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Appendices, Glossary, And Index (Field Manual Of Wildlife Diseases)
Appendices, Glossary, And Index (Field Manual Of Wildlife Diseases)
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A. Sample specimen history form
B. Sources of wildlife diagnostic assistance in the United States
C. Sources of supplies used for collecting, preserving, and shipping specimens
D. Normal brain cholinesterase activity values
E. Common and scientific names of birds in text
F. Common and scientific names other than birds
G. Chemical names
H. Conversion table
Glossary
Index
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
Parasites And Parisitic Diseases (Field Manual Of Wildlife Diseases), Rebecca A. Cole, Milton Friend
Parasites And Parisitic Diseases (Field Manual Of Wildlife Diseases), Rebecca A. Cole, Milton Friend
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Parasitism is an intimate relationship between two different species in which one (parasite) uses the other (host) as its environment from which it derives nourishment. Parasites are a highly diverse group of organisms that have evolved different strategies for infecting their hosts. Some, such as lice and ticks, are found on the external parts of the body (ectoparasites), but most are found internally (endoparasites). Some are microscopic, such as the blood protozoans that cause avian malaria; however, many are macroscopic. Life cycles differ greatly between major types of parasites and are generally classified as direct or indirect (Table 1). Direct …
Miscellaneous Diseases (Field Manual Of Wildlife Diseases), Milton Friend, Nancy J. Thomas
Miscellaneous Diseases (Field Manual Of Wildlife Diseases), Milton Friend, Nancy J. Thomas
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The fact that “Nature is far from benign” is clearly evident from the preceding chapters of this Manual. The diseases and other conditions described are the proverbial “tip of the iceberg” relative to the number of specific causes of ill health and death for free-ranging wild birds, but the wild bird health problems described account for most major wild bird disease conditions seen within the United States. However, the full toll from disease involves many other causes of illness and death that individually may cause substantial die-offs. Two examples of these other causes of die-offs are the deaths of Canada …
Field Manual Of Wildlife Diseases: General Field Procedures And Diseases Of Birds, Milton Friend, J. Christian Franson
Field Manual Of Wildlife Diseases: General Field Procedures And Diseases Of Birds, Milton Friend, J. Christian Franson
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The “Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases: General Field Procedures and Diseases of Birds” presents practical, current information and insights about wild bird illnesses and the procedures to follow when ill birds are found or epidemics occur. Section 1 of the Manual provides information about general field procedures. Sections 2 through 5 describe various bird diseases. Sections 6 and 7 provide information about toxins that affect birds, and Section 8 describes miscellaneous diseases and hazards that affect birds. Manual lists institutions and laboratories that offer diagnostic services; sources of supplies for collecting, preserving, and shipping specimens; and it contains color illustrations …
Introduction, Foreword, Table Of Contents (Field Manual Of Wildlife Diseases)
Introduction, Foreword, Table Of Contents (Field Manual Of Wildlife Diseases)
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Cover
credits
Title page
Foreword by Thomas M. Yuill
Introduction by Milton Friend
Table of Contents
Chemical Toxins (Field Manual Of Wildlife Diseases), Milton Friend
Chemical Toxins (Field Manual Of Wildlife Diseases), Milton Friend
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Many kinds of potentially harmful chemicals are found in environments used by wildlife. Some chemicals, such as pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), are synthetic compounds that may become environmental contaminants through their use and application. Other materials, such as selenium and salt, are natural components of some environments, but contaminants of others. Natural and synthetic materials may cause direct poisoning and death, but they also may have adverse effects on wildlife that impair certain biological systems, such as the reproductive and immune systems. This section provides information about some of the environmental contaminants and natural chemicals that commonly cause avian …
Viral Diseases (Field Manual Of Wildlife Diseases), Douglas E. Docherty
Viral Diseases (Field Manual Of Wildlife Diseases), Douglas E. Docherty
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Historically, viral diseases have not been recognized as major causes of illness and death in North American wild birds. Until relatively recently, this may have been due to inadequate technology to culture and identify these organisms. Unlike bacteria, viruses are too small to be seen under the light microscope and they cannot be grown on artificial media. Nevertheless, studies of infectious diseases caused by viruses have often predated discovery of the causative agents by many years as evidenced by smallpox immunizations being used centuries before that virus was identified. The isolations of a tobacco mosaic virus in 1892 and foot …
Bacterial Diseases (Field Manual Of Wildlife Diseases), Milton Friend
Bacterial Diseases (Field Manual Of Wildlife Diseases), Milton Friend
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Diseases caused by bacteria are a more common cause of mortality in wild birds than are those caused by viruses. In addition to infection, some bacteria cause disease as a result of potent toxins that they produce. Bacteria of the genus Clostridium are responsible for more wild bird deaths than are other disease agents. Clostridium botulinum, which causes avian botulism, is primarily a form of food poisoning and it is included within the section on biotoxins (see Chapter 38). Other Clostridium sp. that colonize intestinal tissues produce toxins that cause severe hemorrhaging of the intestine, thus leading to tissue …
Fungal Diseases (Field Manual Of Wildlife Diseases), Milton Friend
Fungal Diseases (Field Manual Of Wildlife Diseases), Milton Friend
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Fungi are important causes of disease in wild birds and other species. Three basic types of disease are caused by these agents: mycosis, or the direct invasion of tissues by fungal cells, such as aspergillosis; allergic disease involving the development of a hypersensitivity of the host to fungal antigens; and mycotoxicosis, which results from ingestion of toxic fungal metabolites. Mycosis and allergic disease may occur together, especially when the lung is infected. This section will address only mycosis. Mycotoxicosis is addressed in Section 6, Biotoxins. Allergic disease is not well studied in wild birds and it is beyond the scope …
Biotoxins (Field Manual Of Wildlife Diseases), Tonie E. Rocke, Milton Friend
Biotoxins (Field Manual Of Wildlife Diseases), Tonie E. Rocke, Milton Friend
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Biotoxins are usually defined as poisons that are produced by and derived from the cells or secretions of living organisms. These natural poisons include some of the most toxic agents known and they are found within a wide variety of life forms. Organisms that produce such toxins are generally classified as being venomous or poisonous. The classification of venomous is usually associated with animal life forms such as poisonous reptiles and insects that have highly developed cellular mechanisms for toxin production and that deliver their toxins during a biting (rattlesnake) or stinging (black widow spider) act. Poisonous organisms are generally …
Introduction To General Field Procedures (Field Manual Of Wildlife Diseases), J. Christian Franson, Milton Friend, Dale E. Toweill, Robert L. Brownell Jr., Victor F. Nettles, Donald S. Davis, William J. Foreyt
Introduction To General Field Procedures (Field Manual Of Wildlife Diseases), J. Christian Franson, Milton Friend, Dale E. Toweill, Robert L. Brownell Jr., Victor F. Nettles, Donald S. Davis, William J. Foreyt
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Section 1 of the Manual provides basic information regarding general field procedures for responding to wildlife disease events. Field biologists provide a critical linkage in disease diagnostic work and greatly affect the outcome of the laboratory efforts by the quality of the materials and information that they provide. The chapters in this section are oriented towards providing guidance that will assist field biologists in gathering the quality of information and specimens that are needed. Readers will find information regarding what to record and how; guidance for specimen collection, preservation, and shipment; and how to apply euthanasia when such actions are …
An Investigation Into The Possibility Of Transmission Of Tick-Borne Pathogens Via Blood Transfusion, P. M. Arguin, J. Singleton, L. D. Rotz, E. Marston, T. A. Treadwell, K. Slater, M. Chamberland, A. Schwartz, A. Tengelsen, J. G. Olson, J. E. Childs, Transfusion-Associated Tick-Borne Illness Task Force
An Investigation Into The Possibility Of Transmission Of Tick-Borne Pathogens Via Blood Transfusion, P. M. Arguin, J. Singleton, L. D. Rotz, E. Marston, T. A. Treadwell, K. Slater, M. Chamberland, A. Schwartz, A. Tengelsen, J. G. Olson, J. E. Childs, Transfusion-Associated Tick-Borne Illness Task Force
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STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Donors and recipients were asked to complete questionnaires regarding symptoms and risk factors for infection and to provide blood samples for laboratory analysis.
RESULTS: Among National Guard personnel who donated blood, 12 individuals were found to have a confirmed or probable case of Rocky Mountain spotted fever or ehrlichiosis. A total of 320 units (platelets or packed red cells) from 377 donors were transfused into 129 recipients. Although 10 recipients received units from National Guard personnel with confirmed or probable infection, none became ill.
CONCLUSION: Transfusion-transmitted illness did not occur. Despite the awareness of the risk …
Family Cluster Of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, James E. Childs, Timothy F. Jones, Allen S. Craig, Christopher D. Paddock, Don B. Mckechnie, Sherif R. Zaki, William Schaffner
Family Cluster Of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, James E. Childs, Timothy F. Jones, Allen S. Craig, Christopher D. Paddock, Don B. Mckechnie, Sherif R. Zaki, William Schaffner
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Soon after a patient from Tennessee died of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), several family members developed symptoms suggestive of the disease and were treated presumptively for RMSF. Fifty-four persons visiting the index patient's home were interviewed; serum samples were collected from 35. Three additional cases of RMSF were confirmed, all of which occurred in firstdegree relatives. Time spent at the family home and going into the surrounding woods were significantly associated with developing antibodies to Rickettsia rickettsii. Ticks were collected and examined for rickettsiae by polymerase chain reaction analysis. Because hyperendemic foci and family clusters of RMSF can …
Dusky-Footed Wood Rats (Neotoma Fuscipes) As Reservoirs Of Granulocytic Ehrlichiae (Rickettsiales: Ehrlichieae) In Northern California, William L. Nicholson, Martin B. Castro, Vicki L. Kramer, John W. Sumner, James E. Childs
Dusky-Footed Wood Rats (Neotoma Fuscipes) As Reservoirs Of Granulocytic Ehrlichiae (Rickettsiales: Ehrlichieae) In Northern California, William L. Nicholson, Martin B. Castro, Vicki L. Kramer, John W. Sumner, James E. Childs
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Dusky-footed wood rats (Neotoma fuscipes) and Peromyscus sp. mice (P. maniculatus and P. truei) were collected from one site in Placer County, one site in Santa Cruz County, and two sites in Sonoma County in northern California. Serum or plasma samples from 260 rodents were tested for antibodies to the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Of these, samples from 25 wood rats (34% of those tested) and 10 (8%) Peromyscus sp. mice were found to be seropositive, but only those from one site. PCR assays targeting the groESL heat shock operon were conducted on all seropositive …
Molecular Cloning And Characterization Of The Ehrlichia Chaffeensis Variable-Length Pcr Target: An Antigen-Expressing Gene That Exhibits Interstrain Variation, John W. Sumner, James E. Childs, Christopher D. Paddock
Molecular Cloning And Characterization Of The Ehrlichia Chaffeensis Variable-Length Pcr Target: An Antigen-Expressing Gene That Exhibits Interstrain Variation, John W. Sumner, James E. Childs, Christopher D. Paddock
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A clone expressing an immunoreactive protein with an apparent molecular mass of 44 kDa was selected from an Ehrlichia chaffeensis Arkansas genomic library by probing with anti-E. chaffeensis hyperimmune mouse ascitic fluid. Nucleotide sequencing revealed an open reading frame (ORF) capable of encoding a 198-aminoacid polypeptide. The ORF contained four imperfect, direct, tandem 90-bp repeats. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences did not show close homologies to entries in the molecular databases. PCR with primers whose sequences matched the sequences flanking the ORF was performed with DNA samples extracted from cell cultures infected with nine different isolates of E. …
Hidden Mortality Attributable To Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever: Immunohistochemical Detection Of Fatal, Serologically Unconfirmed Disease, James E. Childs, Patricia W. Greer, Tara L. Ferebee, Joseph Singleton Jr., Don B. Mckechnie, Tracee A. Treadwell, John W. Krebs, Matthew J. Clarke, Robert C. Holman, James G. Olson, Christopher D. Paddock, Sherif R. Zaki
Hidden Mortality Attributable To Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever: Immunohistochemical Detection Of Fatal, Serologically Unconfirmed Disease, James E. Childs, Patricia W. Greer, Tara L. Ferebee, Joseph Singleton Jr., Don B. Mckechnie, Tracee A. Treadwell, John W. Krebs, Matthew J. Clarke, Robert C. Holman, James G. Olson, Christopher D. Paddock, Sherif R. Zaki
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Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is the most severe tickborne infection in the United States and is a nationally notifiable disease. Since 1981, the annual case-fatality ratio for RMSF has been determined from laboratory-confirmed cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Herein, a description is given of patients with fatal, serologically unconfirmed RMSF for whom a diagnosis of RMSF was established by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of tissues obtained at autopsy. During 1996-1997, acute-phase serum and tissue samples from patients with fatal disease compatible with RMSF were tested at the CDC. As determined by indirect immunofluorescence assay, …
Population Dynamics Of A Naturally Occurring Heterogeneous Mixture Of Borrelia Burgdorferi Clones, Erick K. Hofmeister, Gregory E. Glass, James E. Childs, David H. Persing
Population Dynamics Of A Naturally Occurring Heterogeneous Mixture Of Borrelia Burgdorferi Clones, Erick K. Hofmeister, Gregory E. Glass, James E. Childs, David H. Persing
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Two unique isolates of Borrelia burgdorferi, differing in plasmid content and outer surface protein C expression, were cultured on sequential captures of a single free-living Peromyscus leucopus mouse and were examined for differences in transmissibility. Both isolates were transmissible from inoculated C.B-17 mice to larval Ixodes scapularis ticks and, subsequently, from infected nymphal ticks to C3H/HeJ mice. Plasmid and protein analyses suggested that the original isolates were a mixed population of B. burgdorferi, and cloning by limiting dilution resulted in the identification of two clonal groups. In addition to being heterogeneous in plasmid and genomic macrorestriction analyses, the …
Isolation Of A New Subspecies, Bartonella Vinsonii Subsp. Arupensis, From A Cattle Rancher: Identity With Isolates Found In Conjunction With Borrelia Burgdorferi And Babesia Microti Among Naturally Infected Mice, David F. Welch, Karen C. Carroll, Erick K. Hofmeister, David H. Persing, Denise A. Robison, Arnold G. Steigerwalt, Don J. Brenner
Isolation Of A New Subspecies, Bartonella Vinsonii Subsp. Arupensis, From A Cattle Rancher: Identity With Isolates Found In Conjunction With Borrelia Burgdorferi And Babesia Microti Among Naturally Infected Mice, David F. Welch, Karen C. Carroll, Erick K. Hofmeister, David H. Persing, Denise A. Robison, Arnold G. Steigerwalt, Don J. Brenner
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Bacteremia with fever due to a novel subspecies of Bartonella vinsonii was found in a cattle rancher. The subspecies shared major characteristics of the genus Bartonella in terms of most biochemical features and cellular fatty acid profile, but it was distinguishable from other subspecies of B. vinsonii by good growth on heart infusion agar supplemented with X factor and by its pattern of enzymatic hydrolysis of peptide substrates. DNA relatedness studies verified that the isolate belonged to the genus Bartonella and that it was genotypically related to B. vinsonii. The highest level of relatedness was observed with recently characterized …
Prp Genotypes Of Captive And Free-Ranging Rocky Mountain Elk (Cervus Elaphus Nelsoni) With Chronic Wasting Disease, Katherine I. O'Rourke, T. E. Besser, M. W. Miller, T. F. Cline, T. R. Spraker, A. L. Jenny, M. A. Wild, G. L. Zebarth
Prp Genotypes Of Captive And Free-Ranging Rocky Mountain Elk (Cervus Elaphus Nelsoni) With Chronic Wasting Disease, Katherine I. O'Rourke, T. E. Besser, M. W. Miller, T. F. Cline, T. R. Spraker, A. L. Jenny, M. A. Wild, G. L. Zebarth
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The PrP gene encodes the putative causative agent of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), a heterogeneous group of fatal, neurodegenerative disorders including human Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, ovine scrapie and chronic wasting disease (CWD) of North American deer and elk. Polymorphisms in the PrP gene are associated with variations in relative susceptibility, pathological lesion patterns, incubation times and clinical course of TSEs of humans, mice and sheep. Sequence analysis of the PrP gene from Rocky Mountain elk showed only one amino acid change (Met to Leu at cervid codon 132). Homozygosity for Met at the corresponding polymorphic site (Met …
Common Parasites, Diseases And Injuries Of Freshwater Fishes In The Northwest Territories And Nunavut, D. B. Stewart, L. M. J. Bernier
Common Parasites, Diseases And Injuries Of Freshwater Fishes In The Northwest Territories And Nunavut, D. B. Stewart, L. M. J. Bernier
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This booklet gives basic information on common parasites, diseases and injuries of fish harvested from fresh water in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. It answers some of the more common questions asked by Aboriginal, domestic, sport and commercial harvesters, and by fisheries researchers. It is not an in depth treatment of fish health. Parasites that are uncommon or too small to be seen with the naked eye and diseases that are poorly known are not discussed. Relatively little research has been conducted on fish parasites in the region, less still on fish diseases and injuries.
The Human Ehrlichioses In The United States, Jennifer H. Mcquiston, Christopher D. Paddock, Robert C. Holman, James E. Childs
The Human Ehrlichioses In The United States, Jennifer H. Mcquiston, Christopher D. Paddock, Robert C. Holman, James E. Childs
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The emerging tick-borne zoonoses human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME) and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) are underreported in the United States. From 1986 through 1997, 1,223 cases (742 HME, 449 HGE, and 32 not ascribed to a specific ehrlichial agent) were reported by state health departments. HME was most commonly reported from southeastern and southcentral states, while HGE was most often reported from northeastern and upper midwestern states. The annual number of reported cases increased sharply, from 69 in 1994 to 364 in 1997, coincident with an increase in the number of states making these conditions notifiable. From 1986 through 1997, 827 …
Long-Term Studies Of Hantavirus Reservoir Populations In The Southwestern United States: A Synthesis, James N. Mills, Thomas G. Ksiazek, C.J. Peters, James E. Childs
Long-Term Studies Of Hantavirus Reservoir Populations In The Southwestern United States: A Synthesis, James N. Mills, Thomas G. Ksiazek, C.J. Peters, James E. Childs
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A series of intensive, longitudinal, mark-recapture studies of hantavirus infection dynamics in reservoir populations in the southwestern United States indicates consistent patterns as well as important differences among sites and host-virus associations. All studies found a higher prevalence of infection in older (particularly male) mice; one study associated wounds with seropositivity. These findings are consistent with horizontal transmission and transmission through fighting between adult male rodents. Despite very low rodent densities at some sites, low-level hantavirus infection continued, perhaps because of persistent infection in a few long-lived rodents or periodic reintroduction of virus from neighboring populations. Prevalence of hantavirus antibody …
Diagnosis Of Human Ehrlichiosis By Pcr Assay Of Acute-Phase Serum, James A. Comer, William L. Nicholson, John W. Sumner, James G. Olson, James E. Childs
Diagnosis Of Human Ehrlichiosis By Pcr Assay Of Acute-Phase Serum, James A. Comer, William L. Nicholson, John W. Sumner, James G. Olson, James E. Childs
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A PCR assay of 43 acute-phase serum samples was evaluated as a method for early detection of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) and determination of etiology when serologic testing is inconclusive. Sequenceconfirmed products of the HGE agent were amplified from three individuals residing or having exposure history in Minnesota or Wisconsin, and similarly confirmed products from Ehrlichia chaffeensis were amplified from three individuals from Florida or Maryland. Etiology, as determined by PCR and serology, was the same whenever there was a fourfold difference between the maximum titers of antibodies to both antigens, indicating that presumptive determination of etiology may be based …
Outcome Of Diagnostic Tests Using Samples From Patients With Culture-Proven Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis: Implications For Surveillance, James E. Childs, John W. Sumner, William L. Nicholson, Robert F. Massung, Steven M. Standaert, Christopher D. Paddock
Outcome Of Diagnostic Tests Using Samples From Patients With Culture-Proven Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis: Implications For Surveillance, James E. Childs, John W. Sumner, William L. Nicholson, Robert F. Massung, Steven M. Standaert, Christopher D. Paddock
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We describe the concordance among results from various laboratory tests using samples derived from nine culture-proven cases of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME) caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis. A class-specific indirect immunofluorescence assay for immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG, using E. chaffeensis antigen, identified 44 and 33% of the isolation-confirmed HME patients on the basis of samples obtained at initial clinical presentation, respectively; detection of morulae in blood smears was similarly insensitive (22% positive). PCR amplifications of ehrlichial DNA targeting the 16S rRNA gene, the variable-length PCR target gene, and the groESL operon were positive for whole blood specimens obtained …
Serologic Testing For Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis At A National Referral Center, James A. Comer, William L. Nicholson, James G. Olson, James E. Childs
Serologic Testing For Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis At A National Referral Center, James A. Comer, William L. Nicholson, James G. Olson, James E. Childs
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An indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) was used to identify patients with antibodies reactive to the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) agent. Serum samples collected from clinically ill individuals were submitted to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention by physicians via state health departments from throughout the United States and tested against a panel of ehrlichial and rickettsial pathogens. Antibodies reactive to the HGE agent were detected in 142 (8.9%) of 1,602 individuals tested. There were 19 confirmed and 59 probable (n = 78) cases of HGE as defined by seroconversion or a fourfold or higher titer to the HGE agent …
Search For The Ebola Virus Reservoir In Kikwit, Democratic Republic Of The Congo: Reflections On A Vertebrate Collection, Herwig Leirs, James N. Mills, John W. Krebs, James E. Childs, Dudu Akaibe, Neal Woollen, George Ludwig, Clarence J. Peters, Thomas G. Ksiazek
Search For The Ebola Virus Reservoir In Kikwit, Democratic Republic Of The Congo: Reflections On A Vertebrate Collection, Herwig Leirs, James N. Mills, John W. Krebs, James E. Childs, Dudu Akaibe, Neal Woollen, George Ludwig, Clarence J. Peters, Thomas G. Ksiazek
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A 3-month ecologic investigation was done to identify the reservoir of Ebola virus following the 1995 outbreak in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Efforts focused on the fields where the putative primary case had worked but included other habitats near Kikwit. Samples were collected from 3066 vertebrates and tested for the presence of antibodies to Ebola (subtype Zaire) virus: All tests were negative, and attempts to isolate Ebola virus were unsuccessful. The investigation was hampered by a lack of information beyond the daily activities of the primary case, a lack of information on Ebola virus ecology, which precluded the …
Oral Transmission And Early Lymphoid Tropism Of Chronic Wasting Disease PrpRes In Mule Deer Fawns (Odocoileus Hemionus), Christina J. Sigurdson, Elizabeth S. Williams, Michael W. Miller, Terry R. Spraker, Katherine I. O'Rourke, Edward A. Hoover
Oral Transmission And Early Lymphoid Tropism Of Chronic Wasting Disease PrpRes In Mule Deer Fawns (Odocoileus Hemionus), Christina J. Sigurdson, Elizabeth S. Williams, Michael W. Miller, Terry R. Spraker, Katherine I. O'Rourke, Edward A. Hoover
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Mule deer fawns (Odocoileus hemionus) were inoculated orally with a brain homogenate prepared from mule deer with naturally occurring chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion-induced transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. Fawns were necropsied and examined for PrPres, the abnormal prion protein isoform, at 10, 42, 53, 77, 78 and 80 days post-inoculation (p.i.) using an immunohistochemistry assay modified to enhance sensitivity. PrPres was detected in alimentarytract- associated lymphoid tissues (one or more of the following: retropharyngeal lymph node, tonsil, Peyer’s patch and ileocaecal lymph node) as early as 42 days p.i. and in all fawns examined thereafter …