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Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Review Of Research On Control Of Bird Pests In Australia, Mary Bomford
Review Of Research On Control Of Bird Pests In Australia, Mary Bomford
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1992
The most significant damage inflicted by birds in Australia is to germinating cereal and to ripening sunflower and fruit crops. The main pests are several native psittacine and corvid species, silvereyes (Zosterops lateralis) and European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). The economic cost of damage is largely unquantified. While losses to industries as a whole are often low, losses to individual growers may be severe, and losses are distributed patchily in space and time. Shooting is the most widely practiced and most ineffective bird control technique used in Australia. Despite the high numbers of birds killed, damage persists, …
Administrative Procedures And Contracts For Vertebrate Pest Programs, Bruce A. Colvin, Curtis A. Meininger, Michael J. Grealy
Administrative Procedures And Contracts For Vertebrate Pest Programs, Bruce A. Colvin, Curtis A. Meininger, Michael J. Grealy
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1992
A proactive (rather than reactive) approach to rodent control includes effective planning, administration, and coordination. Centralized coordination, detailed scheduling, and well-defined contract specifications provide a solid basis for managing an integrated pest management program. Documentation and data management help to ensure cost effective and efficient operations. The ability to work with people and bureaucracies is essential for the science of rodent control to be applied effectively in real world situations and for vertebrate pest programs to succeed.
Improved Aerosol Methodology For Applying Cpt To Control Roosting Species Of Pest Birds, Brad E. Johns, R. Daniel Thompson, Kenneth A. Crane
Improved Aerosol Methodology For Applying Cpt To Control Roosting Species Of Pest Birds, Brad E. Johns, R. Daniel Thompson, Kenneth A. Crane
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1992
Colony roosting species of blackbirds (Icterinae), including European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), can be significant pests. The chemical avicide CPT has been applied experimentally in the U.S. and France to roosting blackbirds. However, apparent effective aerial application rates are high, 44-101 kg/ha (40-90 lbs/a), and the actual efficacy, expressed as percent mortality, is difficult to determine. We assessed CPT as a respirable aerosol for potential use as a roost avicide. Starlings exposed to 17 ppm CPT for 5.5 min received lethal doses. The birds appear very sensitive to CPT administered in this manner. The methods of CPT entry into …
Impacts Of House Mouse Activity On Five Types Of Insulation, Scott E. Hygnstrom
Impacts Of House Mouse Activity On Five Types Of Insulation, Scott E. Hygnstrom
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1992
House mice (mus musculus) cause a variety of problems with livestock, feed, and structures. Researchers have yet to discover an insulative material that is not susceptible to house mouse damage. In this study, house mice caused significant (P < 0.01) increases in the thermal conductance of 10.2-cm thick wall panels, insulated with cellotex, fiberglass, rockwool, styrofoam, and vermiculite. Mouse populations increased 3-to 4-fold inside the insulated panels during the 6-month study period.
Which Useful Toxicological Information Can Be Drawn From Studies On The Hepatic Fixation Of Anticoagulant Rodenticides, J.C. Lechevin, A. Vigie
Which Useful Toxicological Information Can Be Drawn From Studies On The Hepatic Fixation Of Anticoagulant Rodenticides, J.C. Lechevin, A. Vigie
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1992
Anticoagulant rodenticides act at the hepatic level where they are more or less fixed according to their lipophilic nature. The studies on kinetics and metabolism carried out with no toxic doses are useful to know how products act but do not allow to anticipate the toxicity risks for non target species, because of low residual contents. These risks can only be assessed after the administration of toxic doses taking into account the residue levels. The use of half-life to express the results is not sufficiently accurate and may lead to wrong conclusions. The studies involving the residue and secondary toxicity …
Evaluations Of Aversive Agents To Increase The Selectivity Of Rodenticides, With Emphasis On Denatonium Benzoate (Bitrex®) Bittering Agent, Dale E. Kaukeinen, Alan P. Buckle
Evaluations Of Aversive Agents To Increase The Selectivity Of Rodenticides, With Emphasis On Denatonium Benzoate (Bitrex®) Bittering Agent, Dale E. Kaukeinen, Alan P. Buckle
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1992
Aversive agents are proposed as potential additives to rodenticides to increase selectivity to the target species. Examples of various aversive agent categories are given, including odorants, tastants, and emetics, with examples of evaluations. Tastant additives have been found that do not interfere with rodenticidal efficacy. Denatonium benzoate (commercially available as Bitrex®) is an intensely bitter but non-toxic substance, being increasingly used to adulterate common household materials to reduce the potential risks involved with accidental exposures. No known prior research results have been published concerning the incorporation of Bitrex in rodenticides. Rate determination studies utilizing different rodenticidal formulations were conducted. A …
Progress On Managing Cattail Marshes With Rodeo® Herbicide To Disperse Roosting Blackbirds, George M. Linz, David L. Bergman, William J. Bleier
Progress On Managing Cattail Marshes With Rodeo® Herbicide To Disperse Roosting Blackbirds, George M. Linz, David L. Bergman, William J. Bleier
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1992
In August and September 1989 and 1990, we aerially sprayed 8 cattail (Typha spp.) marshes with Rodeo® herbicide to begin evaluating its use for fragmenting dense cattail stands used by roosting blackbirds (Icterinae). Treated marshes were effectively eliminated as roost sites for blackbirds. After 2 years, cattail densities in 4 marshes treated with Rodeo® at 5.8 - 7.0 L/ha were 87% lower than pretreatment densities (P = 0.0001). In 1990, we treated 4 marshes with Rodeo® at 4.7 L/ha. One year later, 6% of the cattails survived in the sprayed areas. Of 7 groups of "indicator birds," only marsh …
The Effect On Australian Animals Of 1080-Poisoning Campaigns, John C. Mcilroy
The Effect On Australian Animals Of 1080-Poisoning Campaigns, John C. Mcilroy
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1992
Animals in Australia vary greatly in their sensitivity to 1080 poison, with known LD50’s ranging from 0.11 to over 800 mg kg -1. Many native species, particularly in western Australia, have evolved tolerances to 1080 through ingestion of native plants that contain fluoroacetate or prey that consume those plants. Despite this, some native species, particularly a few herbivorous mammals, birds and rodents, could be poisoned during control campaigns against vertebrate pests. Field studies indicate that poisoning campaigns are not significantly affecting populations of common non-target animals, but further impact studies are required on vulnerable, rare, endangered, or uncommon …
How Glp Provisions Influence Costs Of Rodenticide Field Evaluations, Richard M. Poche
How Glp Provisions Influence Costs Of Rodenticide Field Evaluations, Richard M. Poche
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1992
Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) guidelines were implemented by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in August 1989. The purpose of the standards are to ensure the integrity of laboratory and field studies which are conducted in support of FIFRA permits and pesticide registrations. Since the advent of GLP requirements, the cost of conducting field trials has increased 40 to 200%, depending upon the type of study. The increased expenses associated with laboratory and field testing, coupled with reregistration expenses, and annual EPA and state registration maintenance fees, have placed a tremendous burden on smaller companies in the U.S.
Use Of Microcomputers For Randomly Assigning Animals To Treatment Groups, Formulating Baits, And Keeping Records, Robert T. Sugihara
Use Of Microcomputers For Randomly Assigning Animals To Treatment Groups, Formulating Baits, And Keeping Records, Robert T. Sugihara
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1992
A computerized laboratory animal tracking database system and several interactive microcomputer application programs for monitoring captive animals, selecting and randomly assigning animals to treatment groups, formulating baits, and other tasks are described.
Rodent Damage In Hawaiian Macadamia Orchards, Mark E. Tobin
Rodent Damage In Hawaiian Macadamia Orchards, Mark E. Tobin
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1992
Roof rats (Rattus rattus) damage an estimated 5-10% of the annual macadamia nut crop in Hawaii, resulting in farm value losses of between $2-4 million. The Denver Wildlife Research Center field station in Hilo, Hawaii studies the biology, impact, and control of rodent pests in Hawaiian agricultural crops. This paper describes field and laboratory research currently being conducted to address rat problems in macadamia nut orchards.
Behavioral Effects Of Removal Of Coyote Pups From Dens, James A. Till
Behavioral Effects Of Removal Of Coyote Pups From Dens, James A. Till
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1992
Predation by coyotes (Canis latrans) upon domestic sheep is a serious economic problem for some sheep producers in the United States. One of the few depredation control techniques that has been quantitatively analyzed is denning, the process of removing pups from the dens of depredating coyotes. The significance of coyote prey selection and territoriality are discussed with regard to the efficacy of denning and possible future depredation management strategies.
Control Strategies To Reduce Preharvest Rat Damage In Bangladesh, Parvin Sultana, Michael M. Jaeger
Control Strategies To Reduce Preharvest Rat Damage In Bangladesh, Parvin Sultana, Michael M. Jaeger
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1992
The principal objective of this study was to determine when during the year the control of bandicoot rats would be most cost-effective under the agricultural conditions existing in Bangladesh. An annual cycle in the rise and fall of burrow density was found. This argues for a management strategy directed at reducing rat damage at a specific time period within the year as opposed to a strategy of continuous population reduction. A model predicting rat damage was developed based on monthly estimates of burrow densities in rice and wheat; and projected losses were compared among the four major cereal growing seasons …
Eradication Of Feral Goats And Sheep From Island Ecosystems, Dirk Van Vuren
Eradication Of Feral Goats And Sheep From Island Ecosystems, Dirk Van Vuren
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1992
Feral goats (Capra hircus) and feral sheep (Ovis aries) occur on numerous islands throughout the world and cause severe damage to island resources. Damage includes large-scale alteration of plant communities, negative impacts on insular endemic species of plants and animals, and damage to soils and cultural resources. Complete eradication is the best solution to the problem. Proposed control techniques include poisons, predators, diseases, sterilization, trapping, and shooting from the air, but experience shows that shooting from the ground, combined with the use of dogs, Judas goats, and perhaps fencing, is the best approach in most cases. …
An Evaluation Of 4-Aminopyridine Baits Coated To Delay Reaction Time, Kelly F. Swindle
An Evaluation Of 4-Aminopyridine Baits Coated To Delay Reaction Time, Kelly F. Swindle
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1992
In cold weather and early mornings, birds feeding on Avitrol® baits treated with 0.5, 1.0 and 3.0% (percent) 4- aminopyridine have shown reaction times as short as four minutes (reaction times of seven to ten minutes are common). Relatively fast reaction times, staggered arrival times of a flock at feeding sites, and delayed feeding by some members of a flock continue to result in premature reactions which frighten birds from the treated bait resulting in insufficient numbers reacting to give the desired repellency. This paper reports preliminary results of an effort to slow chemical absorption in an attempt to minimize …
Alpha-Chloralose Efficacy In Capturing Nuisance Waterfowl And Pigeons And Current Status Of Fda Registration, Paul P. Woronecki, Richard A. Dolbeer, Thomas W. Seamans, William R. Lance
Alpha-Chloralose Efficacy In Capturing Nuisance Waterfowl And Pigeons And Current Status Of Fda Registration, Paul P. Woronecki, Richard A. Dolbeer, Thomas W. Seamans, William R. Lance
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1992
During 1990 and 1991 we conducted safety, efficacy and clinical trials required to register alpha-chloralose (A-C) for capturing nuisance waterfowl and pigeons with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). We determined the Most Effective Dose (MED) to be 30 and 60 mg of A-C/kg of body weight for capturing waterfowl and pigeons, respectively. We conducted 11 field trials in 4 states, capturing 587 waterfowl and 1,370 pigeons with 8% mortality for ducks, 0% for geese, and 6% for pigeons. We submitted a New Animal Drug Application to FDA in October 1991 and anticipate registration in 1992.
Rejex-It™ Brand Bird Aversion Agents, Peter F. Vogt
Rejex-It™ Brand Bird Aversion Agents, Peter F. Vogt
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1992
ReJeX-iTTM brand bird aversion agents have been formulated from non-toxic, food-grade ingredients that meet or exceed US Food Chemical Codex (FCC) and US Pharmacopeia (USP) specifications. The products, based on methyl anthranilate (MA) as the active ingredient have been developed in liquid and powder form to cover the widest possible range of applications. EPA/FIFRA registration is being actively pursued for all products.
Rodenticide Ecotoxicology: Pre-Lethal Effects Of Anticoagulants On Rat Behaviour, Paula Cox, R.H. Smith
Rodenticide Ecotoxicology: Pre-Lethal Effects Of Anticoagulants On Rat Behaviour, Paula Cox, R.H. Smith
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1992
Anticoagulant rodenticides may pose a secondary poisoning hazard to non-target predators and scavengers because of the time-delay between ingestion of a lethal dose and death of a target rodent. We investigated some pre-lethal effects of an anticoagulant rodenticide on the behavior of wild rats in cages and in enclosures. We found that social interactions shortened time to death, that most rats died away from cover and that thigmotactic behavior was reduced in the enclosures. The normal light-dark rhythm was upset in intoxicated rats in both cages and enclosures. Thus pre-lethal effects are likely to alter the exposure of predators and …
The Characteristics And History Of Behavioural Resistance In Inner-City House Mice (Mus Domesticus) In The U.K., Richard E. Humphries, Adrian P. Meehan, Richard M. Sibly
The Characteristics And History Of Behavioural Resistance In Inner-City House Mice (Mus Domesticus) In The U.K., Richard E. Humphries, Adrian P. Meehan, Richard M. Sibly
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1992
Since 1984 pest control operatives in some inner-city areas in the U.K. have found that house mice have become increasingly difficult to control. Mice in these very localized areas have stopped taking rodenticide bait from bait containers, a phenomenon referred to here as behavioral resistance. We report here preliminary experiments designed to characterize the phenomenon more precisely by comparing West Midlands behaviorally resistant (WMBR) populations with non-resistant (BC) populations in Berkshire. We investigated three hypotheses, that compared with non-resistant populations, resistant mice 1) are less likely to enter conventional live-capture traps; 2) have unusual food preferences; and 3) avoid bait …
A Review Of Available Anticoagulants And Their Use In The United States, William B. Jackson, A.D. Ashton
A Review Of Available Anticoagulants And Their Use In The United States, William B. Jackson, A.D. Ashton
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1992
Nearly half a century ago anticoagulant rodenticides changed the nature of rodent control. Warfarin, and succeeding first-generation compounds, provided effective and increasingly safe baits for reducing commensal rodent populations. Environmental deficiencies were overridden by these “miracle” chemicals, but excessive and irresponsible use selected for resistant populations. Second-generation compounds with a single-feeding characteristic have controlled such resistant populations, at least initially. But use extensions to crop and field areas have been held back by registration requirements, costs, and concerns over local effects on predators. New compounds, formulations, and applications in the near future are likely to be quite limited.
The Effectiveness Of Difethialone (Lm 2219) For Controlling Norway Rats And House Mice Under Field Conditions, Edward F. Marshall
The Effectiveness Of Difethialone (Lm 2219) For Controlling Norway Rats And House Mice Under Field Conditions, Edward F. Marshall
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1992
Under an Environmental Protection Agency Experimental Use Permit, a pelleted bait containing 0.0025% (25 ppm) of the new anticoagulant difethialone was tested to determine the effectiveness in controlling Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) and house mice (Mus musculus). Sixteen (16) individual field studies were conducted in five (5) geographical locations of the United States. The results were conclusive in showing that difethialone bait formulated at 25 ppm was both palatable and efficacious in controlling both Norway rats and house mice under actual field conditions.
Laboratory And Field Evaluation Of Difethialone, A New Anticoagulant Rodenticide, Y. Saxena, Deepak Kumar, Tanuja Bhandari, Hema Bhasin
Laboratory And Field Evaluation Of Difethialone, A New Anticoagulant Rodenticide, Y. Saxena, Deepak Kumar, Tanuja Bhandari, Hema Bhasin
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1992
The efficacy of the newly developed anticoagulant rodenticide, difethialone was evaluated against various rodent species in laboratory and fields. Difethialone at 0.025% concentration in the form of loose bait (broken wheat and rice + vegetable oil + garlic powder) gave absolute mortality in Rattus rattus, Mus musculus, Funambulus pennanti, and Meriones hurrianae during ‘no-choice’ tests in one day feeding. No significant difference was noted in poison bait intake and mean days to death between two and three days poison feeding. Mean days to death were ranged between 2.9 to 5.70 in all the species tested. In fields, …
Clinical Approach To The Diagnosis Of Diseases And Disorders In Pets And Domestic Animals Sometimes Mistaken For Anticoagulant Toxicosis, Benny J. Woody
Clinical Approach To The Diagnosis Of Diseases And Disorders In Pets And Domestic Animals Sometimes Mistaken For Anticoagulant Toxicosis, Benny J. Woody
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1992
To differentiate the causes of bleeding disorders requires a basic understanding of the hemostatic process and the proper interpretation of history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. A brief overview of the hemostatic process is presented. Tables and flow charts are provided to assist in developing a sound clinical approach to the bleeding patient through the proper assessment of history, physical examination findings, and laboratory tests. Categories of inherited and acquired bleeding disorders are briefly presented.
Conference Participants
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1992
Participants came from 32 states, the District of Columbia, and from 11 other countries for a total of 327 registered attendees. The wide representation from the United States and countries throughout the world contributed to the success of the conference by providing a highly diversified group for the exchange of information on research progress, technological advances, management strategies, new products and materials, prevailing management philosophies, the protection of endangered species, and a range of other vertebrate pest topics.
Field Efficacy Evaluation Of Pelleted Strychnine Baits For Control Of Mountain Beavers (Aplodontia Rufa), D.L. Campbell, J.P. Farley, R.M. Engeman
Field Efficacy Evaluation Of Pelleted Strychnine Baits For Control Of Mountain Beavers (Aplodontia Rufa), D.L. Campbell, J.P. Farley, R.M. Engeman
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1992
Radio-telemetry evaluation of several concentrations of pelleted strychnine bait in earlier tests indicated moderate to good bait efficacy for control of mountain beavers. Evaluation of operational baiting with 0.0%, 0.15%, 0.50%, and 0.90% strychnine bait pellets was made in 1990 and 1991 on 24 reforestation units in Washington and Oregon. Results of baiting monitored with burrow activity indicators showed there was little difference in reduction of activity among treatments. Chemical assays and pen bioassays showed baits were lethal, but ingestion was often delayed or baits were discarded. Reexamination of test plots 1 year after baiting showed no detectable change in …
Development Of Rodent Control Technology For Confined Swine Facilities, Robert M. Corrigan, Cheryl A. Towell, Ralph E. Williams
Development Of Rodent Control Technology For Confined Swine Facilities, Robert M. Corrigan, Cheryl A. Towell, Ralph E. Williams
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1992
This paper discusses the development of site-specific baiting technology for controlling the house mouse (Mus musculus) in confined swine facilities utilizing specific rodenticide formulations, bait stations, and baiting strategies. Behavioral research was also conducted to identify primary nesting and travel activities of mice within grower-finishing units. The rodenticide bromadiolone in a block formulation was found to be effective in most baiting trials, and provided resistance to the harsh environment of the swine facility and the necessary versatility for securing baits to minimize hazards to swine. A commercially available tamper resistant bait station was found to be effective for …
Ecological Approach To Managing Problems Caused By Urban Canada Geese, Michael R. Conover
Ecological Approach To Managing Problems Caused By Urban Canada Geese, Michael R. Conover
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1992
Urban-suburban Canada geese (Branta canadensis) create nuisance problems at their foraging sites by littering them with feces. An ecological approach to the problem involves inducing the geese to use alternate foraging sites by reducing the attractiveness of problem sites. This can be accomplished by reducing the forage quality at the nuisance site by not fertilizing and infrequently mowing the lawn or by replacing the lawn with a less palatable grass species or other ground cover. Further, sites can be made less attractive to geese if they are surrounded by tall trees which make it harder for geese to …
Coyote Control To Protect Endangered San Joaquin Kit Foxes At The Naval Petroleum Reserves, California, Brian L. Cypher, Jerry H. Scrivner
Coyote Control To Protect Endangered San Joaquin Kit Foxes At The Naval Petroleum Reserves, California, Brian L. Cypher, Jerry H. Scrivner
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1992
We investigated the effectiveness of a coyote (Canis latrans) control program implemented to increase numbers of endangered San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica) at the Naval Petroleum Reserves in California (NPRC). Between 1980 and 1985, the kit fox population on NPRC declined approximately 66% while coyote abundance apparently increased. Coyote predation was identified as the primary cause of mortality for kit foxes. From 1985 to 1990, the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored a program to kill coyotes with the objective being to reduce predation on kit foxes and increase fox numbers. Control methods …
Sterilants For Managing The Populations Of Red-Winged Blackbirds (Agelaius Phoeniceus), Andrew Cyr, Diane Lacombe
Sterilants For Managing The Populations Of Red-Winged Blackbirds (Agelaius Phoeniceus), Andrew Cyr, Diane Lacombe
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1992
Male Red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) being gregarious, and causing heavy damage to corn crops in the northeast, including southern Québec and Ontario, sterilization has been studied as a mean's to manage their populations. With chemosterilants (thiotepa and Omitrol®) tested, year to year variations in reproductive success occurs. The spermatogenesis is disrupted, but the overall effect is not specific. Biosterilisation with 10.0 μg doses of GnRH-analogue hormones is more specific, and the spermatogenesis is disrupted for at least a month, but several spaced injections were required. No field trials have been done yet.
Unmasking Mascall's Mouse Traps, David C. Drummond
Unmasking Mascall's Mouse Traps, David C. Drummond
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1992
Twelve mouse traps described and figured by Leonard Mascall in 16th Century England are illustrated and interpreted afresh. Special attention is given to one that is also depicted on the Merode altarpiece, an important 15th Century Dutch painting. Since Mascall's era many of his mouse traps have virtually disappeared. Others have been made more effective by various design changes, including the incorporation of small powerful helical springs and improved release mechanisms, and by the greater use of wire mesh and sheet metal.