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2014

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Full-Text Articles in Dentistry

Compulsory Water Fluoridation: Justifiable Public Health Benefit Or Human Experimental Research Without Informed Consent?, Rita Barnett-Rose Dec 2014

Compulsory Water Fluoridation: Justifiable Public Health Benefit Or Human Experimental Research Without Informed Consent?, Rita Barnett-Rose

William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review

No abstract provided.


Retention Of Low Income Children In Three Dental Studies Investigating Early Childhood Caries, Ann H. Saba, John J. Warren, Karin Weber-Gasparoni, Deborah V. Dawson Nov 2014

Retention Of Low Income Children In Three Dental Studies Investigating Early Childhood Caries, Ann H. Saba, John J. Warren, Karin Weber-Gasparoni, Deborah V. Dawson

Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice

Background: To our knowledge no dental studies have looked closely at subject retention, which is crucial to better understand oral health disparities. In this paper, we report retention rates and review and attempt to assess which retention strategies utilized in 3 dental research studies investigating ECC were effective for retaining WIC-enrolled children. The purpose of this paper is to discuss challenges that were encountered when working with these populations, describe characteristics of those not retained, and summarize some recommendations for future dental studies working at WIC sites. Methods: Three dental studies were conducted at WIC clinics in Iowa. Retention strategies …


Comparison Of The Shear Bond Strength Of Metal Brackets Photo-Activated By Ledcuring Devices With Different Light Intensities, Preeya Suwanwitid, Chintana Sirichompun Sep 2014

Comparison Of The Shear Bond Strength Of Metal Brackets Photo-Activated By Ledcuring Devices With Different Light Intensities, Preeya Suwanwitid, Chintana Sirichompun

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objective To compare the shear bond strength and adhesive remnant indices of metal brackets photo-activated by 2 LED-curing devices with different light intensities. Materials and methods Sixty first premolars from 30 patients undergoing an orthodontic treatment (1 from the left and 1 from the right per patient) were extracted. From each patient, the first one was then randomly allocated into group I and the other was group II. Premolar metal brackets were bonded to the prepared enamel surfaces of the samples mounted in PVC-tube using a light-cured adhesive resin named Transbond XT®. In group I (LED WOODPECKER® intensity 850 mW/cm2), …


In Vitro Study On The Efficacy In Assisting Gutta-Percha Removal And Cytotoxicity Of Essential Oil From Citrus Maxima (Pomelo Oil), Peraya Surapipongpuntr, Niratcha Chaisomboon, Thosapol Piyapattamin Sep 2014

In Vitro Study On The Efficacy In Assisting Gutta-Percha Removal And Cytotoxicity Of Essential Oil From Citrus Maxima (Pomelo Oil), Peraya Surapipongpuntr, Niratcha Chaisomboon, Thosapol Piyapattamin

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objective To evaluate the efficacy in assisting gutta-percha removal of an essential oil from Citrus maxima (pomelo oil) and its cytotoxicity on human gingival fibroblasts when compared to orange oil and xylene. Materials and methods Forty human single-rooted teeth were instrumented and filled with gutta-percha at their apical one third. The gutta-percha filled in root canal was softened with each solvent, pomelo oil, orange oil, xylene or distilled water (n=10 for each group). Gutta-percha was firstly removed with #25 K-file to reach a working length and then completely removed with Hedström files. The complete removal was verified by a microscope …


Participation Process Of A Muslim Community For Improving Oral Health Care Of Children Aged 0-3 Years; A Case Study In Yaring District, Pattani Province, Narisa Heemsuree, Jaranya Hunsrisakhun, Achara Watanapa Sep 2014

Participation Process Of A Muslim Community For Improving Oral Health Care Of Children Aged 0-3 Years; A Case Study In Yaring District, Pattani Province, Narisa Heemsuree, Jaranya Hunsrisakhun, Achara Watanapa

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objectives To study and develop the participation process in order to improve oral health care of children aged 0-3 years by caregivers in a Muslim community. Materials and methods The participation process was developed and implemented under the Participatory Action Research concept. Qualitative data collection methods were employed through focus group discussion, in-depth interviews, and participant observations. Content analysis was used to analyze the data. Quantitative data was also collected through interviewing and use of questionnaires. Frequency distribution was illustrated. Results With the participatory approach, the research team encouraged the community leaders mainly through the use of reflective learning and …


Cross-Cultural Adaptation Of Cpq11-14 For Measuring Oral Health Related-Quality Of Life Of Primary School Children, Thidarat Nuansri, Songchai Thitasomakul Sep 2014

Cross-Cultural Adaptation Of Cpq11-14 For Measuring Oral Health Related-Quality Of Life Of Primary School Children, Thidarat Nuansri, Songchai Thitasomakul

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objective To assess validity and reliability of a cross-cultural adaptation CPQ11-14 and to explore association of oral health related quality of life and oral health status in primary school children. Materials and methods CPQ11-14 was culturally adapted to a Thai-version. Then, it was tested for face validity, construct validity and rearranged to form 4 new domains, namely mental and social, pain and discomfort, communication and learning domain. Internal reliability, external reliability and concurrent validity were also analyzed. It was administered in 481 samples. CPQ11-14 total scores were collected and the association between oral health related quality of life and dental …


Competency In Dental Practice Of Graduates From A Problem-Based Learning Integrated Dental School: Graduates And Employersû Perceptions, Nattira Suksudaj, Woranuch Chetpakdeejit Sep 2014

Competency In Dental Practice Of Graduates From A Problem-Based Learning Integrated Dental School: Graduates And Employersû Perceptions, Nattira Suksudaj, Woranuch Chetpakdeejit

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objective The study aimed to compare self-perceived competency in dental practice of graduates from a problem-based learning integrated dental school with their employersû perception, and to identify factors associated with the competency. Materials and methods Self-administered questionnaires were sent, by post and online questionnaire, to alumni who graduated between 2000 and 2011 (n=289) and employers (n=90). The 53-item questionnaires consisted of competencies in cognitive-, professional-, community-based-and clinical skills. The respondents evaluated their competencies on a six point-rating scale (from 5=very good to 1=very bad, and 0=not applicable), which later were categorized based on the proportion of respondents who rated items …


Vital Pulp Therapy In A Permanent Molar With Irreversible Pulpitis: A Case Report, Suphakorn Suksamai Sep 2014

Vital Pulp Therapy In A Permanent Molar With Irreversible Pulpitis: A Case Report, Suphakorn Suksamai

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

This case report describes vital pulp therapy of a 13-year-old girlûs left mandibular first molar with established irreversible pulpitis. Partial pulpotomy was performed and the remaining pulp was capped with MTA. Tooth was restored with glass ionomer cement and composite resin. Eighteen months clinical and radiographic follow-up revealed successful preservation of pulpal vitality.


Cantilever Bridge, Siriporn Arunpraditkul, Jisadawan Riyatanon Sep 2014

Cantilever Bridge, Siriporn Arunpraditkul, Jisadawan Riyatanon

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Treatment options for replacing missing teeth can be implant, fixed partial denture and removable partial denture. Nowadays, implant is more popular. However, it is expensive and most of Thai patients cannot afford. Removable partial denture make the patients feel uncomfortable whereas a fixed partial denture, conventional bridge, results in extensive abutment tooth preparation on both ends of edentulous area. Cantilever bridge is an alternative treatment to substitute the missing tooth and reduce extensive adjacent teeth structure loss. This article describes advantage, disadvantage, critical factors for a success, classification, indication, and contraindication of cantilever bridge.


Silver Diamine Fluoride For Arresting Dental Caries In Deciduous Teeth, Prasit Wongsupa, Sukanya Tianviwat, Janpim Hintao Sep 2014

Silver Diamine Fluoride For Arresting Dental Caries In Deciduous Teeth, Prasit Wongsupa, Sukanya Tianviwat, Janpim Hintao

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

The aim of this article is to review the knowledge of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) for arresting dental caries in primary teeth. The advantages of SDF are ease of use and its safety. The concentration of SDF used in Thailand for arresting dental caries in primary teeth is 38% or with 44,800 ppm fluoride. The effectiveness of SDF for arresting dental caries in primary teeth ranged between 70-90%. Frequency of application is 1-2 times per year. The evidences show higher effectiveness for 2 times of application than for 1 time per year. The caution of using is that SDF is …


The Effect Of Audio-Visual Media On Dental Knowledge And Self-Dental Examination Ability In Sixth Grade Students, Nataporn Hatrongjit, Pornpun Asvanit, Busayarat Santiwong Sep 2014

The Effect Of Audio-Visual Media On Dental Knowledge And Self-Dental Examination Ability In Sixth Grade Students, Nataporn Hatrongjit, Pornpun Asvanit, Busayarat Santiwong

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objective To test dental knowledge and self-dental examination ability in a group of sixth grade students after viewing an audio-visual media. Materials and methods The study population consisted of 75 sixth grade students who had 24 permanent teeth, aged 10-13 years old, at the Banmarkkhaeng School, Udonthani Province. The students were divided into two groups, control or experimental group by simple randomization. The experimental group viewed an audio-visual media on dental caries while the control group did not. Ten pictures of carious and sound teeth (10 points) were used in a questionnaire to test dental knowledge. The students performed self-dental …


Sealing Ability Of Three Different Obturation Techniques In Mandibular Molars With Isthmuses, Tanawan Manwiwattanakul, Piyanee Panitvisai Sep 2014

Sealing Ability Of Three Different Obturation Techniques In Mandibular Molars With Isthmuses, Tanawan Manwiwattanakul, Piyanee Panitvisai

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objective The purpose of this study was to compare the sealing ability of root canal obturation in mandibular molars with isthmuses obturated by three different techniques using glucose filtration model. Materials and methods Seventy human mandibular molars were identified and classified the isthmuses by micro CT. The mesial root canal of each tooth was instrumented with rotary nickeltitanium files and the teeth were randomly divided. Three groups of twenty roots were root canal obturated using lateral condensation, matched-taper single-cone and continuous wave compaction techniques with gutta-percha and AH plus sealer. Five roots were used as negative control and five roots …


Relationship Between Alveolar Bone Dimensions And Incisor Inclination In Skeletal Class Iii Patients, Pruet Kiattiwongse, Sirima Petdachai, Wichitsak Cholitgul Sep 2014

Relationship Between Alveolar Bone Dimensions And Incisor Inclination In Skeletal Class Iii Patients, Pruet Kiattiwongse, Sirima Petdachai, Wichitsak Cholitgul

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objective To investigate the relationship between alveolar bone dimensions and incisor inclination in skeletal Class III patients. Materials and methods Selected samples from digital lateral cephalometric radiographs of 73 skeletal Class III patients from Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, aged more than 18 years, ANB less than 1°, overjet less than 0 mm. were examined. Hand on tracing to investigate relationships between the alveolar bone dimensions and incisor inclination that divided on maxilla and mandible as 3 variables. The Pearson correlation was used for statistical analysis (p value = 0.05). Results In skeletal Class III patients, in …


Child Response Towards Viewing Needle During Anesthetic Injection, Waleerat Sukarawan, Issaya Boonadulyarat, Rujira Puanaiyaka May 2014

Child Response Towards Viewing Needle During Anesthetic Injection, Waleerat Sukarawan, Issaya Boonadulyarat, Rujira Puanaiyaka

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objective To compare child response during local anesthetic injection between viewing and non-viewing needle groups by rating the behaviors and change in heart rate. Materials and methods Sixty pre-school children were equally divided into non-viewing and viewing needle group. Video observations of the subjects' behavior during local anesthesia injection were rated using modified Franklûs behavioral scale. The differences in behavioral rating between groups were tested by Fisher's exact test. Change in heart rate in each subject was analyzed by Mann-Whitney test. Characteristics of subjects were analyzed using Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. All statistic tests were done at 95 …


Effect Of Resin Cement Thickness And Ceramic Thickness On Fracture Resistance Of Enamel-Bonded Ceramic, Pirat Karntiang, Chalermpol Leevailoj May 2014

Effect Of Resin Cement Thickness And Ceramic Thickness On Fracture Resistance Of Enamel-Bonded Ceramic, Pirat Karntiang, Chalermpol Leevailoj

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the fracture resistance of enamel-boned ceramic with variations in cement and ceramic thickness. Materials and methods Leucite-reinforced and lithium-disilicate porcelain laminates (0.5 and 1 mm thick) were fabricated and cemented to human enamel using bonding agent and resin cement with the thicknesses of 30 and 100 μm. Non-cemented porcelain laminate was used as control. Fracture load (Newton) was obtained by pressing a 2 mm-diameter indenter rod against ceramic until the laminates fractured. Independent t-tests were used to compare mean fracture loads (MFL). Results The results obtained from both type of ceramic were in the …


Comparison Of Chewing Ability Of Mandibular Implant-Retained Overdenture Patients Using The Subjective And The Objective Assessments, Neerush Kunon, Orapin Kaewplung May 2014

Comparison Of Chewing Ability Of Mandibular Implant-Retained Overdenture Patients Using The Subjective And The Objective Assessments, Neerush Kunon, Orapin Kaewplung

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objective To compare the chewing ability of mandibular implant-retained overdenture in Thai elderly patients using the subjective and objective assessments. Materials and methods Thirty-three participants were recruited. Their chewing ability were evaluated twice: 1 month after implant placement and 3 months after the insertion of a mandibular implantretained overdenture. The subjective chewing ability was evaluated using a developed questionnaire consisting of 14 common food types. For the objective chewing ability, it was assessed by a wax cube analysis method. The relationship between the changes of chewing ability assessed by the subjective and the objective method was analyzed using Pearsonûs correlation …


Thai Dentistsû Preferences Of Maxillary Anterior Tooth Width Proportions And Width To Height Ratios, Chayaporn Supachartwong, Chalermpol Leevailoj May 2014

Thai Dentistsû Preferences Of Maxillary Anterior Tooth Width Proportions And Width To Height Ratios, Chayaporn Supachartwong, Chalermpol Leevailoj

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objective The purpose of this survey study was to provide the information about the generally accepted standards for designing smiles using tooth proportion relationships for Thai dentists. Materials and methods A smile image was made and adjusted by a computer image manipulation program. The teeth were adjusted according to three different ratios. They are as follows: normal (78%), tall (71%) and short (87%) teeth. Each ratio was further conformed according to three proportions. The three respective proportions are Golden, 70RED and Preston proportion for each ratio. Eighteen survey sets of two different smiles were constructed. Two-hundred and forty-two Thai dentists …


Intrusion Phenomenon And Rebound Of A Natural Tooth Located Between Two Implant Supported Crowns: Case Report, Ketkarn Sakultap, Pravej Serichetaphongse May 2014

Intrusion Phenomenon And Rebound Of A Natural Tooth Located Between Two Implant Supported Crowns: Case Report, Ketkarn Sakultap, Pravej Serichetaphongse

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

This case report describes the intrusion of a natural tooth located between two implantsupported crowns after 7 months in function. The intruded first molar was 2.5-3 mm infraoccluded and tilted lingually. After 4 months of serial proximal contact adjustment, the intruded tooth was gradually rebounded to its normal position in complete occlusion with the opposing tooth. A new crown was fabricated for the molar to obtain the optimal proximal contact with the adjacent crowns. At the six-month follow up the tooth was still in its normal position. The potential mechanisms of tooth intrusion are described and discussed.


The Use Of Ceramic Veneers To Mask Moderately Tetracycline-Stained Teeth: A Case Report, Thida Chaipattanapruk, Chalermpol Leevailoj, Sirivimol Srisawasdi May 2014

The Use Of Ceramic Veneers To Mask Moderately Tetracycline-Stained Teeth: A Case Report, Thida Chaipattanapruk, Chalermpol Leevailoj, Sirivimol Srisawasdi

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objective To present an alternative treatment method using a minimally invasive approach employing ceramic veneers to mask staining of moderately tetracycline-stained teeth. Materials and methods A 39-year-old Thai female patient had a moderate type tetracycline-staining of both upper and lower anterior teeth, and 11 and 21 were fractured. A resin composite veneer had been placed on 14. The patient presented with a high smile line and an unsymmetrical gingival balance. Her oral hygiene was good and the gingival tissue was healthy. The treatment plan to create a harmonious gingival balance for 11, 12, and 13 was an esthetic crown lengthening. …


Effect Of Desensitizing Toothpaste On Microtensile Bond Strength Between Resin Composite And Dentin, Kochanipa Saisopa, Sirivimol Srisawasdi May 2014

Effect Of Desensitizing Toothpaste On Microtensile Bond Strength Between Resin Composite And Dentin, Kochanipa Saisopa, Sirivimol Srisawasdi

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objective To evaluate and compare the effects of two desensitizing toothpastes and a regular fluoride toothpaste on microtensile bond strength of two adhesive agents to dentin. Materials and methods The labial surfaces of forty bovine incisor crowns were ground flat, exposing dentin. The teeth were then randomly divided into four groups corresponding to the toothpaste used: 1) Sensodyne® Rapid Relief (GlaxoSmithKline, UK), 2) Colgate Sensitive Pro-ReliefTM (Colgate- Palmolive, Thailand), 3) Colgate® Regular Flavor (Colgate-Palmolive, Thailand), and 4) immersed in artificial saliva (control). Each tooth in groups 1-3 was brushed with its respective dentifrice under constant loading (200 g) at 250 …


Dental Consideration And Management Of The Cirrhotic Patients, Titipong Prueksrisakul May 2014

Dental Consideration And Management Of The Cirrhotic Patients, Titipong Prueksrisakul

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Cirrhotic patients require careful dental care because of several pathophysiologies and complications due to hepatic dysfunction. Dentists should understand basic knowledge about cirrhosis in order to be able to evaluate medical status of the individual cirrhotic patient preoperatively to reduce the risk of complications from dental treatment. This review article summarized information about etiology, clinical features, oral manifestations and severity of cirrhosis as well as dental consideration and management of cirrhotic patients, including preoperative patient assessment, modification of frequent drug use in dentistry, bleeding disorder and the risk of infection from dental treatment in order to encourage dentists to modify …


Current Metal Alloys For Removable Partial Denture Clasp, Jaijam Suwanwela, Mutita Puapipatpong May 2014

Current Metal Alloys For Removable Partial Denture Clasp, Jaijam Suwanwela, Mutita Puapipatpong

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

The ideal material for removable partial denture clasp should have good biomechanics, physical properties and mechanical properties. To date, there are varieties of clasp materials such as metal, tooth colored and gingiva colored materials. This article reviews composition, property and indication of materials used in removable partial denture clasp which can be used for the best clinical implication.


Evaluation Of 3 Light Curing Units With Different Light Intensity On Initial Shear Bond Strength Of Orthodontic Adhesives, Puntip Dongpaiboon, Paiboon Techalertpaisarn, Namchok Promsopa, Sarik Kananurak May 2014

Evaluation Of 3 Light Curing Units With Different Light Intensity On Initial Shear Bond Strength Of Orthodontic Adhesives, Puntip Dongpaiboon, Paiboon Techalertpaisarn, Namchok Promsopa, Sarik Kananurak

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objective To evaluate the effect of using 3 light curing units with different light intensity on initial shear bond strength of orthodontic adhesives. Materials and methods Sixty human upper premolars were divided into 4 groups of 15 each. Tooth surfaces were treated with pumice and phosphoric acid, then rinsed and blown dry. Brackets were bonded to tooth surfaces with light cured adhesive under 4 conditions; Group 1 a conventional halogen unit (Demetron LCTM) at an intensity of 410 mW/cm2 for 20 seconds (control), Group 2 LED unit (Demetron A.2TM) at an intensity of 1,140 mW/cm2 for 20 seconds, Group 3 …


Virginia Dental Journal (Vol. 91, No. 3, 2014) Jan 2014

Virginia Dental Journal (Vol. 91, No. 3, 2014)

Virginia Dental Journal

No abstract provided.


Virginia Dental Journal (Vol. 91, No. 4, 2014) Jan 2014

Virginia Dental Journal (Vol. 91, No. 4, 2014)

Virginia Dental Journal

No abstract provided.


Virginia Dental Journal (Vol. 91, No. 1, 2014) Jan 2014

Virginia Dental Journal (Vol. 91, No. 1, 2014)

Virginia Dental Journal

No abstract provided.


Effect Of Resin Coating On Tensile Bond Strength Between Resin Cements And Dentin, Krissana Banyatsrisaku, Niyom Thamrongananskul Jan 2014

Effect Of Resin Coating On Tensile Bond Strength Between Resin Cements And Dentin, Krissana Banyatsrisaku, Niyom Thamrongananskul

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objective To study the effect of a resin coating on tensile bond strength between resin cements and dentin Materials and methods Forty extracted human molars were ground to flatten dentin surface using low speed cutting machine and finished by 600-grit silicon carbide paper. The teeth were divided into 4 groups; 1) freshly dentin without coating was bonded with Panavia F 2.0, 2) dentin was coated by resin coating and bonded with Panavia F 2.0, 3) freshly dentin without coating was bonded with Superbond C & B, and 4) dentin was coated by resin coating and bonded with Superbond C & …


Comparison In Amount Of Sodium Hypochlorite Extrusion During Irrigation With Needle-Syringe And Endoactivator: In Vitro Study, Nattaya Rungcharoenporn, Somsinee Pimkhaokham Jan 2014

Comparison In Amount Of Sodium Hypochlorite Extrusion During Irrigation With Needle-Syringe And Endoactivator: In Vitro Study, Nattaya Rungcharoenporn, Somsinee Pimkhaokham

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objective To assess the volume of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) that was apically extruded from teeth prepared to different apical sizes during irrigation using an EndoActivator compared with using a needle and a syringe. Materials and methods One hundred single root canals were instrumented and randomly divided into three experimental groups (n = 30) with final apical sizes of #35, #50, or #80. Each tooth was fixed in an agarose gel model and irrigated with 2.5% NaOCl using a needle and a syringe irrigating technique. The tooth was removed, cleaned, dried and re-fixed in a new agarose gel model prior to …


Response Of Dogûs Dental Pulp Tissue To Improved White Portland Cements Compared With Proroot® Mta, Kunlanun Dumrongvute, Anchana Panichuttra, Chanin Kalpravidh Jan 2014

Response Of Dogûs Dental Pulp Tissue To Improved White Portland Cements Compared With Proroot® Mta, Kunlanun Dumrongvute, Anchana Panichuttra, Chanin Kalpravidh

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objective To compare dogûs dental pulp response to partial pulpotomy sealed with improved white Portland cements and ProRoot MTA®. Materials and methods Partial pulpotomy was done in four dogs thirty-five premolars teeth and divided into three groups. Group 1 was capped with ProRoot® MTA mixed with sterile water (n = 10). Group 2 was capped with Portland cement with bismuth oxide mixed with 5% calcium chloride and 1% methyl cellulose (n = 20). After pulp capping, teeth were based with glass ionomer cement and restored with resin composite. Both groups were done in seven and seventy days. Group 3 was …


Antibacterial Efficacy Of Alcohol On Dental Anesthetic Cartridges, Ratchanee Panjinda, Oranart Matangkasombut, Ruchanee Ampornaramveth, Keskanya Subbalekha Jan 2014

Antibacterial Efficacy Of Alcohol On Dental Anesthetic Cartridges, Ratchanee Panjinda, Oranart Matangkasombut, Ruchanee Ampornaramveth, Keskanya Subbalekha

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objective To conduct a preliminary survey of the prevalence of bacterial contamination on dental anesthetic cartridges and to examine the antibacterial efficacy of alcohol for cartridge decontamination. Materials and methods Bacterial culture of dental anesthetic cartridges collected from 25 dental clinics in Bangkok was performed. Positive cultures were examined by Gram staining. The antibacterial efficacy of 70% alcohol was tested against 3 bacterial species, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus subtilis. Anesthetic cartridges inoculated with bacterial cultures were immersed in 70% alcohol for 1, 5, and 10 minutes, and subsequently transferred to culture medium. The leakage of alcohol into cartridges …