is either binomial or Poisson depending on whether n is fixed or not. The classes Ƒ contain, and are much wider than, the class of all decreasing exponential functions. As corollaries of these results, optimal in a certain sense …

Towards A Pedagogy Of Comparative Visualization In 3d Design Disciplines, James Birt, Jonathan Nelson, Dirk Hovorka

Jonathan J Nelson

Spatial visualization and interpretation are important skills for designers. However, these skills generally require significant experiential development over the course of years. Visualizations allow the human brain to convey complex spatial concepts in intuitive, navigable and manipulable forms improving learner outcomes and perceptions. But often these visualizations are studied as single modality solutions. Dual modality and multimedia presentation studies show positive improvements in learner outcomes but dual modality is often difficult to compare. This paper presents ongoing research in the use of comparative multimodal visualizations produced with emerging technology solutions in 3D Design classrooms. Presented are previous findings from multimedia …

Interdisciplinary Translation Of Comparative Visualization, James Birt, Dirk Hovorka, Jonathan Nelson

Jonathan J Nelson

Spatial visualisation skills and interpretations are critical in the design professions, but traditionally difficult to effectively teach. Visualization and multimedia presentation studies show positive improvements in learner outcomes for specific learning domains. But the development and translation of a comparative visualization pedagogy between disciplines is poorly understood. This research seeks to identify an approach to developing comparable multimodal and interactive visualizations and attendant student reflections for curriculum designers in courses that can utilize visualizations and manipulations. Results from previous use of comparative multimodal visualization pedagogy in a multimedia 3D modelling class are used as a guide to translation of pedagogy …

Response Of Diatom Assemblages To 130 Years Of Environmental Change In Florida Bay (Usa), Anna Wachnicka, Laurel Collins, Evelyn Gaiser

Evelyn E. Gaiser

Coastal ecosystems around the world are constantly changing in response to interacting shifts in climate and land and water use by expanding human populations. The development of agricultural and urban areas in South Florida significantly modified its hydrologic regime and influenced rates of environmental change in wetlands and adjacent estuaries. This study describes changes in diatom species composition through time from four sediment cores collected across Florida Bay, for the purposes of detecting periods of major shifts in assemblage structure and identifying major drivers of those changes. We examined the magnitude of diatom assemblage change in consecutive 2-cm samples of …

Correspondence Of Historic Salinity Fluctuations In Florida Bay, Usa, To Atmospheric Variability And Anthropogenic Changes, Anna Wachnicka, Evelyn Gaiser, Laurel Collins

Evelyn E. Gaiser

Florida Bay is a highly dynamic estuary that exhibits wide natural fluctuations in salinity due to changes in the balance of precipitation, evaporation and freshwater runoff from the mainland. Rapid and large-scale modification of freshwater flow and construction of transportation conduits throughout the Florida Keys during the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries reshaped water circulation and salinity patterns across the ecosystem. In order to determine long-term patterns in salinity variation across the Florida Bay estuary, we used a diatom-based salinity transfer function to infer salinity within 3.27 ppt root mean square error of prediction from diatom assemblages from four ~130 …

Challenges In Using Siliceous Subfossils As A Tool For Inferring Past Water Level And Hydroperiod In Everglades Marshes, Christopher Sanchez, Evelyn Gaiser, Colin Saunders, Anna Wachnicka, Nicholas Oehm, Christopher Craft

Evelyn E. Gaiser

Successfully rehabilitating drained wetlands through hydrologic restoration is dependent on defining restoration targets, a process that is informed by pre-drainage conditions, as well as understanding linkages between hydrology and ecosystem structure. Paleoecological records can inform restoration goals by revealing long-term patterns of change, but are dependent on preservation of biomarkers that provide meaningful interpretations of environmental change. In the Florida Everglades, paleohydrological hind-casting could improve restoration forecasting, but frequent drying of marsh soils leads to poor preservation of many biomarkers. To determine the effectiveness of employing siliceous subfossils in paleohydrological reconstructions, we examined diatoms, plant and sponge silico-sclerids from three …

Spatio-Spectral Sampling And Color Filter Array Design, Keigo Hirakawa, Patrick Wolfe

Keigo Hirakawa

Owing to the growing ubiquity of digital image acquisition and display, several factors must be considered when developing systems to meet future color image processing needs, including improved quality, increased throughput, and greater cost-effectiveness. In consumer still-camera and video applications, color images are typically obtained via a spatial subsampling procedure implemented as a color filter array (CFA), a physical construction whereby only a single component of the color space is measured at each pixel location. Substantial work in both industry and academia has been dedicated to post-processing this acquired raw image data as part of the so-called image processing pipeline, …

Paleogeographic, Paleoceanographic, And Tectonic Controls On Early Late Ordovician Graptolite Diversity Patterns, Daniel Goldman, Shuang-Ye Wu

Daniel Goldman

The Katian Age (early Late Ordovician) was a time of significant decline in marine biodiversity, but whether this decline was a real phenomenon or an artifact of the relatively few studies devoted to this interval requires further research. We examined the pattern of graptolite faunal changes across the boundary between the Climacograptus bicornis and Diplacanthograptus caudatus graptolite zones in North America and on several other continents.

A sharp decline in species diversity occurs in the Appalachian Basin. Scores for normalized diversity dropped from 20 in the C. bicornis Zone to 7 in the D. caudatus Zone. Only 11% of the …

A Sodium Salt Of The Dimer Of Boronoterephthalic Acid Anhydride, Scott Simmons, Albert Fratini, Vladimir Benin

Albert Fratini

The title compound, sodium bis­(6-carb­oxy-1-hy­droxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2,1-benzoxaborol-1-yl)oxidanium, Na+·C16H15B2O13-, was prepared in two steps from 2-bromo-p-xylene. Its crystal structure was determined at 140 K and has triclinic (P) symmetry. The compound presents a unique structural motif, including two units of the cyclic anhydride of boronoterephthalic acid, joined by a protonated, and thereby trivalent, oxonium center. Association in the crystal is realized by complementary hydrogen bonding of the carboxyl groups, as well as by coordination of the sodium cations to the oxygen centers on the five-membered rings.

Chemistry And Chemists At Florence: From The Last Of The Medici To The European Magnetic Resonance Center, Mary Virginia Orna

Sr. Mary Virgina Orna O.S.U.

No abstract provided.

Preface To Archaeological Chemistry, Mary Orna

Sr. Mary Virgina Orna O.S.U.

No abstract provided.

Multispectral Image Analysis Of Glaciers And Glacier Lakes In The Chugach Mountains, Alaska, Jeffrey Kargel, Matthew Beedle, Andrew Bush, Francisco Carreño, Elena Castellanos, Umesh Haritashya, Gregory Leonard, Javier Lillo, Ivan Lopez, Mark Pleasants, Edward Pollock, David Wolfe

Umesh Haritashya

The Chugach Mountains contain the largest nonpolar alpine glaciers in the world and include a wide variety of glacier types: some are land terminating; some calve variously into tidewater, lakes, and rivers; some are heavily debris covered; some are surge-type, whereas others are neither debris covered nor surge type. Nearly all are retreating, thinning, or both, though some rare ones are advancing, and some are thickening at high elevations. To assist the further documentation of changes, we establish an inventory of glaciers in the eastern Chugach Mountains. Several case studies of diverse glacier types showcase remotesensing applications and are used …

Evaluating The Effects Of Landscape Configuration On Site Occupancy And Movement Dynamics Of Odonates In Iowa, Tyler Harms, Karen Kinkhead, Stephen Dinsmore

Tyler Harms

Odonates contribute highly to global biodiversity and are considered good indicators of environmental quality, but they are under-studied and quantitative information on their habitat associations is lacking. Our objective was to examine the effects of landscape configuration on site occupancy and movement dynamics of four odonate species in Iowa: Tramea onusta, Epitheca princeps, Pantala flavescens, and Calopteryx maculata. We conducted standardized visual encounter surveys for odonates at 233 public properties in Iowa from 2007 to 2011 and computed landscape variables within a 200, 600 m, and 1 km radius of each surveyed site. Using a robust design occupancy model in …

Density, Abundance, And Habitat Associations Of The Inland Swamp Sparrow (Melospiza Georgiana Georgiana) In Iowa, Tyler Harms, Stephen Dinsmore

Tyler Harms

Wetlands continue to decline throughout North America and the Prairie Pothole Region, thus emphasizing the importance of understanding population trends and habitat associations of wetland species to ensure effective conservation and habitat management of those species. We estimated density and abundance and evaluated habitat associations of the Inland Swamp Sparrow (Melospiza georgiana georgiana) in Iowa. We conducted standardized distance sampling surveys for Swamp Sparrows and measured habitat characteristics at 307 wetlands in two regions of Iowa in 2009 and 2010. We used Program Distance to model detection probability and estimate region-specific breeding densities of Swamp Sparrows at Iowa …

Influence Of Season And Time Of Day On Marsh Bird Detections, Tyler Harms, Stephen Dinsmore

Tyler Harms

Call-broadcast surveys are frequently used to elicit responses of secretive marsh birds and produce greater detection rates than passive surveys. However, little is known about how detection rates of birds from these surveys differ by season and time of day. We conducted call-broadcast surveys for eight focal species at 56 wetlands throughout Iowa from 15 May–13 June 2010 (early season) and from 15 June–10 July 2010 (late season). Our focal species were Pied-billed Grebe (Podilymbus podiceps), American Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus), Least Bittern (Ixobrychus exilis), King Rail (Rallus elegans), Virginia Rail (Rallus …

Density And Abundance Of Secretive Marsh Birds In Iowa, Tyler Harms, Stephen Dinsmore

Tyler Harms

A decrease in wetland habitats throughout North America has caused a decline in populations of marsh birds. The objective of this study was to estimate population densities and abundances of secretive marsh birds in Iowa. Call-broadcast surveys were conducted in conjunction with distance sampling for eight species of marsh birds at wetlands in three regions of Iowa during 2009 and 2010. Regions were defined by observed microhabitat characteristics which also corresponded to physiographic regions. Region-specific density estimates were obtained using Program Distance for four species of marsh birds for which sufficient detections existed (Pied-billed Grebe [Podilymbus podiceps], Least …

Teacher Assessment Using Sourceview On Dvd, Mary Virginia Orna

Sr. Mary Virgina Orna O.S.U.

No abstract provided.

Teacher Assessment Using Sourceview On Dvd, Mary Orna

Sr. Mary Virgina Orna O.S.U.

No abstract provided.

Macroconstants Of Development: A New Benchmark For The Strategic Development Of Advanced Countries And Firms, Andrey Bystrov, Vyacheslav Yusim, Tamilla Curtis

Dr. Tamilla Curtis

This research proposed a new indicator of countries’ development called “macroconstants of development”. The literature review indicates that the concept of "macroconstants of development" is not used at the moment in neither the theory nor the practice of industrial policy. Research of longitudinal data of total GDP, GDP per capita and their derivatives for most countries of the world was conducted. An analysis of statistical information has been done by employing econometric analyses.

Based on the analysis of the statistical data, which characterizes the development of large, technologically advanced countries in ordinary conditions, it was identified that the average acceleration …