Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Charge Screening By Internal Ph And Polyvalent Cations As A Mechanism For Activation, Inhibition, And Rundown Of Trpm7/Mic Channels, J. Ashot Kozak, Masayuki Matsushita, Angus C. Nairn, Michael D. Cahalan

Neuroscience, Cell Biology & Physiology Faculty Publications

The Mg²⁺-inhibited cation (MIC) current, believed to represent activity of TRPM7 channels, is found in lymphocytes and mast cells, cardiac and smooth muscle, and several other eukaryotic cell types. MIC current is activated during whole-cell dialysis with divalent-free internal solutions. Millimolar concentrations of intracellular Mg²⁺ (or other divalent metal cations) inhibit the channels in a voltage-independent manner. The nature of divalent inhibition and the mechanism of channel activation in an intact cell remain unknown. We show that the polyamines (spermine, spermidine, and putrescine) inhibit the MIC current, also in a voltage-independent manner, with a potency that parallels …

Implications Of Spatial Autocorrelation And Dispersal For The Modeling Of Species Distributions, Volker Bahn

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

Modeling the geographical distributions of wildlife species is important for ecology and conservation biology. Spatial autocorrelation in species distributions poses a problem for distribution modeling because it invalidates the assumption of independence among sample locations. I explored the prevalence and causes of spatial autocorrelation in data from the Breeding Bird Survey, covering the conterminous United States, using Regression Trees, Conditional Autoregressive Regressions (CAR), and the partitioning of variance. I also constructed a simulation model to investigate dispersal as a process contributing to spatial autocorrelation, and attempted to verify the connection between dispersal and spatial autocorrelation in species’ distributions in empirical …

Development And Validation Of An Anthropometrically Based Prediction Equation For Estimating The Percent Body Fat Of Post-Menopausal Black Females, Leanne Petry, Lloyd L. Laubach, Peter W. Hovey, Nikki Lynn Rogers, Bradford Towne, William Cameron Chumlea

Population and Public Health Sciences Faculty Publications

Anthropometric equations developed specifically for the estimation of body composition parameters in Black females are limited. Data from the Lifespan Health Research Center were used to develop a new, easy to use equation to estimate the percent body fat of post-menopausal Black females using simple and easy to collect anthropometrics. The body composition of 72 post-menopausal Black females was measured by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA). Validation (N=55) and cross-validation groups (N=17) were randomly assigned. Prediction models were developed using stepwise multiple regression analyses with percent body fat as the dependent variable and various anthropometrics as the independent variables. The …

Resting Potential–Dependent Regulation Of The Voltage Sensitivity Of Sodium Channel Gating In Rat Skeletal Muscle In Vivo, Gregory N. Filatov, Martin J. Pinter, Mark M. Rich

Neuroscience, Cell Biology & Physiology Faculty Publications

Normal muscle has a resting potential of −85 mV, but in a number of situations there is depolarization of the resting potential that alters excitability. To better understand the effect of resting potential on muscle excitability we attempted to accurately simulate excitability at both normal and depolarized resting potentials. To accurately simulate excitability we found that it was necessary to include a resting potential–dependent shift in the voltage dependence of sodium channel activation and fast inactivation. We recorded sodium currents from muscle fibers in vivo and found that prolonged changes in holding potential cause shifts in the voltage dependence of …

Evaluating Forensic Dna Evidence, Dan E. Krane, William C. Thompson

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Stimulant Abuse In Ohio And The Rural South, Robert G. Carlson

Population and Public Health Sciences Faculty Publications

This paper summarizes the methods and findings from two NIDA-supported studies of methamphetamine (MA) abuse in rural Ohio, Kentucky, and Arkansas, conducted by researchers at the Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and the University of Kentucky. In addition, patterns of MA abuse among young adult MDMA/ecstasy users in urban central Ohio are described. Finally, preliminary findings from the Ohio Substance Abuse Monitoring Network on trends in methamphetamine abuse in Dayton, Ohio, are presented.

Rural Methamphetamine Abuse: An Ethnographic Perspective, Rocky L. Sexton, Robert G. Carlson

Population and Public Health Sciences Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Parents' Perception Of Their Children's Asthma, 2002-2008: A Community-Based Study, John M. Pascoe, William Spears, Shalini Forbis, Jessica L. Saunders

Population and Public Health Sciences Faculty Publications

Childhood asthma is a chronic health condition that is one of the leading causes of hospitalizations and missed school days for children. It also affects the lives of both asthmatic children and their families.

A Developmental Switch In The Response Of Drg Neurons To Ets Transcription Factor Signaling, Simon Hippenmeyer, Eline Vrieseling, Markus Sigrist, Thomas Portmann, Celia Laengle, David R. Ladle, Silvia Arber

Neuroscience, Cell Biology & Physiology Faculty Publications

Two ETS transcription factors of the Pea3 subfamily are induced in subpopulations of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory and spinal motor neurons by target-derived factors. Their expression controls late aspects of neuronal differentiation such as target invasion and branching. Here, we show that the late onset of ETS gene expression is an essential requirement for normal sensory neuron differentiation. We provide genetic evidence in the mouse that precocious ETS expression in DRG sensory neurons perturbs axonal projections, the acquisition of terminal differentiation markers, and their dependence on neurotrophic support. Together, our findings indicate that DRG sensory neurons exhibit a temporal …

Stim1, An Essential And Conserved Component Of Store-Operated Ca2+ Channel Function, Jack Roos, Paul J. Digregorio, Andriy V. Yeromin, Kari Ohlsen, Maria I. Lioudyno, Shenyuan L. Zhang, Olga Safrina, J. Ashot Kozak, Steven L. Wagner, Michael D. Cahalan, Gönül Veliçelebi, Kenneth A. Stauderman

Neuroscience, Cell Biology & Physiology Faculty Publications

Store-operated Ca²⁺ (SOC) channels regulate many cellular processes, but the underlying molecular components are not well defined. Using an RNA interference (RNAi)-based screen to identify genes that alter thapsigargin (TG)-dependent Ca²⁺ entry, we discovered a required and conserved role of Stim in SOC influx. RNAi-mediated knockdown of Stim in Drosophila S2 cells significantly reduced TG-dependent Ca²⁺ entry. Patch-clamp recording revealed nearly complete suppression of the Drosophila Ca²⁺ release-activated Ca²⁺(CRAC) current that has biophysical characteristics similar to CRAC current in human T cells. Similarly, knockdown of the human homologue STIM1 significantly reduced CRAC channel activity …

"Miss Tallant...Docteur En Medicine": A Woman Physician In World War I France, Ximena Chrisagis

Annual Conference Presentations, Papers, and Posters

The presentation discusses the life of Alice Weld Tallant, M.D. with a focus on her service during World War I. The presentation was given at the Ohio Academy of Medical History Annual Conference at Dittrick Medical History Center on April 16, 2005.

The Need For Quality Aviation Safety Graduates: An Educational Challenge For The 21st Century, Thomas R. Weitzel, Thomas R. Chidester

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The authors investigated a previously unaddressed problem within the curricula of the United States (U.S.) aviation institutions of higher education. Graduates of these institutions were not being prepared to work within the safety departments of the U.S. air carriers involved with one or more of the five current, voluntary programs. To ascertain the need for a solution, a subjective instrument was developed and personally administered to 13 participants within the industry. The qualitative results were interpreted, and, in combination with the knowledge gained from the immersion of a professor within a research organization, resulted in placement of some of the …

The Genetics Of Ray Pattern Variation In Caenorhabditis Briggsae, Scott Everet Baird, Cynthia R. Davidson, Justin C. Bohrer

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

Background: How does intraspecific variation relate to macroevolutionary change in morphology? This question can be addressed in species in which derived characters are present but not fixed. In rhabditid nematodes, the arrangement of the nine bilateral pairs of peripheral sense organs (rays) in tails of males is often the most highly divergent character between species. The development of ray pattern involves inputs from hometic gene expression patterns, TGFβ signalling, Wnt signalling, and other genetic pathways. In Caenorhabditis briggsae, strain-specific variation in ray pattern has provided an entrée into the evolution of ray pattern. Some strains were fixed for a derived …

How Should Health Departments Manage Prenatal Care?, Julianne Nesbit

Master of Public Health Program Student Publications

Objective: To compare how health departments in the southwest district of Ohio manage prenatal care, defined as preventative care provided immediately preceding, during, and following pregnancy, to determine if there is a better management technique based on cost and/or characteristics of jurisdictions.

Design: Qualitative descriptive analysis of prenatal services at local health departments in the southwest district of Ohio for 2004.

Setting and Participants: Health Departments in the southwest district of Ohio.

Main Outcome Measures: Comparison of the types of services currently being used to provide prenatal care services (i.e., direct, contracted, combination, or no service) including budgeting and cost …

Synthetic Vision Systems: Flightpath Tracking, Situation Awareness, And Visual Scanning In An Integrated Hazard Display, Amy L. Alexander, Christopher D. Wickens

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Twenty-four certified flight instructors participated in an experiment designed to examine the viability of three Integrated Hazard Display (IHD) formats representative of Synthetic Vision System (SVS) technology (2D coplanar, 3D exocentric, split-screen; Wickens, 2003) in supporting flightpath tracking and situation awareness (SA). SA was probed through the use of two techniques, a memory-based technique called SAGAT and a variant of a perception-based technique called SPAM. Overall, the 3D exocentric display appeared to be the worst display format in terms of supporting SA and utilizing visual attention for the betterment of performance. There was an apparent speed-accuracy tradeoff between the memory-based …

Emerging Technologies For Deployable Aircrew Training, Benjamin Bell

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Flight training devices commonly used for aircrew training offer high-fidelity simulation, wide fieldof- view projection, detailed terrain, and realistic instrumentation and controls. Despite the significant investment needed to acquire and operate them, high-fidelity training devices enjoy widespread acceptance among end-users, air carriers, and military organizations.

Human Factors Issues Of Tcas: A Simulation-Based Study, P. Cabon, F. Rome, A. Favresse, R. Mollard, S. Figarol, B. Hasquenoph, C. Houvenagel

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Since its introduction in the 90’s, TCAS II, presented as a straightforward and very reliable technological tool, has significantly reduced the risk of collision. Paradoxically, the introduction of this system has been accompanied with numerous incidents and one major accident in 2002, mainly due to unclear rules, poor air-ground cooperation and poor human decision. In order to investigate these potential human factors issues, a part-task air-ground simulation was conducted: 10 pilots and 10 controllers were involved in the simulations of 4 scenarios containing TCAS occurrences. Data collected included video camera recordings for behavioral analysis, Heart Rate (HR) for stress evaluation, …

Investing In Safer Communications: Phraseology And Intelligibility In Air Traffic Control, Ana Margarida Casaca, Teresa C. D'Oliveira

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Communications are central to air traffic control and any potential intervention that might contribute to its increased efficacy is considered relevant. This paper explores two main characteristics associated with communications: aeronautical phraseology and intelligibility. Although phraseology may contribute to an increased precision of the message, several factors may hinder it through speech intelligibility. In this study, air traffic controllers were asked to reproduce several messages that vary in phraseology correctness and speech intelligibility. Results suggest that considerable attention should be given to factors affecting speech intelligibility as increased numbers of errors and omissions were reported in messages with this characteristic.

Cognitive Systems Engineering Approach To Shared Situation Awareness For Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Matthijs Amelink, Max Mulder, Rene Van Paassen, John Flach

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Integration of UAVs with Air Traffic Control (ATC) is a world wide problem. ATC is already troubled by capacity problems due to a vast amount of air traffic. In the future when large numbers of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) will participate in the same airspace, the situation cannot afford to have UAVs that need special attention. Regulations for UAV flights in civil airspace are still being developed but it is expected that authorities will require UAVs to operate “like manned aircraft”. The implication is that UAVs need to become full participants of a complex socio-technical environment and need to generate …

Development And Integration Of Human-Centered Conflict Detection And Resolution Tools For Airborne Autonomous Operations, Riva Canton, Mohammad Refai, Walter W. Johnson, Vernol Battiste

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Today’s crowded airspace burdens both the pilot and controller with a heavy workload pertaining to the maintenance of conflict-free flight. Conflict detection and resolution (CD&R) tools have become a key element in modern flight systems and future airspace concept simulations. In this paper we describe an automated resolution tool that was developed at NASA Ames Research Center as part of an experimental evaluation of the Distributed Air-Ground concept. The tool is based on an analysis of conflict geometry and was developed as an intent (i.e. flight plan) resolution system. A key simplifying concept used in the development of airborne automated …

Low-Airspeed Protection For Small To Medium-Sized Commercial Airplanes: An Important Safety Gap, William J. Bramble Jr., Loren S. Groff, Charles M. Pereira

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

In November 2003, the National Transportation Safety Board recommended that the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) convene a panel of aircraft design, operations, and human factors specialists to examine the feasibility of requiring the installation of low airspeed alerting devices on airplanes operating commercially under 14 C.F.R. Parts 121 and 135. The Board further recommended that if the panel determined such a requirement to be feasible, the FAA should establish requirements for low-airspeed alert systems. This paper discusses the reasoning behind these recommendations, explores relevant accident history from the Safety Board’s investigative records, and discusses shortcomings of an approach to cockpit …

Performance Evaluation Of A Computational Model Of En Route Air Traffic Control, Todd J. Callantine

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

This paper describes a model of en route air traffic control and presents the results of a performance evaluation of computational air traffic controller agents based on the model. The purpose is to better understand the representations, heuristics, and processes that expert air traffic controllers use and develop agents useful for air traffic management concept development and safety/risk analysis. The results show the agents control low-tomedium traffic levels effectively. The research was supported by the NASA Aviation System Capacity Program and the FAA/NASA Aviation Safety Program.

Communications Between Team Members Of Different Cultures And Nationalities On International Airline Flight Decks, Theodore N. Beneigh

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

International flight operations became commonplace in the 1950s with the introduction of jet transport aircraft. The new jets had speeds that were twice as fast as the piston aircraft they were replacing, a range great enough to transit oceans nonstop, and a lower operating costs that made international travel affordable to many more people. For the most part, most of the pilots flying these aircraft were natives from the airline’s home country. As international operations expanded exponentially, many airlines had difficulty finding native-born pilots to fly their aircraft. The human resource departments of many airlines began to recruit new pilots …

Is Pilots’ Visual Scanning Adequate To Avoid Mid-Air Collisions?, Kurt Colvin, Rahul Dodhia, R. Key Dismukes

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The “See and Avoid” concept is crucial to visual meteorological condition (VMC) operations. The FAA and other organizations prescribe a specific systematic out the window (OTW) visual scanning pattern to avoid traffic conflicts, however little research has been published on what scanning patterns pilots actually use and how effective their scanning is. In our study, commercial pilots flew VFR scenarios in a general aviation flight training device (GAFTD) equipped with head and eye tracking equipment. We developed new algorithms to analyze the effectiveness and patterns of visual scanning. The scanning patterns used by the participant pilots did not resemble the …

Analyzing The Physical And Vestibular Effects Of Varying Levels Of Immersive Displays For Controlling Unmanned Aerial Vehicles From An Aircraft Platform, John Bruyere, Justin Gripp, Christopher Nagy, Terence Andre

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

This study attempted to further the base of knowledge concerning effects on watching video taken from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). Sixteen participants from the U.S. Air Force Academy were involved in watching UAV video under 2 conditions of motion (with and without) and 2 conditions of video presentation (laptop computer screen and a head-mounted display). Each video was about 5 minutes long and following each condition the subject filled out a questionnaire which judged their sickness level based on many different factors. Our results did not show any significant difference in sickness levels between the 4 conditions, and further …

A Comparison Of Evaluative Techniques To Improve The Reliability Of Maintenance Documentation, Bonnie Lida Rogers, Christopher J. Hamblin, Alex Chaparro

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The purpose of this research was to investigate the applicability of usability methods in evaluating aviation maintenance documentation and to document the types of errors found. A diverse set of participants were recruited to participate in the evaluations in order to document how experience and training affect error detection. The results are similar to the findings of usability testing of software and web design – system experts and users identify unique errors and roadblocks.

Human Centered Decision Support Tools For Arrival Merging And Spacing, Vernol Battiste, Everett Palmer, Walter Johnson, Nancy Smith, Tom Prevot, Joey Mercer, Stacie Granada, Nancy Johnson, Quang Dao, Paul Lee

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

A simulation of terminal area merging and spacing with air traffic controllers and commercial flight crews was conducted. The goal of the study was to assess the feasibility and benefits of ground and flight-deck based tools to support arrival merging and spacing operations. During the simulation, flight crews arrived over the northwest and southwest arrival meter fixes and were cleared for the flight management system arrivals to runways 18 and 13 right. The controller could then clear the aircraft to merge behind and space with an aircraft on a converging stream or to space behind an aircraft on the same …

Automation, Crm And Distributed Cognition: An Exploration Of The Defense Mechanism In The Cockpit, Jingnong Chen, Douglas Paluszak, Julie Silverstein

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

What is the mechanism that allows aircraft flight crews to achieve such an astounding safety record despite the hazards they encounter? In this paper, we discussed the topics of aviation safety from a broad theoretical framework, which generally relate to these three topics: Automation, Crew Resource Management, and Distributed Cognition. We outline the preliminary results of a study surveying 38 reports from the Aviation Safety Reporting System. In this survey, the reports were given three classifications, the problem-based classification, the optimal-solution-based classification and the actual-solution-based classification. Some interesting findings were shown by studying the correspondences between three classifications. Based on …

The Effect Of Terrain-Depicting Primary-Flight-Display Backgrounds And Guidance Cues On Pilot Recoveries From Unknown Attitudes, Dennis B. Beringer, Jerry D. Ball, Kelly Brennan, Sitafa Taite

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of primary flight display (PFD) terrain depictions on pilots’ performance of recoveries from unknown attitudes. Forty pilots participated in the study, each group of eight using a different display format. The five conditions consisted of combinations of terrain depiction (none, full-color terrain, brown terrain) and guidance indications (pitch and roll arrows). Participants flew baseline trials in the Advanced General Aviation Research Simulator using a common electronic attitude indicator and then performed recoveries from unknown attitudes (UARs) using one of the PFD formats. Performance measures included initial response time, total recovery time, primary …

Fighter Pilot Trainee Retention Of Knowledge And Skills: An Exploratory Study, Dee H. Andrews, Christopher B. Sinclair

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

An exploratory study was conducted to investigate knowledge and skill retention of foreign military fighter pilot trainees with intermediate levels of flying experience. Twenty participants completed a standardized advanced skills fighter-training program that lasted about 10 months for the first class (n=12) and eight months for the second (n=8). Following flight training, the students engaged in non-flying duties (i.e., leave, English training classes). Members of the first class did not resume flying for a minimum of eight months; the second class returned to the simulator or the flight line within three months of completing initial training. Thus, two retention intervals …