Psychiatry and Psychology Commons^™

The Mini-Mental State Examination As A Diagnostic And Screening Test For Delirium: Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Alex J. Mitchell, Deepak Shukla, Hafsa A. Ajumal, Brendon Stubbs, Tayyeb Tahir

Brain and Mind Institute

Objective

To analyse the evidence concerning the accuracy of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) as a diagnostic and screening test for the presence of delirium in adults.

Method

Two authors searched MEDLINE, PsychINFO and EMBASE from inception till March 2014. Articles were included that investigated the diagnostic validity of the MMSE to detect delirium against standardised criteria. A diagnostic validity meta-analysis was conducted.

Results

Thirteen studies were included representing 2017 patients in medical settings of whom 29.4% had delirium. The meta-analysis revealed the MMSE had an overall sensitivity and specificity estimate of 84.1% and 73.0%, but this was 81.1% and …

Dsm‐5 And Icd‐11 Definitions Of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Investigating “Narrow” And “Broad” Approaches, Dan J. Stein, Katie A. Mclaughlin, Karestan C. Koenen, Lukoye Atwoli, Matthew J. Friedman, Eric D. Hill, Andreas Maercker, Maria Petukhova, Victoria Shahly, Mark Van Ommeren

Internal Medicine, East Africa

Background: The development of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition (DSM-5) and ICD-11 has led to reconsideration of diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys allow investigation of the implications of the changing criteria compared to DSM-IV and ICD-10.

Methods: WMH Surveys in 13 countries asked respondents to enumerate all their lifetime traumatic events (TEs) and randomly selected one TE per respondent for PTSD assessment. DSM-IV and ICD-10 PTSD were assessed for the 23,936 respondents who reported lifetime TEs in these surveys with the fully structured Composite International Diagnostic Interview …

Protracted Effects Of Juvenile Stressor Exposure Are Mitigated By Access To Palatable Food, Jennifer Christine Mackay, Jonathan Stewart James, Christian Cayer, Pamela Kent, Hymie Anisman, Zul Merali

Brain and Mind Institute

Stressor experiences during the juvenile period may increase vulnerability to anxiety and depressive-like symptoms in adulthood. Stressors may also promote palatable feeding, possibly reflecting a form of self-medication. The current study investigated the short- and long-term consequences of a stressor applied during the juvenile period on anxiety- and depressive-like behavior measured by the elevated plus maze (EPM), social interaction and forced swim test (FST). Furthermore, the effects of stress on caloric intake, preference for a palatable food and indices of metabolic syndrome and obesity were assessed. Male Wistar rats exposed to 3 consecutive days of variable stressors on postnatal days …

Patient Attitudes Towards Physician Nonverbal Behaviors During Consultancy: Result From A Developing Country, Fahad Hanif Khan, Raheela Hanif, Rumina Tabassum, Waris Qidwai Dr, Kashmira Nanji

Department of Family Medicine

Background. Nonverbal behaviors have a significant impact on patients during consultations. This study was undertaken to find out the attitudes and preferences of the patients regarding nonverbal communication during consultations with physicians, in a tertiary care hospital.
Methods. A questionnaire based cross-sectional study was carried out at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, during the months of January to March 2012. All patients (>18 years of age) coming for consultancy in the family medicine clinics were approached; out of 133, 120 agreed to participate. The subjects were asked questions regarding physician’s comforting touch and eye contact and …

Child Sexual Abuse Leads To Psychological Disorders: Literature Review, Savera Aziz Ali, Sumera Aziz Ali

School of Nursing & Midwifery

This scholarly paper explains the relationship between child sexual abuse and psychological disorders. Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is a forceful sexual contact with a child who is incapable of consenting. The impact of sexual abuse can range from physical to very severe psychological effects. Psychological disorders caused by child sexual abuse include panic disorder, anxiety, depression, substance abuse, low self-esteem and post-traumatic stress disorder. The phenomenon of child sexual abuse is shaped by some important theories like behavioral, psychodynamic, attachment, cognitive and integrated theory. These theories may help to develop a sound empirical base through which cost effective strategies can …

Association Between Parental Psychopathology And Suicidal Behavior Among Adult Offspring: Results From The Cross-Sectional South African Stress And Health Survey, Lukoye Atwoli, Matthew K. Nock, David R. Williams, Dan J. Stein

Internal Medicine, East Africa

Background: Prior studies have demonstrated a link between parental psychopathology and offspring suicidal behavior. However, it remains unclear what aspects of suicidal behavior among adult offspring are predicted by specific parental mental disorders, especially in Africa. This study set out to investigate the association between parental psychopathology and suicidal behavior among their adult offspring in a South African general population sample.

Method: Parental psychopathology and suicidal behavior in offspring were assessed using structured interviews among 4,315 respondents from across South Africa. The WHO CIDI was used to collect data on suicidal behavior, while the Family History Research Diagnostic Criteria Interview …