Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Effect Of A 4-Week Weight Maintenance Diet On Circulating Hormone Levels: Implications For Clinical Weight Loss Trials, Amanda, I Evans, R Wood, R Seimon, N King, Nuala Byrne

Nuala Byrne

The majority of weight loss studies fail to standardize conditions such as diet and exercise via a weight maintenance period prior to commencement of the trial. This study aimed to determine whether a weight stabilization period is necessary to establish stable baseline hormone concentrations. Fifty-one obese male participants with a body mass index of 30–40 kg m?2 and aged 25–54 years underwent 4 weeks on an energy balance diet that was designed to achieve weight stability. Blood samples were collected in the fasting state at commencement and completion of the 4-week period, and circulating concentrations of 18 commonly measured hormones …

Effect Of 1-H Moderate-Intensity Aerobic Exercise On Intramyocellular Lipids In Obese Men Before And After A Lifestyle Intervention, Stephanie Ipavec-Levasseur, Ilaria Croci, Stephane Choquette, Nuala Byrne, Gary Cowin, Trisha O'Moore-Sullivan, Johannes Prins, Ingrid Hickman

Nuala Byrne

Intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) are depleted in response to an acute bout of exercise in lean endurance-trained individuals; however, it is unclear whether changes in IMCL content are also seen in response to acute and chronic exercise in obese individuals. We used magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 18 obese men and 5 normal-weight controls to assess IMCL content before and after an hour of cycling at the intensity corresponding with each participant’s maximal whole-body rate of fat oxidation (Fatmax). Fatmax was determined via indirect calorimetry during a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer. The same outcome measures were reassessed in the …

Childhood Obesity In Asia: The Value Of Accurate Body Composition Methodology, Andrew Hills, Najat Mokhtar, Sharon Brownie, Nuala Byrne

Nuala Byrne

Childhood obesity, a significant global public health problem, affects an increasing number of low- and middle income countries, including in Asia. The obesity epidemic has been fuelled by the rapid nutrition and physical activity transition with the availability of more energy-dense nutrient-poor foods and lifestyles of many children dominated by physical inactivity. During the growing years the pace and quality of grow this best quantified by a combination of anthropometric and body composition measures. However, where normative data are available, this has typically been collected on Caucasian children. To better define and characterise overweight and obesity in Asian children, and …

Physical Activity And Electronic Media Use In The Search For Diabetes In Youth Case-Control Study, Felipe Lobelo, Angela Liese, Jihong Liu, Elizabeth Mayer-Davis, Ralph D'Agostino, Jr., Russell Pate, Richard Hamman, Dana Dabelea

Jihong Liu

No abstract provided.

Reproducibility Of Subjective Appetite Ratings And Ad Libitum Test Meal Energy Intake In Overweight And Obese Males, Katy Horner, Nuala Byrne, Neil King

Nuala Byrne

Background: To determine whether changes in appetite and energy intake (EI) can be detected and play a role in the effectiveness of interventions, it is necessary to identify their variability under normal conditions. We assessed the reproducibility of subjective appetite ratings and ad libitum test meal EI after a standardised pre-load in overweight and obese males. Methods: Fifteen overweight and obese males (BMI 30.3 ± 4.9 kg/m2, aged 34.9 ± 10.6 years) completed two identical test days, 7 days apart. Participants were provided with a standardised fixed breakfast (1676kJ) and 5 h later an ad libitum pasta lunch. An electronic …

Portrait Of Spain: Masterpices From The Prado, Katrina Bramstedt

Katrina A. Bramstedt

Extract: During 2012, the Museo Nacional del Prado (the Prado) in Madrid, Spain, loaned the Queensland Art Gallery a sampling of its masterpieces. Notably, this was the first time these works have appeared in the Southern Hemisphere. Moreover, six works in the collection (five paintings and one etching) are robust examples of medical ethics fodder. Some of these Spanish works are similar to those found in the Archduke of Austria Ferdinand II’s Chamber of Art and Curiosities Collection at Ambras Castle (Euromuse.net 2012). Specifically, four of the six items are paintings that fit under the same theme— disability—and cover the …

Reproducibility Of Gastric Emptying In Overweight And Obesee Males, Katy Byrne, Nuala Byrne, Geoffrey Cleghorn, Neil King

Nuala Byrne

Background & aim: To understand whether any change in gastric emptying (GE) is physiologically relevant, it is important to identify its variability. Information regarding the variability of GE in overweight and obese individuals is lacking. The aim of this study was to determine the reproducibility of GE in overweight and obese males. Methods: Fifteen overweight and obese males [body mass index 30.3 (4.9)kg/m2] completed two identical GE tests 7 days apart. GE of a standard pancake breakfast was assessed by 13C-octanoic acid breath test. Data are presented as mean (±SD). Results: There were no significant differences in GE between test …

Body Weight Perception And Weight Loss Practices Among Sri Lankan Adults, Ranil Ayawardena, Nuala Byrne, Mario Soares, Prasad Katulanda, Andrew Hills

Nuala Byrne

Objectives The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the association between self-perception of body weight, weight loss approaches and measured body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) among Sri Lankan adults. Methods A nationally representative sample of 600 adults aged ≥18 years was selected using a multi-stage random cluster sampling technique. An interviewer-administrated questionnaire was used to assess demographic characteristics, body weight perception, abdominal obesity perception and details of weight losing practices. Weight, height and waist circumference (WC) were measured and Asian anthropometric cut-offs for BMI and WC were applied. Results Body weight mis-perception was common among …

Obstetric Outcomes After In Vitro Fertilization In Obese And Morbidly Obese Women., Anuja Dokras, Lindsey Baredziak, Jill Blaine, Craig Syrop, Bradley Van Voorhis, Amy Sparks

Amy E.T. Sparks

OBJECTIVE: In addition to numerous health detriments caused by obesity, fertility and pregnancy success may also be compromised. The aims of this study were to compare the effects of obesity and morbid obesity on in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes. We also investigated the effects of obesity on obstetric outcomes after IVF treatment. METHODS: Retrospective study of women less than 38 years of age during their first fresh IVF cycle (January 1995 to April 2005). RESULTS: A total of 1,293 women were included in the study, with 236 obese women (body mass index [BMI] = 30-39.9) and 79 morbidly obese women …

Obesity And Insulin Resistance But Not Hyperandrogenism Mediates Vascular Dysfunction In Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome., Anuja Dokras, Dinesh Jagasia, Michelle Maifeld, Christine Sinkey, Bradley Van Voorhis, William Haynes

Bradley J Van Voorhis

OBJECTIVE: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with biochemical evidence of early atherosclerosis; however, data regarding vascular function are controversial. We hypothesized that resistance vessel function (mediated by the endothelium or smooth muscle) would be impaired in women with PCOS and aimed to determine the contribution of hyperandrogenism, obesity, or insulin resistance to vascular dysfunction.

DESIGN: Prospective study.

SETTING: University practice.

PATIENT(S): Women with PCOS (n = 24) and age/weight-matched controls (n = 22).

INTERVENTION(S): Vascular function was assessed by measuring forearm vasodilatation in response to both endothelium-dependent (acetylcholine/bradykinin) and endothelium-independent dilators (nitroprusside/verapamil).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Resistance vessel function.

RESULT(S): …

Obstetric Outcomes After In Vitro Fertilization In Obese And Morbidly Obese Women., Anuja Dokras, Lindsey Baredziak, Jill Blaine, Craig Syrop, Bradley Van Voorhis, Amy Sparks

Bradley J Van Voorhis

OBJECTIVE: In addition to numerous health detriments caused by obesity, fertility and pregnancy success may also be compromised. The aims of this study were to compare the effects of obesity and morbid obesity on in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes. We also investigated the effects of obesity on obstetric outcomes after IVF treatment. METHODS: Retrospective study of women less than 38 years of age during their first fresh IVF cycle (January 1995 to April 2005). RESULTS: A total of 1,293 women were included in the study, with 236 obese women (body mass index [BMI] = 30-39.9) and 79 morbidly obese women …

Preventing And Treating Olanzapine-Induced Obesity With Betahistine: A Chronic Animal Model Study, Jiamei Lian, Xu-Feng Huang, Nagesh Pai, Chao Deng

Xu-Feng Huang

Objective : Olanzapine, an atypical antipsychotic drug, is widely prescribed to treat schizophrenia, but induces serious weight gain/ obesity side-effects. Antipsychotic drugs antagonistic affinity for histamine H1 receptors is the main indicator of weight gain side-effects. This study aimed to investigate whether chronic treatment with betahistine (H1 receptor agonist/H3 receptor antagonist) could prevent/ treat olanzapine-induced weight gain at different stages of treatment.

Methods : Female Sprague-Dawley rats were administered under 5 conditions (n=12) : (1) Rats were treated with vehicle (control) during whole experimental period ; (2) ‘‘Obesity treatment group’’ : 5 weeks olanzapine treatment (1 mg/kg, t.i.d.), followed by …

Diet High In Oat Β-Glucan Activates The Gut-Hypothalamic (Pyy3-36-Npy) Axis And Increases Satiety In Diet-Induced Obesity In Mice, Xu-Feng Huang, Yinghua Yu, Eleanor Beck, Timothy South, Yulin Li, Marijka Batterham, Linda Tapsell, Jiezhong Chen

Xu-Feng Huang

This study tested the effects of (1-3),(1-4) b-D-glucan from oats, on activation of the guthypothalamic (PYY3–36-NPY) axis, satiety, and weight loss in diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice. DIO mice were fed standard lab chow diets or varied doses of b-glucan for 6 weeks. Energy intake, satiety, body weight changes and peptide Y-Y3-36 (PYY3-36) were measured together with a satiety test and measurement of neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA expression in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (Arc). The average energy intake (-13%, po0.05) and body weight gain was lower with increasing b-glucan over 6 wk with acute suppression of energy intake over 4 h. …

Co-Active Coaching As An Intervention For Obesity Among Female University Students, Melissa Van Zandvoort, Jennifer Irwin, Don Morrow

Donald Morrow

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of Co-active coaching on obese female university students’ body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), functional health status and self-esteem, and conjointly to identify the coaching skills and primary agenda topics that facilitate coaching’s efficacy as an intervention for obesity.

Design: A multiple-baseline, single-subject research design was utilized.Methods: Two certified coaches provided an average of nine, 35-minute, one-on-one sessions with five students whose BMI?30kg/m2 (obesity threshold). Measures included BMI, WC, the Short-Form 36 (SF-36) Health Survey, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Visual inspection was used to analyze changes in …

The Quantitative Assessment Of Motivational Interviewing Using Co-Active Life Coaching Skills As A Treatment For Adults Struggling With Obesity, Courtney Newnham-Kanas, Jennifer Irwin, Don Morrow, Danielle Battram

Donald Morrow

No abstract provided.

Commentary: The Role Of Food Culture And Marketing Activity In Health Disparities, Jerome Williams, David Crockett, Robert Harrison, Kevin Williams

David Crockett

Marketing activities have attracted increased attention from scholars interested in racial disparities in obesity prevalence, as well as the prevalence of other preventable conditions. Although reducing the marketing of nutritionally poor foods to racial/ethnic communities would represent a significant step forward in eliminating racial disparities in health, we focus instead on a critical-related question. What is the relationship between marketing activities, food culture, and health disparities? This commentary posits that food culture shapes the demand for food and the meaning attached to particular foods, preparation styles, and eating practices, while marketing activities shape the overall environment in which food choices …

Ventromedial Hypothalamic Npy Y2 Receptor In The Maintenance Of Body Weight In Diet-Induced Obesity In Mice, Yulin Li, Xu-Feng Huang, Chao Deng, Qing Wang, Timothy South, Yinghua Yu

Xu-Feng Huang

This study examined changes in neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y2 receptor binding in the brains of C57BL/6 mice in response to different levels of high-fat diets via three dietary intervention methods: high-fat diet, switching from high- to low-fat diet and finally, energy restricted high-fat diet. Forty-five C57Bl/6 male mice were fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks and then classified as diet-induced obese (DIO) or diet-resistant (DR) mice according to the highest and lowest body weight gainers, respectively. The DIO and DR mice were then randomly divided into three groups each and either continued on their high-fat diet ad libitum (DIO-H …

Temporal And Site-Specific Brain Alterations In Cb1 Receptor Binding In High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity In C57bl/6 Mice, Xu-Feng Huang, Timothy South

Xu-Feng Huang

The cannabinoid CB1 receptor has been implicated in the regulation of appetite and the consumption of palatable foods. This experiment aimed to explore the involvement of the CB1 receptor in the early and late stages of high fat diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6 mice. The C57Bl/6 mice were placed on a high fat (HF) or low fat/high carbohydrate (LF) diet for 3 or 20 weeks. Quantitative autoradiography revealed that binding of [3H] CP-55,940 (CB1 receptor ligand) was elevated following 3 weeks of HF feeding in areas including the medial/ventral anterior olfactory nucleus (22.1%), agranular insular cortex (24.0%) and the hypothalamus (31.5%) …

G Protein-Coupled Receptor 12 Deficiency Results In Decreased Energy Expenditure, Dyslipidemia And Obesity In Mice, L. Svensson, Xu-Feng Huang, M Jonnson, M Bjursell, M Boholooly, J Tornell, V Surve, A Gerdin

Xu-Feng Huang

No abstract provided.

Differential Expression Of Dopamine D2 And D4 Receptor And Tyrosine Hydroxylase Mrna In Mice Prone, Or Resistant, To Chronic High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity, Xu-Feng Huang, Yinghua Yu, Katerina Zavitsanou, Mei Han, Leonard Storlien

Xu-Feng Huang

The present study examined brain dopamine D2 and D4 receptor and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA expression in chronic high-fat diet-induced obese (cDIO) and obese-resistant (cDR) mice. Twenty-eight mice were fed a high-fat diet (HF: 40% of calories from fat) for 6 weeks and then classified as cDIO (n = 8) or cDR (n = 8) mice according to the highest and lowest body weight gainers, respectively. Seven mice were fed a low-fat diet (LF: 10% of calories from fat) and used as controls. After 20 weeks of feeding, visceral fat per gram of initial body weight was significantly higher in …

Diets High In Oat-Derived Beta-Glucan Promote Negative Energy Regulatory Pathway Of Hypothalamic Npy System In Chronic Diet-Induced Obesity In Mice, Xu-Feng Huang, Timothy South, Eleanor Beck, Marijka Batterham, K. Grinter, Linda Tapsell

Xu-Feng Huang

No abstract provided.

Dopamine Transporter And D2 Receptor Densities In Mice Prone Or Resistant To Chronic High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity, Xu-Feng Huang, F Chen, A Lawrence, Katerina Zavitsanou, Chao Deng, Hong-Qin Wang, Yinghua Yu

Xu-Feng Huang

No abstract provided.

Medical And Surgical Treatment Of Obesity, Timothy C. Beer

Timothy C Beer

A brief overview of the most common FDA approved medications and surgical procedures used to treat obesity.

In The Shadow Of Obesity: The Female Triad, Jane Shimon

Jane Shimon

Deliberate efforts to control body weight (e.g., purposeful dieting, prolonged fasting, self-induced vomiting, the use of diet pills), or unintentional restriction of energy intake that does not cover the costs of energy expenditure, all have a role in creating low energy stores (Golden, 2002; Manore, 2002). However, when young females develop patterns of unhealthy eating in conjunction with strenuous exercise during this window of bone accrual, menstrual dysfunction and low estrogen levels that may result can undo the beneficial effects of exercise on bone density (Drinkwater et al., 1984; Gordon, 2003; Miller, 2003) and place amenorrheic females at risk for …

Using The Alter-G Treadmill System With An Extremely Obese Female: A Case Study, Shawn Simonson, Jane Shimon, Elaine Long, Brooke Lester

Jane Shimon

PURPOSE: The present case study examined the potential use of the AlterG Anti-Gravity Treadmill as treatment modality for extreme obese individuals. The special effect of the treadmill reduces ground reaction forces during walking through the use of lower body positive pressure. METHODS: One extremely obese (BMI 69.2) Caucasian 44 year-old female utilized the AlterG Anti-Gravity Treadmill during a 14 wk walking program to pilot test the protocol. RESULTS: At the conclusion of the study, exercise tolerance time increased 3-fold (initially 20 min increased to 65 min) while caloric expenditure increased 4-fold (initially 91.0 kcal/session increased to 442.7 kcal/session) without an …

Sensitivity Of Detection Of Radiofrequency Surgical Sponges: A Prospective, Cross-Over Study, Victoria Steelman

Victoria J. Steelman

BACKGROUND: A retained surgical sponge is a serious medical error that results in negative patient outcomes. Radiofrequency (RF) technology has recently been introduced to evaluate for the presence of a retained sponge. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the detection of surgical sponges embedded with an RF chip through the torsos of subjects of varying body habitus, including the morbidly obese. METHODS: A prospective, crossover, and observer blinded study design was used. Subjects served as their own controls. With the subject supine, 4 surgical sponges were sequentially placed behind the subject's torso in …

Using The Quetelet Body Mass Index As A Mortality Indicator For Patients Starting Renal Replacement Therapy... Including Commentary By Parker Kp With Author Response, Kennith Culp, M. Flanigan, J. Dudley, L. Taylor, T. Bissen, S. Garrison

Kennith R. Culp

OBJECTIVE: The prupose of this study was to compare clinical profiles and mortality risk of patients starting renal replacement therapy (RRT) across three Quetelet body mass index (BMI) classifications: lean, normal, and obese. SAMPLE/SETTING: All patients applying for dialysis services using Health Care Financing Administration (HCRA) form 2728-U4 were sampled during the period of April 1, 1995 through June 30, 1995 in two end-stage renal disease (ESRD) Networks. These two ESRD networks encompassed 7 states and provided 846 patients for this analysis. DESIGN: A descriptive survival study was used with a follow-up period of 18 months. METHODS: The Quetelet BMI …

Using The Alter-G Treadmill System With An Extremely Obese Female: A Case Study, Shawn Simonson, Jane Shimon, Elaine Long, Brooke Lester

Elaine M. Long

PURPOSE: The present case study examined the potential use of the AlterG Anti-Gravity Treadmill as treatment modality for extreme obese individuals. The special effect of the treadmill reduces ground reaction forces during walking through the use of lower body positive pressure. METHODS: One extremely obese (BMI 69.2) Caucasian 44 year-old female utilized the AlterG Anti-Gravity Treadmill during a 14 wk walking program to pilot test the protocol. RESULTS: At the conclusion of the study, exercise tolerance time increased 3-fold (initially 20 min increased to 65 min) while caloric expenditure increased 4-fold (initially 91.0 kcal/session increased to 442.7 kcal/session) without an …