Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Primary Care And Youth Mental Health In Ireland: Qualitative Study In Deprived Urban Areas, Dorothy Leahy, Elisabeth Schaffalitzky, Claire Armstrong, Gerard Bury, Paula Cussen-Murphy, Rachel Davis, Barbara Dooley, Blanaid Gavin, Rory Keane, Eamon Keenan, Linda Latham, David Meagher, Pat Mcgorry, Fiona Mcnicholas, Ray O'Connor, Ellen O'Dea, Veronica O'Keane, Tom P. O'Toole, Edel Reilly, Patrick Ryan, Lena Sanci, Bobby P. Smyth, Walter Cullen

Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: Mental disorders account for six of the 20 leading causes of disability worldwide with a very high prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in youth aged 15-24 years. However, healthcare professionals are faced with many challenges in the identification and treatment of mental and substance use disorders in young people (e.g. young people's unwillingness to seek help from healthcare professionals, lack of training, limited resources etc.) The challenge of youth mental health for primary care is especially evident in urban deprived areas, where rates of and risk factors for mental health problems are especially common. There is an emerging consensus that …

The Influence Of Family Dynamics On Contraceptive Use In Madagascar And The Ensuing Impact On Family Well-Being, Joel Zafitandra Hajason, Kayla Piña, Joel L. Raveloharimisy

Faculty Publications

While studies have shown a relationship between family dynamics and contraceptive use and between contraceptive use and family well-being, no empirical study has been conducted to test whether a relationship exists between family influence on contraceptive use and family wellbeing. The objective of this study is to explore whether there is such a relationship between family influence on contraceptive use and family well-being.

Patients’ Attitudes Towards Patient Involvement In Safety Interventions: Results Of Two Exploratory Studies, Rachel Davis, Nick Sevdalis, Anna Pinto, Ara Darzi, Charles A. Vincent

Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: In recent years, patient-focused interventions have been introduced aimed at increasing patient involvement in safety-related behaviours. However, patients' attitudes towards these interventions and comfort in participating in the recommended behaviours remain largely unexplored. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate patients' attitudes towards a video and leaflet aimed at encouraging patient involvement in safety-related behaviours. DESIGN: Two exploratory studies employing a within-subjects mixed-methods design. SETTING: Six hospital wards on an inner-city London teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Medical and surgical inpatients: 80 patients in study 1 (mean age 55; 69% men) and 80 patients in study 2 (mean age 52; 60% men). INTERVENTION: Patients watched …

Trauma History And Depression Predict Incomplete Adherence To Antiretroviral Therapies In A Low Income Country, Kathryn Whetten, Kristen Shirey, Brian Wells Pence, Jia Yao, Nathan Thielman, Rachel Whetten, Julie Adams, Bernard Agala, Jan Ostermann, Karen O'Donnell, Amy Hobbie, Venance Maro, Dafrosa Itemba, Elizabeth Reddy, Chat Research Team

Faculty Publications

Background: As antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV becomes increasingly available in low and middle income countries (LMICs), understanding reasons for lack of adherence is critical to stemming the tide of infections and improving health. Understanding the effect of psychosocial experiences and mental health symptomatology on ART adherence can help maximize the benefit of expanded ART programs by indicating types of services, which could be offered in combination with HIV care. Methodology: The Coping with HIV/AIDS in Tanzania (CHAT) study is a longitudinal cohort study in the Kilimanjaro Region that included randomly selected HIV-infected (HIV+) participants from two local hospital-based HIV …

District Specific Correlates For Hypertension In Kaoma And Kasama Rural Districts Of Zambia, Seter Siziya, Emmanuel Rudatsikira, Victor M. Mukonka, Olesegun Babaniyi, Peter Songolo, Adamson S. Muula

Faculty Publications

Introduction: Hypertension a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is the most widely recognized modifiable risk factor for this disease. There is little information on the prevalence and risk factors for hypertension in Zambia, and in particular in rural areas of the country. In order to contribute to the existing global literature on hypertension, particularly in rural Zambia, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of hypertension and its correlates in two rural districts of Zambia, namely Kaoma and Kasama. Methods: A cross-sectional study using a modified World Health Organization (WHO) global non communicable diseases (NCD) surveillance initiative …

Parental Height And Child Growth From Birth To 2 Years In The Who Multicentre Growth Reference Study, Cutberto Garza, Elaine Borghi, Adelheid W. Onyango, Mercedes De Onis, Edward A. Frongillo Jr.

Faculty Publications

inear growth from birth to 2 years of children enrolled in the World Health Organization Multicentre Growth Reference Study was similar despite substantial parental height differences among the six study sites. Within-site variability in child length attributable to parental height was estimated by repeated measures analysis of variance using generalized linear models. This approach was also used to examine relationships among selected traits (e.g. breastfeeding duration and child morbidity) and linear growth between 6 and 24 months of age. Differences in intergenerational adult heights were evaluated within sites by comparing mid-parental heights (average of the mother's and father's heights) to …

What Attributes Of Patients Affect Their Involvement In Safety? A Key Opinion Leaders’ Perspective, Stephen Buetow, Rachel E. Davis, Kathleen Callaghan, Susan Dovey

Faculty Publications

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about which attributes the patients need when they wish to maximise their capability to partner safely in healthcare. We aimed to identify these attributes from the perspective of key opinion leaders. DESIGN: Delphi study involving indirect group interaction through a structured two-round survey. SETTING: International electronic survey. PARTICIPANTS: 11 (65%) of the 17 invited internationally recognised experts on patient safety completed the study. OUTCOME MEASURES: 50 patient attributes were rated by the Delphi panel for their ability to contribute maximally to safe health care. RESULTS: The panellists agreed that 13 attributes are important for patients who …

Alcohol In The Life Narratives Of Women: Commonalities And Differences By Sexual Orientation, Laurie A. Drabble, K. Trocki

Faculty Publications

Aim: The aim of this study was to explore social representations of alcohol use among women, with a focus on possible differences between sexual minority and heterosexual women. Methods: This qualitative study was part of a larger study examining mediators of heavier drinking among sexual minority women (lesbian identified, bisexual identified, and heterosexual identified with same sex partners) compared to heterosexual women based on the National Alcohol Survey. Qualitative in-depth life history interviews were conducted over the telephone with 48 women who had participated in the 2009–2010 National Alcohol Survey, including respondents representing different sexual orientation groups. Questions explored the …

Correlates Of Diarrhoea Among Children Below The Age Of 5 Years In Sudan, Seter Siziya, Adamson S. Muula, Emmanuel Rudatsikira

Faculty Publications

Background

The Millennium Development Goals recognise child health and survival as an important socio-development issue.

Objectives

To determine the correlates of diarrhoea among children aged below 5 years in north Sudan.

Methods

We conducted secondary data analysis of the Sudan Multiple Cluster Indicators Survey II.

Results

Altogether, 23,295 children were included in the survey. Half (50.0%) of the children were males, and 22.5% of them were of age less than one year. Boys were 3% (p=0.044) more likely to have diarrhoea compared to girls. Compared with the oldest age group (48–59 months), children less than 6 months of age and …

Prevalence And Predictors Of Smoking In A Mining Town In Kitwe, Zambia: A 2011 Population-Based Survey, Cosmas Zyaambo, Olesegun Babaniyi, Peter Songolo, Adamson S. Muula, Emmanuel Rudatsikira, Seter Siziya

Faculty Publications

Smoking is one of the major preventable causes of death and non-communicable diseases which include hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and cancers. The aim of the study is to establish prevalence and predictors of smoking so that interventions specific to these communities can be executed to prevent smoking. A cross sectional study was conducted using a modified World Health Organizations Global Non Communicable Diseases (NCD) Surveillance Initiative NCD-STEPs 1 and 2. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the determinants of tobacco smoking. A total of 1627 individuals participated in the survey, of which 42.3% were males. About half of the participants …

Early Prenatal Food Supplementation Ameliorates Thenegative Association Of Maternal Stress With Birth Size In A Randomised Trial, Amy L. Frith, Ruchira T. Naved, Lars Ake Persson, Edward A. Frongillo Jr.

Faculty Publications

Low birthweight increases the risk of infant mortality, morbidity and poor development. Maternal nutrition and stress influence birth size, but their combined effect is not known.We hypothesised that an early-invitation time to start a prenatal food supplementation programme could reduce the negative influence of prenatal maternal stress on birth size, and that effect would differ by infant sex. A cohort of 1041 pregnant women, who had delivered an infant, June 2003–March 2004, was sampled from among 3267 in the randomised controlled trial, Maternal Infant Nutritional Interventions Matlab, conducted in Matlab, Bangladesh. At 8 weeks gestation, women were randomly assigned an …

Overweight And Obesity In Kaoma And Kasama Rural Districts Of Zambia: Prevalence And Correlates In 2008-2009 Population Based Surveys, Chola Besa, David Mulenga, Olesegun Babaniyi, Peter Songolo, Adamson S. Muula, Emmanuel Rudatsikira, Seter Siziya

Faculty Publications

Background: Overweight and obesity (overweight/obesity) is associated with hypertension. Low- and middleincome countries are experiencing an obesity epidemic. There is growing evidence that the epidemic is on the increase in urban settings of developing countries. However, there is scanty information on the magnitude of this epidemic and its correlates in rural settings. The objective of the current study was to establish levels of overweight/obesity and its correlates in rural areas of Zambia. Designing interventions based on the correlates for overweight/obesity to reduce its prevalence may in turn lead to a reduction in the prevalence of hypertension.

Methods: Cross sectional studies …

Nursing Student Voices: Reflections On An International Service Learning Experience, Molly Kerby, Eve Main

Faculty Publications

For the past decade participation in service and experiential learning in higher education has increased. The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experience of BSN and MSN students participating in a multidisciplinary service-learning course in a rural, underserved village in Belize. Researchers analyzed student journals utilizing qualitative data analysis techniques. There were eight consistent themes found in the student journals. The findings indicate that international service learning opportunities increase students' awareness of their place in a global society and the potential contribution they can make in society. For the past decade, service and experiential learning in higher …

Prevalence And Correlates Of Being Bullied Among In-School Adolescents In Malawi: Results From The 2009 Global School-Based Health Survey, H. W. Kubwalo, Adamson S. Muula, Seter Siziya, S. Pasupulati, Emmanuel Rudatsikira

Faculty Publications

Background

Physical and emotional violence against adolescents is a neglected, but growing problem globally. Violence against adolescents negatively affects the victim in terms of physical health, school attendance and performance and social adjustment. The literature on the prevalence and associated factors of bullying against adolescents is sparse in southern Africa outside South Africa. Such data are even sparser for Malawi. The current study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of self-reported bullying and its personal and social correlates.

Methods

A secondary analysis of the Malawi School-Based Student Health Survey (2009) was done. Descriptive analyses were done to describe the sample …

Confronting Myths About Household Food Insecurity And Excess Weight, Edward A. Frongillo Jr.

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Indicators Of Family Care For Development For Use In Multicountry Surveys, Patricia Kariger, Edward A. Frongillo Jr., Patrice Engle, Pia M. Rebello Britto, Sara M. Sywulka, Purnima Menon

Faculty Publications

Indicators of family care for development are essential for ascertaining whether families are providing their children with an environment that leads to positive developmental outcomes. This project aimed to develop indicators from a set of items, measuring family care practices and resources important for caregiving, for use in epidemiologic surveys in developing countries. A mixed method (quantitative and qualitative) design was used for item selection and evaluation. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted to examine the validity of candidate items in several country samples. Qualitative methods included the use of global expert panels to identify and evaluate the performance of …

Impact Of Tobacco-Related Health Warning Labels Across Socioeconomic, Race And Ethnic Groups: Results From A Randomized Web-Based Experiment, Jennifer Cantrell, Donna M. Vallone, Jim Thrasher, Reebekah H. Nagler, Shari P. Feirman, Larry R. Muenz, David Y. He, Kasisomayajula Viswanath

Faculty Publications

Background: The U.S. Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009 requires updating of the existing textonly health warning labels on tobacco packaging with nine new warning statements accompanied by pictorial images. Survey and experimental research in the U.S. and other countries supports the effectiveness of pictorial health warning labels compared with text-only warnings for informing smokers about the risks of smoking and encouraging cessation. Yet very little research has examined differences in reactions to warning labels by race/ethnicity, education or income despite evidence that population subgroups may differ in their ability to process health information. The purpose of …

Impact Of Tobacco-Related Health Warning Labels Across Socioeconomic, Race And Ethnic Groups: Results From A Randomized Web-Based Experiment, Jennifer Cantrell, Donna M. Vallone, Jim Thrasher, Rebekah H. Nagler, Shari P. Feirman, Larry R. Muenz, David Y. He, Kasisomayajula Viswanath

Faculty Publications

Background: The U.S. Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009 requires updating of the existing textonly health warning labels on tobacco packaging with nine new warning statements accompanied by pictorial images. Survey and experimental research in the U.S. and other countries supports the effectiveness of pictorial health warning labels compared with text-only warnings for informing smokers about the risks of smoking and encouraging cessation. Yet very little research has examined differences in reactions to warning labels by race/ethnicity, education or income despite evidence that population subgroups may differ in their ability to process health information. The purpose of …

Alcohol Consumption And Its Correlates Among Residents Of Mining Town, Kitwe, Zambia: 2011 Population Based Survey, Cosmas Zyaambo, Olesegun Babaniyi, Peter Songolo, Adamson S. Muula, Emmanuel Rudatsikira, Seter Siziya

Faculty Publications

Alcohol consumption is a risk factor for non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, liver cirrhosis and cancers. It has also been associated with risky sexual behaviors, hence, attributed as a factor in the increase of HIV incidence and prevalence. A cross sectional study was conducted using a modified World Health Organizations Global Non Communicable Diseases (NCD) Surveillance Initiative NCD-STEPs 1and 2. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the determinants of alcohol consumption. A total of 1627 individuals participated in the survey, of which 42.3% were males. Some 22.3% (36.2% of male and 12.1% of female; p<0.001) participants reported to have consumed alcohol during the 30 days preceding the survey. The factors considered to be associated with alcohol consumption were age, sex and smoking. Compared to respondents age 25-34 years, respondents of age 35-44 years were 38% (AOR = 1.38, 95%CI [1.11, 1.70]) more likely to report having consumed alcohol and those aged 45 years or older were 26% (AOR = 0.74, 95%CI [0.60, 0.93]) less likely to report having consumed alcohol. Female respondents were 47% (AOR = 0.53, 95%CI [0.46, 0.60]) less likely to report consuming alcohol compared to male respondents. Compared to respondents who reported smoking cigarettes, those who did not smoke cigarettes were 51% (AOR = 0.49, 95%CI [0.40, 0.59]) less likely to consume alcohol. The rate of alcohol consumption is high in this mining town. Factors identified in this study as associated with alcohol consumption, i.e., male sex, age, cigarette smoking, should be considered in designing interventions to curtail the level of alcohol consumption.

Cannabis Use And Its Socio-Demographic Correlates Among In-School Adolescents In Zambia, Seter Siziya, Adamson S. Muula, Chola Besa, Olesegun Babaniyi, Peter Songolo, Njinga Kankiza, Emmanuel Rudatsikira

Faculty Publications

Background

Cannabis dependence in adolescents predicts increased risks of using other illicit drugs, poor academic performance and reporting psychotic symptoms. The prevalence of cannabis use was estimated two decades ago in Zambia among secondary school students. There are no recent estimates of the extent of the problem; further, correlates for its use have not been documented in Zambia. The objective of study was to estimate the current prevalence of cannabis use and its socio-demographic correlates among in-school adolescents.

Methods

We conducted secondary analysis of data that was obtained from the 2004 Zambia Global School-Based Health Survey. Logistic regression analysis was …

Family-Focused Physical Activity, Diet, And Obesity Interventions In African-American Girls: A Systematic Review, Daheia J. Barr-Anderson, Alexis W. Adams-Wynn, Katherine I. Disantis, Shiriki Kumanyika

Faculty Publications

Obesity interventions that involve family members may be effective with racial/ethnic minority youth. This review assessed the nature and effectiveness of family involvement in obesity interventions among African-American girls aged 5-18 years, a population group with high rates of obesity. Twenty-six databases were searched between January 2011 and March 2012, yielding 27 obesity pilot or full-length prevention or treatment studies with some degree of family involvement and data specific to African-American girls. Interventions varied in type and level of family involvement, cultural adaptation, delivery format, and behavior change intervention strategies; most targeted parent-child dyads. Some similarities in approach based on …

The Children And Parents In Focus Project: A Population-Based Cluster-Randomised Controlled Trial To Prevent Behavioural And Emotional Problems In Children, R. Salari, H. Fabian, Ron Prinz, S. Lucas, I. Feldman, Amanda Fairchild, A. Sarkadi

Faculty Publications

Background: There is large body of knowledge to support the importance of early interventions to improve child health and development. Nonetheless, it is important to identify cost-effective blends of preventive interventions with adequate coverage and feasible delivery modes. The aim of the Children and Parents in Focus trial is to compare two levels of parenting programme intensity and rate of exposure, with a control condition to address impact and cost-effectiveness of a universally offered evidence-based parenting programme in the Swedish context. Methods/Design: The trial has a cluster randomised controlled design comprising three arms: Universal arm (with access to participation in …

Self - Inflicted Serious Injuries Among Adolescents In Zambia, Adamson S. Muula, Seter Siziya, Emmanuel Rudatsikira

Faculty Publications

Injuries are a growing cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Data from Southern Africa are limited, possibly because of limited research prioritization of the issue and pre-occupation with communicable diseases. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of, and assess factors associated with, self-inflicted serious injuries among in-school adolescents in Zambia. We used data collected from the 2004 Zambia Global School-Based Health Survey to estimate prevalence of self-inflicted serious injury within the past 12 months. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the association between selected predictor variables and reported history of having seriously injured oneself. Out …