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Practice Effects On Test-Takers’ Performance And Quality Of Cognitive Domains Should Be Part Of Every Pilot Assessment. Investigation Of The Mechanisms Of Practice Effects Ability Tests In Pilot Selection: A Spatial Ability Test As An Example, Frank Albers, Stefan Hoeft
Practice Effects On Test-Takers’ Performance And Quality Of Cognitive Domains Should Be Part Of Every Pilot Assessment. Investigation Of The Mechanisms Of Practice Effects Ability Tests In Pilot Selection: A Spatial Ability Test As An Example, Frank Albers, Stefan Hoeft
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
This study deals with the problem of retaking identical or parallel mental ability tests. This can lead to difficulties in the assessment for prestigious jobs like pilot or ab initio pilot candidate positions, where test preparation is common and a large training industry has been established. We investigated practice effects on test-takers’ performance and reliability as well as validity of a spatial ability task. The task was administered ten times, five minutes each, in a sample of 156 ab initio pilot applicants. A performance plateau was reached after the fifth trial, reliability and validity were not affected negatively, they even …
Using Likelihood Alert Technology In Cockpit Displays Of Traffic Information To Support Free Flight, Ernesto A. Bustamante
Using Likelihood Alert Technology In Cockpit Displays Of Traffic Information To Support Free Flight, Ernesto A. Bustamante
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
The future of air traffic control imposes two major challenges. On the one hand, the increase in air traffic flow will dramatically augment the already existing high levels of workload for air traffic controllers. As a result, this increase in traffic density may jeopardize flight safety. On the other hand, standard aircraft separation tactics commanded by air traffic controllers are neither optimally efficient nor cost effective. Consequently, this makes it difficult for airlines to maintain an economic advantage. A potential solution to these problems is the introduction of free flight. The main goal of free flight is to reduce the …
Decision Support For Airport Surface Management And Control, Charles E. Billings, Philip J. Smith, Amy Spencer
Decision Support For Airport Surface Management And Control, Charles E. Billings, Philip J. Smith, Amy Spencer
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Continual increases in air traffic have threatened to produce gridlock in parts of the national aviation system (NAS). Efforts to improve NAS efficiency and throughput by incorporating decision support tools (DSTs) and other automation have been difficult because of NAS complexity and unpredictability. We describe some of the more important recent studies of airport surface management and offer suggestions for further improvement.
Learner Centered Debriefing In General Aviation Training: Questions From The Field And Answers From Research, Elizabeth L. Blickensderfer
Learner Centered Debriefing In General Aviation Training: Questions From The Field And Answers From Research, Elizabeth L. Blickensderfer
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Recently, the “Learner Centered Grading” (LCG) debriefing strategy has been introduced to general aviation flight training. LCG includes two parts: learner self assessment and a detailed debrief led by the instructor. The purpose of the self assessment is to stimulate growth in the learner’s thought processes and, in turn, behaviors. Implementing a training strategy in the field, however, is different from laboratory tests. In an effort to see how the learner centered grading debrief was being used in the field, in-depth interviews with 10 certified flight instructors (CFIs) were conducted. Overall, the CFIs reported that the in-depth discussions were an …
Modeling The Human Operator, Part Ii: Emulating Controller Intervention, Scott Bolland, Andrew Neal, Selina Fothergill, Michael Humphreys, Peter Lindsay
Modeling The Human Operator, Part Ii: Emulating Controller Intervention, Scott Bolland, Andrew Neal, Selina Fothergill, Michael Humphreys, Peter Lindsay
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Air traffic control workload prediction algorithms require a trajectory modeler to assess the flow of traffic through the sector. An accurate model of controller intervention is required to predict these trajectories. This paper overviews such a project aimed at emulating important controller actions in the Australian airspace.
The Effects Of Gps And Moving Map Displays On Pilot Navigational Awareness While Flying Under Vfr, Stephen M. Casner
The Effects Of Gps And Moving Map Displays On Pilot Navigational Awareness While Flying Under Vfr, Stephen M. Casner
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
GPS and moving map displays are popularly believed to increase pilot navigational awareness – further empowering the already aware pilot with additional information about their position and surroundings. In a first experiment, pilots’ beliefs about their own navigational awareness were compared to their measured awareness while navigating along a cross-country route. The results demonstrate a familiar out-of-the-loop effect and a marked disparity between what pilots believed and how they performed. In a second experiment, different pilots were asked to more actively participate in the navigation process while performing the same navigational task. The results indicate that this additional involvement significantly …
Very Light Jets In The National Airspace System, Barbara K. Burian Ph.D.
Very Light Jets In The National Airspace System, Barbara K. Burian Ph.D.
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Problems that potential very light jet (VLJ) pilots of the future are having in the aircraft they currently fly, as evidenced in incident and accident reports, were analyzed. Significant problems identified include poor crew/single pilot resource management, low currency, inadequate preflight planning, avionics use difficulties, and cognitive performance issues, among others. Implications for training future VLJ pilots are discussed.
An Ecological Approach To Pilot Terrain Awareness, Clark Borst, Max Mulder, M.M. Van Paassen
An Ecological Approach To Pilot Terrain Awareness, Clark Borst, Max Mulder, M.M. Van Paassen
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Supporting pilot situation awareness is considered essential in safeguarding safety. There is much disagreement, however, regarding a formal definition of situation awareness. On the one hand, the most commonly cited definition, from a cognitive perspective, describes it in terms of human information processing stages involving the three levels of perception, comprehension and projection. On the other hand, an ecological approach exists that focuses on defining the ‘situation’ instead of the ‘awareness’, using Rasmussen’s abstraction hierarchy. This paper investigates the usefulness of the ecological approach in defining pilot terrain awareness. An abstraction hierarchy is defined that captures the characteristics of situations …
Linguistic Factors In The Overall Aviation Safety Framework, S. Bourgeois-Bougrine, V. Normier, R. Mollard, O. Ferrante, Y. Pouliquen
Linguistic Factors In The Overall Aviation Safety Framework, S. Bourgeois-Bougrine, V. Normier, R. Mollard, O. Ferrante, Y. Pouliquen
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Feedback on occurrences and some safety studies prompted ICAO to recommend new language proficiency requirements. This paper focuses on the type of data that influenced this effort to reduce accidents involving the “language barrier”. It also proposes to better define and record the linguistic factors in databases. A literature review on the main linguistic contributory factors to air-ground miscommunications breaks them down into sub-categories. Subsequently, the paper discusses the “language barrier” as a potential “safety barrier”. It seems essential to better track and record these successful safety barriers (or nets) related to human behaviors. They should be expanded through a …
Position Transfers In En Route Air Traffic Control: Assessing Flawed Mental Representations Of The Traffic Situation, Larry Bailey, Alfretia Scarborough
Position Transfers In En Route Air Traffic Control: Assessing Flawed Mental Representations Of The Traffic Situation, Larry Bailey, Alfretia Scarborough
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
To address air traffic control (ATC) operational errors (OEs) that occur early on position, past OE reduction efforts focused on developing improved position relief briefing checklists and analyzing the content of the recorded verbal briefings. However, the verbal briefing, by itself, does not ensure that either the incoming or outgoing controller had an accurate mental representation of the traffic situation. If there are inaccuracies in either of their mental representations, then the position relief process is flawed. We examined an archival OE database to determine whether en route OEs that occur as the result of a problematic position transfer were …
Operating An Unmanned Aerial System From A Moving Platform, Cadet Guennadi S. Antonov, Cadet Mark C. Domogala, Lt Col Wesley A. Olson
Operating An Unmanned Aerial System From A Moving Platform, Cadet Guennadi S. Antonov, Cadet Mark C. Domogala, Lt Col Wesley A. Olson
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
While the Spatial Disorientation (SD) has long been recognized as an important causal factor in aviation incidents and accidents, it is only beginning to be recognized as a factor in Uninhabited Aerial Systems (UASs). Self, Ercoline, Olson and Tvaryanas (2006) predicted SD to be most likely for a manually controlled UAV when operated from a mobile platform. As a first step towards better understanding the effects of control platform motion on manual UAV control Olson, DeLauer and Fale (2006) had 10 rated Air Force pilots fly a simulated UAV task (MS Flight Simulator) from a motion capable control platform (aircraft …
Ergonomics Aeromedical Transport Analysis, Lisia Maria Espinola, Silva Pacheco Cabral, Jean Marcel, F. Novo, Danielle Vetö Guimarães, Mario Cezar Rodríguez Vidal, José Roberto Dourado Mafra
Ergonomics Aeromedical Transport Analysis, Lisia Maria Espinola, Silva Pacheco Cabral, Jean Marcel, F. Novo, Danielle Vetö Guimarães, Mario Cezar Rodríguez Vidal, José Roberto Dourado Mafra
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
This article presents the Ergonomics Action Methodology applied to an aeromedical transport company in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, studying the interactions among pilots, mechanics, physicians and nurses during the flight operation. Some ergonomics aspects were issued, affecting the appropriate performance in their interfaces, considering 2 types of helicopters: BK 117 C1 and Esquirrel AS 350 B2. As results, it was proposed some ergonomics suggestions and recommendations, aiming at providing improvements and minimizing the risks levels of accident occurrence.
A Latent Growth Model Of Pilots’ Decision Making While Facing Potential Weather Threats, Ernesto A. Bustamante, Elizabeth T. Newlin, James P. Bliss
A Latent Growth Model Of Pilots’ Decision Making While Facing Potential Weather Threats, Ernesto A. Bustamante, Elizabeth T. Newlin, James P. Bliss
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
It is critical that pilots make appropriate flight path deviation decisions when faced with threats of inclement weather. This research demonstrates a latent growth model of pilots’ confidence in flight path deviation decisions when faced with potential weather threats. Twenty-four commercial airline pilots encountered 6 weather threats during a simulated flight from New York, NY to Miami, FL. Pilots made deviation decisions at 4 distance points from each potential weather threat. Results from the latent growth model (LGM) of pilots’ distance confidence as a function of the distance to the potential weather threat showed a statistically significant growth in confidence …
Examining The Content Validity Of The Faa Private Pilot And Commercial Pilot Practical Test Standards, Elizabeth L. Blickensderfer, Peter Schumacher, Michele Summers
Examining The Content Validity Of The Faa Private Pilot And Commercial Pilot Practical Test Standards, Elizabeth L. Blickensderfer, Peter Schumacher, Michele Summers
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
The Practical Test Standards (PTS) were devised by the FAA to provide a standard format to evaluate the skills necessary for pilot certification. Both the private pilot and commercial PTS were generated years ago and, on a regular basis, are modified slightly. Despite these efforts, some aviators in the industry consider the PTS to be out of date. The purpose of this research was to examine the content validity of the private pilot and commercial pilot PTS items in order to assess the applicability to current general aviation practice. To accomplish this, a job-analysis style survey was developed and distributed …
Network Airline Production Problem, R. Michael Baiada
Network Airline Production Problem, R. Michael Baiada
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
For over 30 years, in spite of their best efforts, the financial health of the network airlines has continued south. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the fundamental problem pushing so many airlines towards the brink is not the hub schedule, weather, fuel costs, ATC/FAA, congestion, delays, nor even unit wage rates. These are just the visible symptoms of the real problem. The underlying cause of 80% of the airline industry's financial problems is production variance. Production variance within the daily operation, especially at the hub airports, represents the fundamental flaw within the current airline production process (over 35% of the customers …
Developing Observer-Based Measures For Assessing The Effects Of Advanced Technologies On Crew Resource Management, Amy L. Alexander, Jamie L. Estock, Jeff Beaubien, Jon Holbrook
Developing Observer-Based Measures For Assessing The Effects Of Advanced Technologies On Crew Resource Management, Amy L. Alexander, Jamie L. Estock, Jeff Beaubien, Jon Holbrook
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Previous research has shown that up to 80 percent of all commercial aviation accidents are the result of human error, including inadequate decision making, ineffective communication, inadequate leadership, and poor task or resource management. Currently, a number of “smart” flight deck technologies – such as Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS) and Enhanced Vision Systems (EVS) – are being developed to prevent, intervene, and/or mitigate pilot error. In some instances, these technologies are essentially acting as an additional crewmember, thus changing the dynamics of crew interaction on the flight deck. The specific effects of these advanced technologies – both positive and negative …
Flight-Control-Force-Exertion Limits And Comparisons With Pilot And Nonpilot Populations, Dennis B. Beringer, Jerry D. Ball, Loran A. Haworth
Flight-Control-Force-Exertion Limits And Comparisons With Pilot And Nonpilot Populations, Dennis B. Beringer, Jerry D. Ball, Loran A. Haworth
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
This study was conducted to update data on the force that pilots (and nonpilots) can apply to flight controls so that current performance data could be compared with values for maximum allowable control forces found in sections of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR 23.143 and 25.143). We compared these tabular values with several later samples of human performance to determine what proportion of the potential and actual pilot populations might be able to exert those levels of force. We then obtained data for 12 female general aviation pilots and 12 female nonpilots as well as data for 32 …
The Incidence Of Psychological Aspect In Brazilian Aircraft Accidents From 1997 To 2002, Márcia Regina Molinari Barreto, Cintia Saba Fonseca
The Incidence Of Psychological Aspect In Brazilian Aircraft Accidents From 1997 To 2002, Márcia Regina Molinari Barreto, Cintia Saba Fonseca
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
The research on the incidence of psychological aspects of human factors in aircraft accidents, was developed by the Aeronautical Institute of Psychology, aimed the identification of critical areas and the proposition of controlling actions. The proposed actions approach ways to favour the development of attitudes and behaviours, aiming the consolidation of a safety culture in the organizations. This work fills a great gap by making it possible to base the preventive activities on data that reflect the Brazilian reality. The ergonomic approach, wich considers the accident as a breakdown on the balance between individual, psychosocial and organizational conditionings of the …
Spatial Awareness Biases In Synthetic Vision Systems Displays, Matthew L. Bolton, Ellen J. Bass
Spatial Awareness Biases In Synthetic Vision Systems Displays, Matthew L. Bolton, Ellen J. Bass
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS) create a synthetic clear-day view of the terrain in front of ownship to prevent controlled flight into terrain. To investigate how spatial biases manifest themselves in SVS displays, an experiment was conducted. Eighteen pilots made spatial judgments (relative angle, distance, height, and abeam time) regarding the location of terrain points displayed in 112 5-second videos of a SVS head down display. Judgment errors revealed expected and unexpected spatial biases. Knowledge of these biases will allow SVS engineers to compensate for them and to improve spatial awareness in future SVS designs.
Memory For Form And Color In Virtual And Real Environments, Matthew Brown Ph.D., Chris M. Herdman Ph.D., Jonathan Wade
Memory For Form And Color In Virtual And Real Environments, Matthew Brown Ph.D., Chris M. Herdman Ph.D., Jonathan Wade
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Three experiments that differed in terms of environment type (two virtual and one real) required participants to remember the location of 12 unique geometric objects that varied in terms of form (cone, cube, and sphere) and color (blue, green, red, and yellow). The results showed that regardless of environment type (virtual or real), participants showed significantly better encoding/memory for an object’s form than for its color. This highlights the importance of emphasizing object shape to assist learning and memory in virtual environments.
A Comparison Of Scenario Based With Maneuvers Based Taa Instrument Flight Training, Jon French, Michele Summers, Frank Ayers, Elizabeth Blickensderfer
A Comparison Of Scenario Based With Maneuvers Based Taa Instrument Flight Training, Jon French, Michele Summers, Frank Ayers, Elizabeth Blickensderfer
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
A laboratory-controlled comparison of traditional maneuvers based training (MBT) and scenario based training (SBT) is described during the acquisition of technically advanced aircraft (TAA) instrument flight skills in a simulator. The study was conducted as part of the FAA Industry Training Standards (FITS) evaluation of SBT. All 27 participants were instrument rated pilots with less than 500 total flight hours and virtually no experience with TAA. All were randomly assigned to the MBT or SBT condition. All received 8 hours of MBT or SBT before the final posttest evaluation. The TAA simulator was a Cirrus SR20 with a Chelton primary …
Towards Information Requirements For Airport Traffic Control Towers, Dr. Jerry M. Crutchfield
Towards Information Requirements For Airport Traffic Control Towers, Dr. Jerry M. Crutchfield
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Proposed enhancements to air traffic control (ATC) procedures and technologies are under development to increase the air traffic capacity above that of today’s system. Many of these potential enhancements implicate major changes to the way operations are performed in Airport Traffic Control Towers (ATCTs) today. Prior to the development of new air traffic management systems for use in ATCTs, it is necessary to know how, why, and when ATCT controllers currently use information about flights.
Faa Maintenance(Mx) Human Factors Research Program And Mx Hf Information Resource Website, Glen Gallaway
Faa Maintenance(Mx) Human Factors Research Program And Mx Hf Information Resource Website, Glen Gallaway
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
It is well known that people are the heart of safe/effective aircraft maintenance. It is becoming increasingly evident that these people (mechanics, trainers, inspectors, crew, etc.) substantially benefit from a solid grounding in human factors principles and practices as a basis for that strong maintenance safety culture.
An Investigation Of Certified Flight Instructor Competencies, Patricia C. Fitzgerald, Dee H. Andrews, Brent Crow, Ronald Diedrichs, Merrill R. Karp, Kelley Stewart
An Investigation Of Certified Flight Instructor Competencies, Patricia C. Fitzgerald, Dee H. Andrews, Brent Crow, Ronald Diedrichs, Merrill R. Karp, Kelley Stewart
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
The research literature documents distinct differences in teaching skills among instructors in a variety of fields. Some seem to be naturally skilled, whereas others seem to face more challenges in the instructional setting. Although several investigators have addressed a variety of questions concerning flight instructor training, more research is needed to elucidate the instructional competencies associated with successful instruction in this critical field. The proposed poster will present the preliminary results of an observational study designed to identify flight instructor competencies and patterns of instructional behavior. A preliminary set of essential instructor skills was developed based on instructor competencies as …
Aviation Psychology Research - Extending Scientific Method To Incorporate Value And Application, Glen Gallaway
Aviation Psychology Research - Extending Scientific Method To Incorporate Value And Application, Glen Gallaway
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Showing value (i.e., useful, needed, solves a problem, adds to knowledge) in the research process and its products is intended to enhance the quality of psychological research. The additional research information (META Data - The information that describes and clarifies other data) will enhance the design of the research project and will aid research customers determine the value of research results and provide guidance in its application. The intent is to support and complement the Scientific Method and its associated rules of implementation, while providing clear and easily used value and applications data.
Collaboration Technologies And The Supervisory Control Of Ucavs In Tactical C2: Effects On Performance And Workload, Gregory J. Funke, April M. Bennett, W. Todd Nelson, Scott M. Galster
Collaboration Technologies And The Supervisory Control Of Ucavs In Tactical C2: Effects On Performance And Workload, Gregory J. Funke, April M. Bennett, W. Todd Nelson, Scott M. Galster
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
The present study was an initial attempt to characterize team performance, workload, and situational awareness associated with two types of UCAV control schemes coupled with several collaboration technologies. Six people participated in a simulated suppression of enemy air defense (SEAD) mission, which required cooperation between all participants in order to meet mission objectives. UCAVs were controlled by UCAV operators and supervised by air battle managers (ABMs) or controlled directly by ABMs. Participants could communicate verbally, through instant messages, and on some trials, using a virtual whiteboard. Results of the experiment indicated that team performance was negatively impacted by direct UCAV …
The Implementation Of The Faa Industry Training Program In Technically Advanced Aircraft (Taa): Lessons Learned, Wayne A. Dornan, Wendy Beckham, Steve Gossett, Paul Craig, Paul Mosey
The Implementation Of The Faa Industry Training Program In Technically Advanced Aircraft (Taa): Lessons Learned, Wayne A. Dornan, Wendy Beckham, Steve Gossett, Paul Craig, Paul Mosey
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
The proliferation of aircraft with extensive automation, collectively known as Technically Advanced Aircraft (TAA) within the last 10 years in the General Aviation industry has led to a novel approach in flight training. The FAA implemented the FAA-Industry Training Standards (FITS) program that emphasizes the importance of “real world” training exercises in the form of scenario training. The FITS curriculum, which was first empirically tested by Middle Tennessee State University (MTSU), was developed by Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University and the University of North Dakota through the FAA Air Transportation Center of Excellence for General Aviation. Over the last four years, MTSU …
Developing Job Specific And General Training Content And Assessments, Justin M. Devoge, Ellen J. Bass
Developing Job Specific And General Training Content And Assessments, Justin M. Devoge, Ellen J. Bass
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Organizations, particularly airlines, would benefit from training programs that are reusable across multiple occupational contexts. We have developed a framework incorporating the notions of identical elements and general principles for designing job specific and reusable training content and assessments. We developed training programs based on the framework and empirically evaluated how it addresses training needs. Results of the study suggest that the identical elements design is beneficial in specific training contexts, while a combination of the identical elements and general principles designs may support reusability.
Refinement Of A Flight Training Device Virtual Environment For Ab-Initio Pilot Training, Shawn M. Doherty
Refinement Of A Flight Training Device Virtual Environment For Ab-Initio Pilot Training, Shawn M. Doherty
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
A recent experimental flight training program at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University investigated the amount to which flight simulation could be used in the training curricula by comparing two groups of ab-initio pilots to different amounts of exposure to the flight training devices (FTD). The results from the amount of transfer from the FTD to the actual aircraft flight suggested implications for both adjustments to the flight training curricula and for specific modifications to the flight simulation training environment as applied in an ab-initio training program. More specifically, these results provided an indication that greater visual fidelity, in terms of graphical 3D …
Age-Related Changes In Detecting Unexpected Air Traffic And Instrument Malfunctions, Emily Coffey, Chris Herdman Ph.D., Matthew Brown Ph.D., Jon Wade
Age-Related Changes In Detecting Unexpected Air Traffic And Instrument Malfunctions, Emily Coffey, Chris Herdman Ph.D., Matthew Brown Ph.D., Jon Wade
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
The projected increase in elderly general aviation pilots in North America has raised concerns that aviation safety will be compromised. The present research used a flight simulator to examine change detection in young vs. older recreational pilots. Change detection was assessed in terms of the ability to detect unexpected and potentially critical events: the introduction of nearby air traffic and instrument malfunctions. The results show that older pilots missed more potentially critical events than their younger counterparts.