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Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Changes In Strandings Of Cetaceans In Puget Sound/Salish Sea, Jessica L. Huggins, Amanda Warlick, Stephanie Norman, Jennifer Olson, Dyanna M. Lambourn, Joseph K. Gaydos, John Calambokidis
Changes In Strandings Of Cetaceans In Puget Sound/Salish Sea, Jessica L. Huggins, Amanda Warlick, Stephanie Norman, Jennifer Olson, Dyanna M. Lambourn, Joseph K. Gaydos, John Calambokidis
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
No abstract provided.
Return Of The Giants Of The Salish Sea: Increased Occurrence Of Humpback And Gray Whales In Inland Waters, John Calambokidis, Kiirsten Flynn, Elana Dobson, Jessica L. Huggins, Alie Perez
Return Of The Giants Of The Salish Sea: Increased Occurrence Of Humpback And Gray Whales In Inland Waters, John Calambokidis, Kiirsten Flynn, Elana Dobson, Jessica L. Huggins, Alie Perez
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
No abstract provided.
City Habitats: Thriving People, Thriving Nature And Solving Stormwater Collaboratively As A Region, Aaron Clark, Chirstin Hilton, Jessie Israel, Hannah Kett, Danielle Shaw, Sean Watts, Pam Emerson
City Habitats: Thriving People, Thriving Nature And Solving Stormwater Collaboratively As A Region, Aaron Clark, Chirstin Hilton, Jessie Israel, Hannah Kett, Danielle Shaw, Sean Watts, Pam Emerson
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
The City Habitats Network connects over 100 partner organizations and entities involved in the work or urban ecosystem restoration with a particular interest in green infrastructure and stormwater. By focusing on coordination of partners, collaborative approaches, and meeting communities where they are, City Habitats is accelerating and amplifying efforts from across the Salish Sea and turning the tide on polluted stormwater. This presentation will highlight the overall strategies of City Habitats and examples of our collective impacts across regional and economic sector lines. As a coalition of partners involved in urban restoration, City Habitats is intentionally centering racial and social …
Pacific Salmon In Puget Sound: Abundance, Survival And Body Size (1970-2015), James P. Losee, Aaron Dufault, Neala Kendall
Pacific Salmon In Puget Sound: Abundance, Survival And Body Size (1970-2015), James P. Losee, Aaron Dufault, Neala Kendall
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Pacific salmon and trout (Oncorhynchus spp.) inhabiting Puget Sound marine waters have experienced both recent and long-term variability in abundance while supporting robust commercial, tribal, and sport fisheries. In recent years, numerous species-specific status reports have been completed, though formal comparisons among all five species of salmon and steelhead trout are not available. We compared spatial and temporal patterns of abundance, survival, productivity, and body size between hatchery-origin and naturally-produced adult salmon and steelhead trout returning to marine waters of Puget Sound, Washington, USA. Stock-specific total run size (of fish at the entrance to Puget Sound) was calculated for pink …
Simulating Eutrophication Effects In Puget Sound Using Qualitative Network Models, Christopher James Harvey, Kathryn Sobocinski
Simulating Eutrophication Effects In Puget Sound Using Qualitative Network Models, Christopher James Harvey, Kathryn Sobocinski
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Ecosystems are complex, dynamic networks of interacting physical, chemical, biological and social components. A stressor such as eutrophication thus can cause responses throughout the system via direct and indirect pathways and feedbacks. Ecosystem models are typically designed to account for as many critical components, functions and pathways as possible in order to reasonably simulate how a system may respond to a stressor; however, many aspects of ecosystem structure and function are poorly studied and too data-poor to represent in a quantitative, mechanistic model. Qualitative network models (QNMs) assume comparably simple (i.e., positive or negative) relationships between interacting components, and allow …
Long-Term Monitoring In Central Puget Sound: Are Local Climate Anomalies Impacting Phytoplankton Populations?, Gabriela Hannach, Lyndsey M. Swanson, Kimberle Stark
Long-Term Monitoring In Central Puget Sound: Are Local Climate Anomalies Impacting Phytoplankton Populations?, Gabriela Hannach, Lyndsey M. Swanson, Kimberle Stark
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Puget Sound is a large and productive estuarine system at the southern end of the Salish Sea. King County’s comprehensive, long-term marine monitoring program tracks water quality in Puget Sound’s Central Basin through year-round collection of data for a suite of physical, chemical and biological parameters. Phytoplankton monitoring began with traditional microscopy methods in 2008, and expanded to include a particle imaging system in 2014. These data are critical to assess how changes from climate, physical conditions and other stressors linked to anthropogenic activity from the region’s growing population may impact the Sound’s biodiversity and trophic structure. Currently, twice-monthly surface …
Sound Impacts: Building An Impact Metrics Portal For Tracking Collective Positive Impacts Of Restoration And Green Infrastructure Across The Puget Sound, Aaron Clark
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
SoundImpacts.org is a pilot of a regional scale, multi-user impact metrics portal. Entities engaged in restoration and positive impact environmental projects like green infrastructure (including rain gardens, tree planting, green roofs, depaving etc.) are highly dispersed, "siloed" and generally don't share data with each other and in fact rarely share the impacts of their work to their own communities beyond the funders who paid for the specific project. Sound Impacts addresses the tandem needs of 1. positive impact practitioners (e.g. NGO's, tribes, government agencies, communities) to collect and track their own impacts to better share that with their audiences and …
Nitrogen In Puget Sound: A Story Map, Sheelagh Mccarthy, Teizeen Mohamedali, Paula Cracknell
Nitrogen In Puget Sound: A Story Map, Sheelagh Mccarthy, Teizeen Mohamedali, Paula Cracknell
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
“Nitrogen in Puget Sound” is an ArcGIS Online Story Map developed by scientists at the Washington State Department of Ecology (Ecology). The Story Map is an interactive communication tool that uses a combination of maps, graphics, and text showcasing the state of the science and available data and resources used to understand nitrogen in Puget Sound. It was created to appeal to a broad audience, explaining nitrogen pollution and its effects at a basic level, as well as providing more detailed information for researchers and organizations interested in exploring available data and resources. The Story Map begins with an overview …
The Puget Sound Green Infrastructure Summit: Convening And Coordinating Across A Region And Across Sectors (.Com, .Gov, .Org. .Edu), Aaron Clark
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
As part of the regional City Habitats network, Stewardship Partners created the Puget Sound Green Infrastructure Summit in 2016 and has made it into an annual event. The presentation will focus on how this event achieves regional organizing, coordinating and collaboration goals with content selection and collaborative working sessions. The event is organized by a cross-sector host committee and is designed as a Green Infrastructure Thought Leader event. Driven largely by the pressing need to solve the stormwater/ polluted runoff threat to the Salish Sea and the nearly impossibly complex and dispersed nature of that problem, the summit pivots from …
Interdisciplinary Approaches To Understanding Eutrophication And Over-Enrichment Of Nutrients In Puget Sound And Effects On Marine Species, Christopher James Harvey
Interdisciplinary Approaches To Understanding Eutrophication And Over-Enrichment Of Nutrients In Puget Sound And Effects On Marine Species, Christopher James Harvey
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
No abstract provided.
Regional And Temporal Variability In Puget Sound Zooplankton: Bottom-Up Links To Juvenile Salmon, Julie Keister, Julia Bos, Bethellee Herrmann, Mya Keyers, Christopher Krembs, John Mickett, J. A. (Jan A.) Newton, Wendi Reuf, Amanda Winans
Regional And Temporal Variability In Puget Sound Zooplankton: Bottom-Up Links To Juvenile Salmon, Julie Keister, Julia Bos, Bethellee Herrmann, Mya Keyers, Christopher Krembs, John Mickett, J. A. (Jan A.) Newton, Wendi Reuf, Amanda Winans
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
We use data from the Puget Sound Zooplankton Monitoring Program to explore patterns of spatial and interannual variability in zooplankton communities in response to environmental change during 2014-2017. This program is a collaborative effort involving 10 tribal, county, state, federal, academic, and nonprofit entities initiated via the Salish Sea Marine Survival Project with the goal of understanding the key role of zooplankton in food webs and ecosystems. Large interannual differences in the environment over this period strong effects on zooplankton community structure and abundance. 2014 began as a fairly normal year in Puget Sound until the Pacific Warm Anomaly event …
Does Puget Sound Have A Long-Term Memory?, John Mickett, Wendi Ruef, J. A. (Jan A.) Newton
Does Puget Sound Have A Long-Term Memory?, John Mickett, Wendi Ruef, J. A. (Jan A.) Newton
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
More than a decade of high-resolution, full-water column data collected by profiling UW ORCA/NANOOS moorings in several Puget Sound Basins are used to investigate interannual variability of near-surface and deep water properties. Although there are no significant trends in temperature, salinity, density and dissolved oxygen spanning the last decade, measurements show steady and relatively strong trends in these variables over periods of 3 to 5 years in both South Sound near bottom waters and in south Hood Canal deep water. For example, the annual minimum density in south Hood Canal deep water increased four years in a row from 2006 …
An Integrated Environmental And Human Systems Modeling Framework For Puget Sound Restoration Planning, Robert Mckane, Jonathan Halama, Paul Bryce Pettus, Bradley Barnhart, Allen Brookes, Kevin Djang, Tarang Khangaonkar, Isaac Kaplan, Christopher James Harvey, Emily Howe, Phillip S. Levin, Michael W. Schmidt, Raphael Girardin
An Integrated Environmental And Human Systems Modeling Framework For Puget Sound Restoration Planning, Robert Mckane, Jonathan Halama, Paul Bryce Pettus, Bradley Barnhart, Allen Brookes, Kevin Djang, Tarang Khangaonkar, Isaac Kaplan, Christopher James Harvey, Emily Howe, Phillip S. Levin, Michael W. Schmidt, Raphael Girardin
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Local, state, federal, tribal and private stakeholders have committed significant resources to restoring Puget Sound’s terrestrial-marine ecosystem. Though jurisdictional issues have promoted a fragmented approach to restoration planning, there is growing recognition that a more coordinated systems-based restoration approach is needed to achieve recovery goals. This presentation describes our collaborative effort to develop and apply an integrated environmental and human systems modeling framework for the Puget Sound Basin, inclusive of all marine and land areas (1,020 and 12,680 sq. mi.). Our goal is to establish a whole-basin systems modeling framework that dynamically simulates biophysical interactions and transfers (water, nutrients, contaminants, …
Puget Sound Federal Task Force: Federal Coordination And Collaboration To Protect And Restore Puget Sound Shorelines, Gina Bonifacino, Susan Meyer
Puget Sound Federal Task Force: Federal Coordination And Collaboration To Protect And Restore Puget Sound Shorelines, Gina Bonifacino, Susan Meyer
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
It is well recognized by scientists and natural resource agencies, that restoration and protection of Puget Sound marine shorelines, will help move the needle toward Puget Sound recovery and the multitude of species that rely on nearshore and estuarine habitat. Under the Nearshore and Estuaries section of the Action Plan, federal agency workgroups have been formed to evaluate approaches for improving marine nearshore regulatory and restoration/protection processes, which were identified as a priority early on. The involvement of the Federal Task Force has enabled the active participation of relevant staff to motivate and reach toward beneficial, achievable outcomes. Since some …
Recent And Projected Seasonal Changes To River Flows Combine With Human Pressures To Restructure The Base Of The Marine Food Web In Puget Sound, Christopher Krembs, Julia Bos, S. L. Albertson, Mya Keyzers, Allison Brownlee
Recent And Projected Seasonal Changes To River Flows Combine With Human Pressures To Restructure The Base Of The Marine Food Web In Puget Sound, Christopher Krembs, Julia Bos, S. L. Albertson, Mya Keyzers, Allison Brownlee
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Quantifying large-scale climate impacts, ecosystem responses, and human pressures requires sustained ecosystem monitoring and data integration. The Salish Sea is influenced by oceanic processes and hydrological cycles on land. The interplay of processes across the land-ocean continuum benefits the Puget Sound ecosystem by extending the productive cold-water food web of the upwelling system off Washington’s coast into Puget Sound during summer while buffering water temperatures in winter. Circulation patterns that drive water exchange between Puget Sound and the ocean are responding to climate and the timing of river flows. Historically the freshet and coastal upwelling coincide in summer and allow …
Sensitivity Of The Regional Ocean Acidification And Carbonate System In Puget Sound To Ocean And Freshwater Inputs, Laura Bianucci, Wen Long, Tarang Khangaonkar, G. J. Pelletier, Anise Ahmed, Teizeen Mohamedali, Mindy Roberts, Cristiana Figueroa-Kaminsky
Sensitivity Of The Regional Ocean Acidification And Carbonate System In Puget Sound To Ocean And Freshwater Inputs, Laura Bianucci, Wen Long, Tarang Khangaonkar, G. J. Pelletier, Anise Ahmed, Teizeen Mohamedali, Mindy Roberts, Cristiana Figueroa-Kaminsky
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
While ocean acidification was first investigated as a global phenomenon, coastal acidification has received significant attention in recent years, as its impacts have been felt by different socio-economic sectors (e.g., high mortality of shellfish larvae in aquaculture farms). As a region that connects land and ocean, the Salish Sea (consisting of Puget Sound and the Straits of Juan de Fuca and Georgia) receives inputs from many different sources (rivers, wastewater treatment plants, industrial waste treatment facilities, etc.), making these coastal waters vulnerable to acidification. Moreover, the lowering of pH in the Northeast Pacific Ocean also affects the Salish Sea, as …
How Did Large Scale Climate Anomalies Impact 2015 Phytoplankton Blooms In Puget Sound?, Juhi Lafuente, Christopher Krembs, S. L. Albertson, Allison Brownlee, Julia Bos, Laura Hermanson, Mya Keyzers
How Did Large Scale Climate Anomalies Impact 2015 Phytoplankton Blooms In Puget Sound?, Juhi Lafuente, Christopher Krembs, S. L. Albertson, Allison Brownlee, Julia Bos, Laura Hermanson, Mya Keyzers
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
The Washington State Department of Ecology has been routinely monitoring marine water quality throughout the Puget Sound since 1973. An established historic baseline from 1999 to 2008 allows us to examine how water quality varies year to year as a result of both natural and human influences. The recent large scale climate anomaly, the Blob, impacted this region when a mass of warm water entered Puget Sound in fall 2014. In conjunction with higher than normal air temperatures, patterns of estuarine circulation and stratification were regionally altered in Puget Sound. Changes to these physical patterns affect ecosystem functions starting at …
Assessing Bulkhead Removal And Shoreline Restoration Using Boat-Based Lidar, George M. Kaminsky, Hannah Drummond, Heather M. Weiner, Diana Mccandless, Hacking Amanda
Assessing Bulkhead Removal And Shoreline Restoration Using Boat-Based Lidar, George M. Kaminsky, Hannah Drummond, Heather M. Weiner, Diana Mccandless, Hacking Amanda
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
The Washington State Department of Ecology performed before and after boat-based lidar surveys of a shoreline restoration project involving the removal of ~800 feet of armoring from the base of a historic feeder bluff at Edgewater Beach, along Eld Inlet in South Puget Sound. As part of the restoration project, 700 feet of bulkheads, two rock revetments, a large wood and rock groin, and several large boulders were removed or realigned from the site in fall 2016. Removal of the armoring is expected to reconnect the historic feeder bluff at the updrift end of the project site with the adjacent …
Evaluating Methods To Obtain High Resolution Nearshore Bathymetry And Coastal Topography For Puget Sound, George M. Kaminsky, Amanda Hacking, Diana Mccandless, Heather Weiner
Evaluating Methods To Obtain High Resolution Nearshore Bathymetry And Coastal Topography For Puget Sound, George M. Kaminsky, Amanda Hacking, Diana Mccandless, Heather Weiner
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
The Washington State Department of Ecology Coastal Monitoring & Analysis Program performed a coastal topographic and bathymetric survey of Port Gamble Bay between March 9 and March 28, 2014. Boat-based topographic lidar was collected along the shoreline of the bay and multibeam bathymetric sonar was collected throughout the bay to obtain a seamless topographic-bathymetric surface with complete coverage of Port Gamble Bay. The survey was performed with a R2Sonic 2022 multibeam echosounder, an Optech ILRIS-HD-ER mobile laser scanner, and an Applanix POS MV 320 v5 receiving real-time kinematic positioning corrections. The Joint Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Technical Center of Expertise (JALBTCX) …
High Resolution Mapping Of Puget Sound Shorelines, George M. Kaminsky, Heather M. Weiner, Amanda Hacking, Diana Mccandless
High Resolution Mapping Of Puget Sound Shorelines, George M. Kaminsky, Heather M. Weiner, Amanda Hacking, Diana Mccandless
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
In an effort to collect high-resolution baseline coastal topographic data of beaches and bluffs around the Puget Sound and Strait of Juan de Fuca, the Washington State Department of Ecology Coastal Monitoring & Analysis Program (CMAP) conducted a series of boat-based lidar surveys in October 2013, May through September 2015, and May 2016 at a total of 16 sites spanning 220 km of shoreline and over two dozen drift cells. The drift cells were selected based on a rigorous and systematic geospatial analysis of bluff-backed beaches for their potential for significant bluff sediment supply to intact shorelines identified as having …
Puget Sound Shoreline Inventory And Assessment Using Boat-Based Lidar, George M. Kaminsky, Alice Henderson, Heather Weiner, Hannah Drummond
Puget Sound Shoreline Inventory And Assessment Using Boat-Based Lidar, George M. Kaminsky, Alice Henderson, Heather Weiner, Hannah Drummond
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Boat-based lidar of Puget Sound shorelines collected by the Washington State Department of Ecology are developed to provide a comprehensive inventory, classification, and analyses of site conditions and variability. For example, quantitative metrics of shoreline characteristics are derived from DEMs such as bluff crest height, bluff slope, bluff toe elevation, beach slope, and shoreline armoring elevations. These metrics can then be compiled and compared within and among drift cells to determine regional variability such as differences between updrift and downdrift beaches and the effect of fetch, orientation, and other exposure variables. Certain features can also be correlated to characterize how …
Using Ferry Monitoring Data To Explore The Importance Of Isotherms On The Winter Survival Of Northern Anchovy In Puget Sound, Suzan Pool, Christopher Krembs, Julia Bos, S. L. Albertson
Using Ferry Monitoring Data To Explore The Importance Of Isotherms On The Winter Survival Of Northern Anchovy In Puget Sound, Suzan Pool, Christopher Krembs, Julia Bos, S. L. Albertson
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
The Salish Sea displays strong seasonality in water temperature which can impose physiological limits on temperature sensitive species. Puget Sound, in winter, relies on ocean water as a heat source whereas in summer, the gradient is reversed. The dynamic exchange of Puget Sound with coastal water dictates the spatial and temporal patterns of isotherms that are relevant to temperature sensitive species. Recent winters with increased water temperature may expand the range of certain species to be able to survive in Puget Sound over the winter. Northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) are pelagic spawners and survive in between 8 and 25 °C …
Extending Observations Further: Using Historic Biogeochemical Data To Understand Trends In Puget Sound, Ben Larson, Stephanie Jaeger, Wendy Eash-Loucks, Kimberle Stark, Bruce Nairn
Extending Observations Further: Using Historic Biogeochemical Data To Understand Trends In Puget Sound, Ben Larson, Stephanie Jaeger, Wendy Eash-Loucks, Kimberle Stark, Bruce Nairn
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Fluctuations in Puget Sound water quality reflect a combination of natural variability and anthropogenic influence. Predictions of how future changes will unfold requires an understanding of the complex interplay between these factors. Recent and ongoing measurement of water quality parameters allow a thorough assessment of variability over short time scales, but understanding changes over longer (e.g., decadal) timescales is critical for forecasting future changes. Examining long term trends requires the use of historical data, however, measurements that pre-date modern monitoring programs can be scarce, and the detection limits are often higher than newer analytical techniques. Here, we will consider several …
Challenges With Accurate Tracking Of Oil Spill Trajectories Within Puget Sound, Jonathan Whiting, Tarang Khangaonkar
Challenges With Accurate Tracking Of Oil Spill Trajectories Within Puget Sound, Jonathan Whiting, Tarang Khangaonkar
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Risk of oil spill within the Salish Sea has recently been highlighted by the construction of Canada’s Kinder Morgan Trans-Mountain Expansion Project, which is expected to increase oil tanker traffic through the Strait of Juan de Fuca by over 400 tankers per year. Complex circulation patterns in this high-energy fjord complicates the tracking of spills to aid both prevention and response. PNNL’s Salish Sea Model has been refined for over a decade and represents the leading hydrodynamic model for the region. In a recent project, the Salish Sea Model was paired with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s General NOAA …
Regional Patterns In Seagrass Distribution, And Their Implications For Management In Greater Puget Sound, Bart Christiaen, Pete Dowty, Lisa Ferrier, Jeff Gaeckle, Helen Berry
Regional Patterns In Seagrass Distribution, And Their Implications For Management In Greater Puget Sound, Bart Christiaen, Pete Dowty, Lisa Ferrier, Jeff Gaeckle, Helen Berry
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Seagrasses provide important ecosystem services, and are sensitive to a wide range of environmental stressors, making them effective indicators of habitat condition. In Washington State, eelgrass (Zostera marina) is one of 25 Vital Signs for the health of Puget Sound. Management targets associated with this Vital Sign are defined on a soundwide scale. However, greater Puget Sound is a geomorphologically diverse system with complex circulation patterns and environmental gradients in tidal range, salinity, water clarity, and temperature. Given the variability in seagrass habitat, it is likely that depending on the location, different environmental drivers control the distribution of eelgrass and …
Seahurst Park Beach Restoration: Phase Ii, Beth Mccasland
Seahurst Park Beach Restoration: Phase Ii, Beth Mccasland
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) and the City of Burien completed construction and restoration of Seahurst Beach Park in 2014 with the objective to restore shoreline habitat and function. The project involved removal of approximately 1,200 linear feet of bulkhead, lawn terraces, and restoring a more natural pebbly beach habitat, reconnecting Puget Sound to the adjacent feeder bluffs. The project also restored mature riparian and wetland vegetation through plantings along the marine shoreline above mean higher high water. The $7.3 M construction project started in September 2013 and was completed in September 2014. The shoreline restoration project was …
Shorebird Monitoring In The Salish Sea, Todd Hass, Trina Bayard, David Hope
Shorebird Monitoring In The Salish Sea, Todd Hass, Trina Bayard, David Hope
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
No abstract provided.
Some Like It Hot: Using Citizen Science To Identify Marine Bird Hotspots In Puget Sound, Timothy Jones, Scott F. Pearson, Julia Parrish, Toby Ross, Peter Hodum, Eric John Ward, Jennifer Lang, Adam Sedgley
Some Like It Hot: Using Citizen Science To Identify Marine Bird Hotspots In Puget Sound, Timothy Jones, Scott F. Pearson, Julia Parrish, Toby Ross, Peter Hodum, Eric John Ward, Jennifer Lang, Adam Sedgley
Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference
Puget Sound, situated in the southern portion of the Salish Sea, supports approximately 172 marine bird species that face a multitude of threats, ranging from chronic oiling to entanglement in derelict fishing gear. As local population numbers shift due to both intrinsic and extrinsic forcing (e.g., on the breeding grounds), understanding the pattern of species' use of habitats and locations across the Sound can inform conservation planning. Using data collected by the Puget Sound Seabird Survey (PSSS) - a citizen science program that collects information on the abundance and distribution of marine birds in the nearshore environment throughout Puget Sound …
Ecological Effects Of Overwater Structures On Subtidal Kelp, Northern Puget Sound, Washington, E. Jhanek Szypulski
Ecological Effects Of Overwater Structures On Subtidal Kelp, Northern Puget Sound, Washington, E. Jhanek Szypulski
All Master's Theses
There are more than 9,000 overwater structures in the Puget Sound casting an estimated 9 km2 of anthropogenic created shade to the seafloor. Subtidal kelp, over 20 species in total, are abundant in the Sound but little data exists on how they are impacted by these overwater structures. The purpose of this research is to quantify various overwater structures’ impacts on the productivity and distribution of subtidal kelp beds and to create a subtidal kelp monitoring protocol. Three sets of floating docks and paired controls were sampled twice during the summer of 2017 for subtidal kelp distribution, biomass, photosynthetically …