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Articles 1 - 30 of 151
Full-Text Articles in Nursing Administration
Improving Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Among Adults With Diabetes In Boston, Massachusetts: A Policy Brief For Primary Care Implementation, Amber L. Auger
Improving Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Among Adults With Diabetes In Boston, Massachusetts: A Policy Brief For Primary Care Implementation, Amber L. Auger
Capstones
No abstract provided.
Improving Fluoride Varnish Application Rates In A Pediatric Primary Care Microsystem, Roman G. Roxas
Improving Fluoride Varnish Application Rates In A Pediatric Primary Care Microsystem, Roman G. Roxas
Master's Projects and Capstones
Problem
Childhood caries is a preventable public health issue disproportionately affecting the underserved. National guidelines recommend fluoride varnish (FV) application during well‑child visits. In California, fewer than 15% of children under age six received FV. In a pediatric primary care clinic, baseline performance was 11% in 2025.
Context
A six‑month quality improvement project was implemented. Key barriers included reduced team cohesion, workflow variability, unclear roles, and underutilized electronic health record (EHR) prompts.
Interventions
The change package standardized medical assistant–led workflows, activated EHR prompts, and provided targeted education. Leadership reinforcement through regular huddles supported adoption, consistency, and team engagement.
Measures
Outcome …
Improving Medication Reconciliation Compliance In Home Health Admissions, Paula A. Petrie-Rivas
Improving Medication Reconciliation Compliance In Home Health Admissions, Paula A. Petrie-Rivas
All Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) Scholarly Projects
Background: Clinician compliance with medication reconciliation at a home health agency was below regulatory expectations, with agency performance significantly lower than state and national averages. Workflow inefficiencies, inconsistent clinician practices, and limited training contributed to noncompliance, increasing the risk of medication discrepancies, preventable rehospitalizations, and Medicare reimbursement penalties.
Aim: This quality improvement project implemented a standardized medication reconciliation workflow using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s MATCH toolkit to improve clinician compliance during admission to home health.
Evidence: Literature supports structured medication reconciliation as an effective strategy to improve safety during transitions of care. The MATCH toolkit provides a …
A Quality Improvement Project To Increase Identification And Treatment Of Obstructive Sleep Apnea In Patients With Type 2 Diabetes In A Rural Clinic, Paige Spence
Evidence-Based Practice Project Reports
No abstract provided.
The Effect Of Fall Prevention Programs With Hourly Rounding On Fall Rates Among Adults Patients In Neurological Unit, Oyinlola A. Ogundeji
The Effect Of Fall Prevention Programs With Hourly Rounding On Fall Rates Among Adults Patients In Neurological Unit, Oyinlola A. Ogundeji
Doctor of Nursing Practice Final Project Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this QI project was to evaluate the effect of a structured hourly rounding program on patient fall rates in an adult neurological inpatient unit.
Background
Patient falls remain a major safety concern in acute care, particularly among hospitalized neurological patients with impairments in mobility, cognition, and balance. In an adult neurological unit within a Magnet-designated hospital, fall rates exceeded national benchmarks, underscoring the need for a targeted quality-improvement
Methodology
A pre–post QI design, guided by the Plan-Do-Study-Act framework, was implemented over 12 weeks in a 28-bed neurological unit. This intervention featured structured hourly rounding using the …
Nursing Migration And The Global Workforce: How The U.S. Nurse Shortage Impacts Developing Countries, Mololuwa Faithful Lasekan
Nursing Migration And The Global Workforce: How The U.S. Nurse Shortage Impacts Developing Countries, Mololuwa Faithful Lasekan
Honors Thesis
As United States (U.S.) healthcare organizations face persistent staffing gaps driven by an aging population, burnout, and limited educational capacity, many institutions increasingly rely on internationally educated nurses (IENs) to stabilize their workforce. This reliance intersects with longstanding structural challenges in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where inadequate compensation and limited professional opportunities contribute to high migration intentions among nurses. Using a systematic literature review guided by PRISMA principles, this study synthesized evidence and five major themes emerged: (1) push factors driving nurse emigration from LMICs, (2) pull factors attracting nurses to the U.S., (3) digital globalization and post-COVID recruitment …
Reducing 30-Day Readmissions: Simplifying Discharge, Olivia Hibbs
Reducing 30-Day Readmissions: Simplifying Discharge, Olivia Hibbs
Scholars Week
Hospital readmissions within 30 days remain a major challenge for healthcare systems and are often linked to ineffective discharge communication and low patient health literacy. Improving discharge planning through simplified instructions, early education, and the teach-back method can help ensure patients understand their medications, follow-up care, and warning signs after leaving the hospital. Strengthening communication and care coordination during the transition from hospital to home may improve patient outcomes and reduce preventable readmissions.
Exploring The Association Between Nurse Characteristics And Intent To Leave Their Current Position In Counties With Rural Hospital Closures, Caroline A. King
Exploring The Association Between Nurse Characteristics And Intent To Leave Their Current Position In Counties With Rural Hospital Closures, Caroline A. King
2025 Fall Honors Capstones Projects - Archive
Increased rural hospital closures and nursing burnout may lead to greater morbidity/mortality for rural residents. Current literature fails to capture whether rural hospital closures influence nurses’ intent to leave their current position. In this cross-sectional study, descriptive and correlational statistical analyses were conducted on survey responses from a sample of nurses who lived in a rural county that experienced a hospital closure. 66% of nurses stated that, at one point, they had considered leaving their primary nursing position. Logistic regression model results revealed that nurse-reported age and gender were significant predictors of a nurse’s intention to leave their current position. …
From Incomplete To Impactful—Finalizing Unfinished Nursing Projects In Nart And Polypharmacy For Lasting Improvement, Paula Thanh Nhat Pham, Armine Lianna Chamichyan, Anastasia Yerofeyeva, Stelene Alexis Tragus
From Incomplete To Impactful—Finalizing Unfinished Nursing Projects In Nart And Polypharmacy For Lasting Improvement, Paula Thanh Nhat Pham, Armine Lianna Chamichyan, Anastasia Yerofeyeva, Stelene Alexis Tragus
Master's Projects and Capstones
This quality improvement project addressed the problem of incomplete or unsustained clinical initiatives at a long-term care facility by introducing Kotter’s Change Model, an evidence-based framework designed to support and sustain lasting improvements in clinical practice. Within the context of a religious-based residential community for older adults with complex chronic needs, the objective was to strengthen the facility’s capacity to implement and sustain change more effectively. By using two previously unfinished initiatives, the NaRT triage tool and Polypharmacy management process, the project applied Kotter’s model to evaluate how structured change strategies can improve staff engagement, leadership alignment, and long-term project …
Standardizing Care: Strengthening Dka Protocol Implementation Among Emergency Department Nurses, Toni Joy Angelique Biliran Miculob
Standardizing Care: Strengthening Dka Protocol Implementation Among Emergency Department Nurses, Toni Joy Angelique Biliran Miculob
Master's Projects and Capstones
Objective: The objective of this project was to address the inconsistent understanding and utilization of the Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) protocol in a high-acuity emergency department within a large hospital system, where baseline survey results showed that 84% of nurses found the DKA order set confusing and only 15% felt “very comfortable” applying it.
Aim: The aim was to improve nurse clarity, confidence, and consistency in using the DKA protocol to support timely, evidence-based management of this high-risk, time-sensitive condition.
Methods: The intervention consisted of brief, targeted education delivered during pre-shift huddles across day and night shifts, focusing …
Antibiotic Stewardship And The Prevention Of Healthcare-Associated C.Diff, Nevaeh Tyson, Angel Pearson
Antibiotic Stewardship And The Prevention Of Healthcare-Associated C.Diff, Nevaeh Tyson, Angel Pearson
Scholars Week
Healthcare-associated Clostridium difficile (C.difficile) infections remain a significant burden to many healthcare facilities across North America. This infection is often linked to long-term antibiotic use and ineffective infection control methods. This presentation addresses current evidence-based practice protocols on the prevention of C.difficile, emphasizing the need for increased monitoring of antibiotic therapy and improved infection control strategies.
Global Npd Volunteerism From Your Home Office, Leanna Ross
Global Npd Volunteerism From Your Home Office, Leanna Ross
Publications 2026-present
No abstract provided.
Resonant Disruptions: Understanding Canadian Nurses’ Practice With Youth Survivors Of Sexual Exploitation, Danielle E. Giebelhaus, Andrew Estefan Phd, Rpn
Resonant Disruptions: Understanding Canadian Nurses’ Practice With Youth Survivors Of Sexual Exploitation, Danielle E. Giebelhaus, Andrew Estefan Phd, Rpn
Dignity: A Journal of Analysis of Exploitation and Violence
The sexual exploitation of youth is a global concern. Youth survivors of sexual exploitation present to and require healthcare services, but most nurses do not feel effectively equipped to care for this population. There is currently little nursing literature to guide nurses in their practice with youth survivors. In this article, we report on a qualitative, hermeneutic study undertaken to explore nursing practice with youth survivors of sexual exploitation. Hermeneutics is concerned with understanding, and is a helpful way to conduct research when little is known about a topic. In this study, we asked the research question, “How might we …
Unsuitable Underlying Cause-Of-Death Statements: Implementation And Evaluation Of A Structured Process For Healthcare Providers Certifying Natural Causes Of Death In An Outpatient Setting, Naida Rutherford
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
Background: Accuracy in death certification is crucial for effective public health initiatives. Inaccuracies in unsuitable Underlying Cause-of-Death (UCOD) statements can distort mortality statistics, influence health policy, and impact resource allocation. In South Carolina, changes in the death registration process and the introduction of an unsuitable cause-of-death list highlighted an urgent need for structured training among certifiers to enhance accuracy in death documentation.
Purpose: The purpose of this project was to implement a standardized training program for healthcare providers certifying natural causes of death and assessing the impact of reducing the unsuitable underlying cause-of-death inaccuracies in an outpatient hospice setting.
Project …
Leading Change For Transgender And Gender Diverse Healthcare: Assessing Organizational Readiness, Braxten Lovett
Leading Change For Transgender And Gender Diverse Healthcare: Assessing Organizational Readiness, Braxten Lovett
Dissertations
Background: Transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) individuals face persistent stigma and systemic discrimination across multiple societal domains, with healthcare settings—intended as safe spaces—often being among the most harmful. Despite increased visibility of TGD populations and growing research on their health inequities, inclusive healthcare remains insufficiently addressed by many healthcare leaders, adding to the urgency to advance equitable, inclusive care. Additionally, structural cisnormativity and binary gender frameworks continue to perpetuate misinformation, erasure, and health disparities. Addressing these entrenched barriers requires systemic reform rooted in cultural humility, inclusive practices, and a commitment to dismantling cisnormative bias within healthcare delivery and policy. This study …
Patient Perception Of Nurse Practitioner Care, Nurse Practitioner Scope Of Practice And How That Influences Provider Choice, Naomi Hemp
Doctoral Projects
This project investigates patients' perceptions of nurse practitioner (NP) care versus physician (MD) care, the factors influencing these perceptions, and patients' understanding of NP scope of practice. A cross-sectional design was used, gathering quantitative data through an anonymous one-time survey distributed via Qualtrics, open for three months. Questions were based on The Watson Caritas Patient Score (WCPS) and the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems Survey (HCAHPS). Data were analyzed using Intellectus Statistics software™, with descriptive statistics summarizing the findings. A two-tailed paired samples t-test revealed statistically significant differences in favor of patients' perceptions of NP care versus …
The Effectiveness Of Gad-7 Screening In High School Students, Tamara L. Smith, Allison Darnell, Margaret Harvey, Phd, Acnp-Bc, Chfn, Jacqueline Sharp Dnp, Aprn, Pmhp-Bc
The Effectiveness Of Gad-7 Screening In High School Students, Tamara L. Smith, Allison Darnell, Margaret Harvey, Phd, Acnp-Bc, Chfn, Jacqueline Sharp Dnp, Aprn, Pmhp-Bc
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
Purpose/Background
Adolescent mental health is a growing concern, with anxiety disorders being particularly prevalent among high school students. Left untreated, anxiety can significantly impact academic performance, social functioning, and long-term mental health. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated these challenges, highlighting the critical need for effective screening and intervention strategies. The Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7) is a validated tool for identifying anxiety disorders, yet its application in high school settings is limited. This scoping review explores the effectiveness of GAD-7 in increasing mental health referrals and improving anxiety outcomes in high school students.
Methods
A comprehensive search was conducted across …
Ebp Implementing Telehealth In Outpatient Settings, Kylee Scott, Ellianna Grammer
Ebp Implementing Telehealth In Outpatient Settings, Kylee Scott, Ellianna Grammer
Scholars Week
This evidence based practice project is researching if the implementation in outpatient settings would be beneficial. Specifically in the emergency department for areas such as triage and collaboration with other physicians.
Colorectal Cancer Screening And Correlating Gender Disparities, Kara Marr, Megan Janssen, Margaret Payne, Laura Reed Dnp, Aprn, Fnp-Bc, Cne
Colorectal Cancer Screening And Correlating Gender Disparities, Kara Marr, Megan Janssen, Margaret Payne, Laura Reed Dnp, Aprn, Fnp-Bc, Cne
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
Purpose/Background
In 2023, colorectal cancer (CRC) was the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the US, equating to approximately 50,000 total deaths (National Cancer Institute, 2024). Further, it is estimated that an additional 1.4 million Americans are living with CRC (National Cancer Institute, 2024). Early detection screening modalities remain imperative since the NIH has released a combined survival rate of 70% when utilized (National Cancer Institute, 2024). Different derivatives of CRC develop from pre-cancerous polyps and are often without signs or symptoms of disease progression; this asymptomatic period emphasizes the importance of early detection and prevention of colorectal cancer …
The Impact Of Adopting Unicef Growth And Development Modules In Enhancing Nursing Students' Knowledge: A Qualitative Study, Yousef Eljeesh, Mahmoud Ayash
The Impact Of Adopting Unicef Growth And Development Modules In Enhancing Nursing Students' Knowledge: A Qualitative Study, Yousef Eljeesh, Mahmoud Ayash
Journal of the Arab American University مجلة الجامعة العربية الامريكية للبحوث
Background: The growth and development phase are an essential and critical period of human life, especially in the early stages. It was defined by most professionals as the interval from conception to eight years of age. This interval is vital for brain growth. In addition, these developmental years have a significant and lifelong impact on children. Thus, almost all children in these years need to be well cared. Aim: The study aimed to assess the impact of adopting UNICEF modules on nursing students' knowledge about growth and development concepts. Design: A qualitative study design was used to conduct the study. …
Exploring Lgbtq+ Competency In Healthcare, Jordan Whiteman
Exploring Lgbtq+ Competency In Healthcare, Jordan Whiteman
Honors College Theses
Marginalized groups such as the LGBTQ+ community are known to face healthcare disparities that negatively affect their process of navigating healthcare systems. This project explores the perceived lack of representation and understanding of the LGBTQ+ community within healthcare settings, exposing the deficits in knowledge for unique challenges and inequalities these patients may face. By viewing the literature, a myriad of complications faced by LGBTQ+ people in clinical settings can be identified. They possess a generalized feeling of mistrust towards the healthcare system. Healthcare staff overall describe low confidence with caring for this demographic. Heteronormativity’s presence in the field of healthcare …
Evidence-Based Discharge Bundle To Reduce Heart Failure Readmissions, Chelsea Zepeda
Evidence-Based Discharge Bundle To Reduce Heart Failure Readmissions, Chelsea Zepeda
Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) Scholarly Projects - Archive
Background: Heart failure (HF) affects over 6.7 million adults in the United States, resulting in frequent hospitalizations and readmissions, increased mortality, and billions of dollars spent annually on healthcare costs. Reducing readmission rates is a priority for the healthcare industry.
Objective: This evidence-based practice project aimed to reduce HF readmission rates through a bundled approach to address socioeconomic factors that place patients at higher risk for readmission, provide patient-centered education for HF management at home, and provide follow-up phone calls after discharge to assess patient symptoms.
Methods: English-speaking patients, aged 65 or older, with any active diagnosis of HF were …
Evaluating An Evidence-Based Quality Improvement Initiative For Food Insecurity Screening And Referral In Adults With Diabetes Initiating Continuous Glucose Monitor Therapy, Coni Dennis
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Capstones
Diabetes affects 37 million people annually in the United States, with direct medical costs exceeding $237 billion per year (American Diabetes Association, 2018; Xu et al., 2018). Complications account for up to 64% of diabetes-related expenses, emphasizing the importance of glycemic stability in preventing costly and debilitating outcomes (Dieleman et al., 2016). Diet and nutrition, essential for glycemic control, are often undermined by food insecurity—defined as inconsistent access to adequate, nutritious food—affecting 16% of adults with diabetes (Casagrande et al., 2022; Kirby et al., 2021). Food insecurity is linked to higher HbA1c levels, increased complications, and hospitalizations (Thomas et al., …
Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection Reduction In Hemodialysis Patients Across 9 Hospitals And 3 States, Nicki Roderman, Kasadi Moore, Shandlie Wilcox, Jennifer Jellerson, Zoey Bridges
Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection Reduction In Hemodialysis Patients Across 9 Hospitals And 3 States, Nicki Roderman, Kasadi Moore, Shandlie Wilcox, Jennifer Jellerson, Zoey Bridges
HCA Healthcare Journal of Medicine
Background
This quality improvement project was initiated to reduce hospital-acquired catheter-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) in hospitalized patients receiving dialysis. A team dedicated to reducing hospital-acquired infections led the implementation of evidence-based interventions across all the included hospitals. This innovative approach demonstrated substantial enhancements in outcomes for patients on hemodialysis.
Methods
To enhance patient safety in patients receiving hemodialysis, new strategies were implemented, including (1) transitioning from a vendor model to an internal model, enabling dialysis program standardization, (2) empowering intensive care nurses with increased autonomy and ownership, (3) transitioning to a standardized dialysis machine, and (4) introducing chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) …
Assessing The Effectiveness Of A Non-Punitive Fall Prevention Program, Nicki Roderman, Shandlie Wilcox, Cynthia Lang
Assessing The Effectiveness Of A Non-Punitive Fall Prevention Program, Nicki Roderman, Shandlie Wilcox, Cynthia Lang
HCA Healthcare Journal of Medicine
Background
Our single-center, quality improvement project evaluated the impact of a fall reduction plan while using a Just Culture Algorithm that included weekly fall reviews involving front line staff using a non-punitive structure. The project has shown successful results.
Methods
Prior to starting the program, data at this institution indicated falls were higher than the national fall rate of 3-5 per 1000 patient days. To achieve the goal of reducing the fall rate to below 3.1, an interdisciplinary fall committee was formed, consisting of nurses, nursing leaders, patient care technicians, pharmacists, and physical therapists. The committee operated in a non-punitive …
A Quality Improvement Project To Reduce Facility-Acquired Pressure Injuries, Carolina Rosario
A Quality Improvement Project To Reduce Facility-Acquired Pressure Injuries, Carolina Rosario
All Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) Scholarly Projects
Problem: Facility-acquired pressure injuries (FAPIs) pose significant risks to patient outcomes and healthcare costs ($500 to $70,000 per PI) in subacute rehabilitation (SAR) facilities. An assessment in a SAR identified a concerning pressure injury (PI) rate of 15.3%, exceeding the national benchmark of 10% for such facilities. This prompted an evidence-based quality improvement (QI) initiative.
Aim of the Project: This project aimed to reduce FAPI rates by 30% or greater among patients 65 and older using a PI prevention bundle called SSKINS (Skin, Surface, Keep moving, Incontinence/moisture, Nutrition/hydration, Self-management).
Review of the Evidence: A comprehensive literature review indicated that PIs …
The Lived Experience Of Nurses In Caring For Patients With Covid-19, Jessica Barre
The Lived Experience Of Nurses In Caring For Patients With Covid-19, Jessica Barre
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Limited research exists about the experiences of nurses’ caring for patients during the COVID-19 pandemic post hoc. To understand nurses’ realities of caring for patients with COVID-19, I aimed to understand the lived experience of nurses caring for patients with COVID-19 in the United States. A qualitative design with a hermeneutic phenomenological methodology was used. Sixteen participants were recruited via purposive sampling, augmented with snowball sampling. Data were collected through unstructured interviews and were analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s Reflexive Thematic Analysis. Nurses’ experiences of caring for patients with COVID-19 in the U.S. were consolidated into four themes: “a living …
Referral To In-Person Smoking Cessation Counseling As A Smoking Cessation Aid, Annie Mandrell Bsn, Rn, Matthew Keathley Bsn, Rn, Lewis Linden Bsn, Rn, Laura Reed Dnp, Aprn, Fnp-Bc, Cne
Referral To In-Person Smoking Cessation Counseling As A Smoking Cessation Aid, Annie Mandrell Bsn, Rn, Matthew Keathley Bsn, Rn, Lewis Linden Bsn, Rn, Laura Reed Dnp, Aprn, Fnp-Bc, Cne
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
Referral to In-Person Smoking Cessation Counseling as a Smoking Cessation Aid
Purpose/Background
Smoking increases an individual’s risk of acute and chronic disease morbidity and mortality, as well as creating a financial burden for the individual and healthcare system. In the United States, tobacco smoking is the leading cause of preventable death. There are an estimated 5 million tobacco-related deaths each year due to tobacco smoking. Additional healthcare costs are also seen due to the need for increased treatments, medical supplies, and staffing. Previous research for smoking cessation resources has primarily focused on traditional primary care offices. Research shows that in-person …
The Impact Of Social Determinants Of Health On Adherence To Urinary Tract Infection Treatment: A Scoping Review, Barrett S. Patel, Ms, Bsn, Rn, Emily A. Gentry, Bsn, Rn, Sally Humphrey Dnp, Aprn, Cpnp-Pc, Bobby Bellflower Dnsc, Nnp-Bc, Faanp, Fnap
The Impact Of Social Determinants Of Health On Adherence To Urinary Tract Infection Treatment: A Scoping Review, Barrett S. Patel, Ms, Bsn, Rn, Emily A. Gentry, Bsn, Rn, Sally Humphrey Dnp, Aprn, Cpnp-Pc, Bobby Bellflower Dnsc, Nnp-Bc, Faanp, Fnap
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
Purpose/Background
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common diagnosis among children. Patients must fully comply with treatment regimens to reduce the risk of recurring UTIs and prevent long-term complications. This scoping review aims to evaluate the literature and examine the association between screening for social determinants of health (SDH) and adherence to UTI treatment.
Methods
A thorough literature search via PubMed, Cochrane Library, Elsevier Clinical Key, CINAHL, and JAMA was conducted with the following keywords: Pediatric UTI, Adherence to Treatment Plans, Social Determinants of Health, Social Needs Screening, and others. Ten articles were appraised for their evidence and quality. The …
Evidenced-Based Strategies To Increase Cervical Cancer Screening Rates, Tuong Cat Vo Bsn-Rn, Nada Salloukh Bsn-Rn, Tatiana Elena Swanson Bsn-Rn, Xiao Mie Cindy Zhu Bsn-Rn, Laura Taylor Reed Dnp, Aprn, Fnp-Bc
Evidenced-Based Strategies To Increase Cervical Cancer Screening Rates, Tuong Cat Vo Bsn-Rn, Nada Salloukh Bsn-Rn, Tatiana Elena Swanson Bsn-Rn, Xiao Mie Cindy Zhu Bsn-Rn, Laura Taylor Reed Dnp, Aprn, Fnp-Bc
Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects
Purpose/Background
Cervical cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer affecting women worldwide (Staley et al., 2021). With cervical cancer being a preventable disease, an effective method of reducing healthcare costs and mortality is primary prevention, such as screenings. Financial burdens and barriers to accessing medical care may result due to the lack of proper cervical cancer screenings. Detecting cervical cancer includes screening women 21 to 65 years old with a Papanicolaou (PAP) test every three years. Women aged 30 to 65 years old can extend the screening of cervical cancer by having a Human Papillomavirus (HPV) test along with …