Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

The Relationships Among Competitiveness, Age And Ability In Distance Runners, Robert C. Eklund, Jeffrey J. Martin, Alan L. Smith

Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies

The purpose of this study was to examine relationships suggested by general achievement motivation literature and the popular literature in sport using the Sport Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ). The current study examined if faster runners are more competitive than slower runners, if older athletes were less competitive than younger athletes, and if faster runners were more goal oriented than slower runners. Distance runners (n=80), ranging from 10 to 61 years old completed race packets containing a cover letter, consent forms, the SOQ and a demographic questionnaire. Runners averaged 32.9 years of age and reported levels of competitiveness and goal …

The Impact Of Social Support On Long Term Adult Psychological Functioning: Study Of The Role Of A Confidant In Adult Survivors Of Childhood Sexual Abuse, Danny Ray Russell

Student Dissertations & Theses

This project examined the effects a confidant had on adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. The subjects were volunteer adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse solicited from undergraduate and graduate psychology classes at the University of Texas of the Permian Basin. Volunteers completed a childhood sexual abuse questionnaire, a confidant questionnaire, the Jaloweic Coping Scale and the Brief Symptom Inventory in a structured interview. The Jaloweic Coping Scale determined the coping styles and the Brief Symptom Inventory determined the symptom level. Those subjects that had a confidant were expected to have more successful coping styles and fewer symptoms as adults. …

Leader-Member Exchange And Supervisor Career Mentoring As Complementary Constructs In Leadership Research, Terri Scandura

Terri A. Scandura

No abstract provided.

Correlates And Consequences Of Early Initiation Of Sexual Intercourse, Ann L. Coker, Donna L. Richter, Robert F. Valois, Robert E. Mckeown, Carol Z. Garrison, Murray L. Vincent

CRVAW Faculty Journal Articles

This cross-sectional analysis of the 1991 CDC Youth Risk Behavior Survey explored factors associated with an early age at first sexual intercourse. Almost 18% of White males, 49% of Black males, 5% of White females and 12% of Black females were sexually active before age 13. Carrying a weapon to school, fighting, and early (< age 13) experimentation with cigarettes and alcohol were associated with early initiation of sexual activity for all four race and gender groupings. Those initiating sexual activity early had greater numbers of partners but were 50% less likely to use condoms regularly and were two-seven times more likely to have been pregnant or caused a pregnancy. Females who initiated sexual activity early were more likely to have had a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Interventions to postpone sexual activity need to be tailored to the ethnic and gender differences observed in these analyses. Interventions must begin before age 13 and should be comprehensive school-based efforts.

Factors Affecting Rats' Location During Conditioned Suppression Training, Rick A. Bevins, John J. B. Ayres

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

If freezing underlies barpress conditioned suppression, then it seems odd that auditory cues paired with shock evoke more freezing than do visual cues, yet evoke similar suppression. Bevins and Ayres (1992) found that auditory and visual cues also evoked similar withdrawal from the bar and dipper areas and suggested that such withdrawal could explain the similar suppression. Seeking to understand that withdrawal, we found evidence in the present study that it was due either to adventitious punishment or to place-aversion learning. The cue for shock seemed to set the occasion for such learning. For example, we found that, as training …

Recovered Memory Of Childhood Sexual Abuse, Aubrey Immelman

Psychology Faculty Publications

This article examines the psychological basis for repression and recovery of traumatic memories, presents the results of research on potential sources of error in delayed or recovered memories, and offers possible reasons (primarily related to clinical practice and collective behavior) for false accusations of sexual abuse.

External Locus Of Control And Negative Life Experiences In Persons With Chronic Fatigue And Immune Dysfunction Syndrome, Pamela Thomas Priebe

Student Dissertations & Theses

A review of related literature indicated a person's perception of negative life experiences may be unusually high prior to the onset of an illness. An external locus of control belief system may also be present prior to the onset of an illness. The present study used the Life Experiences Survey measure to compare the perception of life experiences of a group of people with CFIDS and a group of people without CFIDS. The present study also used the Locus of Control Scale to measure the locus of control belief system for the same two groups of people. The results of …

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder In Sexually Abused Children And Implications For Therapy, Robbie Jones

Student Dissertations & Theses

This study examined the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in sexually abused children. Sixty-seven children volunteered to participate in this study. Of the 67 children, 33 (26 female and 7 male) were sexually abused and 34 (22 female and 12 male) were non-sexually abused. Several instruments were employed to assess the severity of the symptoms of PTSD including the Children's PTSD Inventory, the Child Behavior Checklist, and the Children's Depression Inventory, as well as others. The results of this study showed that sexually abused children have more symptoms of PTSD than non-sexually abused children. Early diagnosis and treatment of …

The Effects Of Two Models Of Positive Feedback Of Children's Motivation, Judith Margaret Lynch

Student Dissertations & Theses

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the type of written or verbal positive comment regarding a child's accomplishment influences subsequent interest in a task. A preliminary investigation of literature revealed that often rewards and praise negatively alter children's behavior. The writer tested the hypothesis derived from this investigation that non- evaluative descriptive comments, commonly called encouragement, positively affect children more than evaluative praise comments. 32 kindergarten and 36 third grade children received evaluative praise comments and 31 kindergarten and 42 third grade children received non- evaluative descriptive comments on drawings for three days. The fourth day, children …

Social Networks And Daily Activities Of Street Youth In Belo Horizonte, Brazil, Regina Campos, Marcela Raffaelli, Walter Ude, Marilia Greco, Andrea Ruff, Jon Rolf, Carlos Mauricio Antunes, Neal Halsey, Dirceu Greco, Mauro Jeronymo, Carl Kendall, Alice Payne Merritt, Jorge Andrade Pinto, Eliana Siqueira, Barbara De Zalduondo

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Social networks and daily activities of children and adolescents living and/or working on the streets of a large Brazilian city were examined. Drawing on data collected through structured surveys, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and field observations, we described street youths’ family situation, social resources, institutional experiences, survival activities, and problem behaviors and investigated differences attributable to age, gender, and living situation (at home or on the street). Youngsters who lived at home and worked on the street appeared to be experiencing orderly development despite their impoverished circumstances. Youngsters who lived on the street showed hallmarks of psychological and physical …

Extra-Legal Factors And Product Liability: The Influence Of Mock Jurors’ Demographic Characteristics And Intuitions About The Cause Of An Injury, Brian H. Bornstein, Michelle Rajki

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Two experiments were performed to investigate the role of extra-legal factors in a simulated product liability trial. In cases where the factual evidence was identical, subjects’ liability judgments varied as a function of the case-specific factor of the alleged source of the plaintiff’s injury. In deciding cases differently depending on the alleged cause, subjects relied on intuitions about what injury sources are more or less likely to cause a certain kind of injury. Juror- specific factors also influenced subjects’ verdicts. There was no difference between students and non-students, but race and SES—factors that are often correlated with student status—did affect …

The Identification And Reporting Of Physical Abuse By Physicians: A Review And Implications For Research, Jody E. Warner, David J. Hansen

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Identification and reporting of possible cases of child physical abuse are critical precursors to intervention with maltreating families. Professionals from a variety of disciplines are mandated to report suspected cases of child maltreatment. Unfortunately, not all physically abused children are identified or reported. This paper reviews the literature that has examined factors that may influence the identification and reporting of physical abuse by physicians. The literature review is preceded by an overview of the multistep, multibehavior process of identification and reporting. The factors that may influence identification and reporting are discussed according to their association with the case, physician, or …

Mental Disorders In Primary Care Services: An Update, Junius Gonzales, Kathryn M. Magruder, Samuel J. Keith

Publications from Provost Junius J. Gonzales

Frank mental disorders, such as depression and panic disorder, are prevalent in primary care; they cause people substantial suffering and interfere with daily functioning. Even subthreshold or "subsyndromal" conditions, with fewer symptoms than necessary for making a diagnosis, cause substantial morbidity. Recent literature on mental disorders in primary care, where many, if not most, people with mental health problems are seen, is reviewed with focus on recognition and diagnosis issues, management of these problems in primary care, obstacles to accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment, and prevention issues. In addition to a review of recent research, there is an effort to …

Socialization Of Children’S Vicarious Emotional Responding And Prosocial Behavior: Relations With Mothers' Perceptions Of Children's Emotional Reactivity , Richard A. Fabes, Nancy Eisenberg, Mariss Karbon, Jane Bernzweig, Anna Lee Speer, Gustavo Carlo

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

We examined mother-child emotion-related interactions and how these interactions related to mothers’ perceptions of children’s emotional reactivity. Mothers of 49 kindergartners and 54 2nd graders told their children 2 stories about distressed others. Children’s emotional, physiological, and prosocial responses were also obtained. Mothers rated children’s tendencies to become emotional when exposed to distressed others. For kindergartners, mothers’ perceptions of children’s emotional reactivity were positively related to her use of positive facial expressions. Mothers’ perceptions of 2nd graders’ emotional reactivity were inversely related to maternal responsiveness. For both age groups, children’s skin conductance was inversely related to helpfulness. These findings suggest …

A Multiplicative Model Of The Dispositional Antecedents Of A Prosocial Behavior: Predicting More Of The People More Of The Time, George Knight, Lora G. Johnson, Gustavo Carlo, Nancy Eisenberg

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Researchers have demonstrated that individual differences in prosocial behavior may be a function of dispositional or person variables. However, the observed empirical relations have been relatively modest, perhaps because researchers have most often examined simple additive or single predictor models. The present investigation examined a multiplicative model of the relation of dispositional variables to a prosocial behavior. Eighty-six children between 6 and 9 years old completed a monetary donation task and measures of the general tendency to understand and reason about the affective state of others, to be sympathetic, and to understand the units and value of money. As expected, …

Responding To Sexual Discrimination: The Effects Of Societal Versus Self-Blame, Mindi D. Foster, Kimberley Matheson, Megan Poole

Psychology Faculty Publications

While self-blame has been considered to be a useful coping tool for victims, its benefits within the context of group discrimination are equivocal. The present research hypothesized that women encouraged to engage in self-blame for sex discrimination would be more likely to endorse accepting their situation or endorse the use of individual, normative actions. In contrast, women encouraged to engage in societal blame for sex discrimination would be more likely to participate in non-normative actions aimed at enhancing the status of the group as a whole. Female students in Canada were subjected to a situation of discrimination and were encouraged …

An Unusual Reaction To Opioid Blockade With Naltrexone In A Case Of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Paloma Ibarra, Stephen P. Bruehl, James A. Mccubbin, Charles R. Carlson, John F. Wilson, Jane A. Norton, Thomas B. Montgomery

CRVAW Faculty Journal Articles

An unusual behavioral and cardiovascular reaction was observed during opioid blockade with naltrexone in a 32-year-old male who met DSM III-R criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). As part of an ongoing placebo-controlled investigation of the effects of naltrexone on laboratory and ambulatory blood pressure reactivity, this participant reported experiencing feelings of rage, explosive behavior, and other unpleasant symptoms. When compared to all other subjects (N=24), this individual showed significantly greater effects of naltrexone on blood pressure reactivity during the laboratory stressor. His ambulatory blood pressures, when compared to placebo, were significantly increased during the 24-hr period following …

In Slime And Darkness: The Metaphor Of Filth In Criminal Justice, Martha Grace Duncan

Faculty Articles

An article such as this one, which seeks to examine the labyrinthine chains of meanings that we associate with illegal behavior, cries out for an interdisciplinary approach. Specifically, it demands a source that can reveal our unconscious as well as our conscious associations. Such a source is classical literature -- works of fiction that, by virtue of being read and loved through centuries and across continents, have proven their capacity to strike a responsive chord in their readers. Therefore, in Part II of this Article, I employ the classics, supplemented by occasional examples from contemporary fiction, history, and theology, to …

A Longitudinal Study Of Occupational Stressors And Depressive Symptoms In First-Year Teachers, Irvin Sam Schonfeld

Publications and Research

Administered the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and episodic stressor and strain scales to 255 female newly appointed teachers. Job conditions were related to postemployment depressive symptoms independently of pre-employment symptoms and other risk factors. Ss who worked in the most adverse school environments showed the most depressive symptoms; Ss in schools with the best conditions tended to show the fewest symptoms. The effects of working conditions on symptoms were relatively immediate. There may be positive mental health effects, in relation to preemployment levels, associated with teaching in benign school environments. Suggestions for future progress in …

“Introduction” To Integrative Views Of Motivation, Cognition, And Emotion, William D. Spaulding

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

One of my formative experiences as a graduate student came during a break in our afternoon-long first-year proseminar. We had been discussing the scope of psychology, or rather, listening to two professors debate the scope of psychology. Both the protagonists were clinical psychologists by training, but one had remained an empirically focused social learning theorist, while the other had pursued the study of Eastern religion, psychoanalysis, and transpersonal psychology. As the class milled about, the social learning empiricist sought some closure on the discussion. "Dick," he said to his transpersonal colleague, "it seems to me that we disagree because in …

Selected Demographic Variables As Predictors Of Behavior Change Among Adolescents In A Residential Treatment Center, Paul Stoltzfus

Faculty Publications - Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) Program

Research has demonstrated that theories of coping resources can be clarified by delineating risk factors and protective factors. These factors modulate the impact of traumatic events and which predict treatment outcome. This research project selected variables, conceptualized as risk and protective factors, to predict behavioral changes of adolescents at Chehalem House, a residential treatment center. The predictor variables were gender, age, diagnoses, level of intellectual functioning, the occurrence of sexual abuse, and severity of sexual abuse . The behaviors selected as criterion variables were non-compliance, negative attention seeking, and passivity/depression. Statistically significant regression equations were derived : a positive correlation …

Influence Of Ethnicity, Acculturation And Personality Attributes On Eating Attitudes And Behaviors Associated With Bulimia, Janet Arlene Profit

Theses Digitization Project

No abstract provided.

Use Of Visual And Tactile Behaviors By Rats (Rattus Norvegicus) In An Object Discrimination Swimming Task, Todd Wiebers

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

When challenged with a cognitive task, rats demonstrate a behavioral flexibility in use and preference of sensory modalities. The present study describes visual and tactile behaviors used by rats in a two choice object discrimination swimming task. The task was designed to preclude use of other sensory modalities and could not be solved via spatial strategies. Fourteen rats learned to criterion a series of 10 discrimination problems. Rats exhibited three stereotypic visual and two stereotypic tactile behaviors over the course of the study. Data analyses indicated that rats demonstrated these behaviors more frequently as they became more familiar with the …

Detecting Malingered Psychotic Symptoms With The Rorschach Projective Technique, Kristin M. Batchelder

Dissertations

Problem. Criminal defendants may be strongly motivated to avoid prosecution by appearing mentally ill, and the malingering of psychotic symptoms is of special concern in legal proceedings. Much research has been conducted to determine accurate methods to detect malingering. These include clinical interviews, structured personality tests, intelligence tests, and projective techniques. This present study investigated the ability of specific variables on the Rorschach Projective Technique to detect malingered protocols.

Method. The 83 subjects in this study were restricted to male pre-trial defendants in the Federal Judicial system who were placed into three categories by diagnosis: (1) malingering psychotic symptoms, (2) …

Collegiate Drug Use: Knowledge, Perceptions, And Behaviors, Scott Edward Joens

Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects

No abstract provided.

The Role Of Religion In The Psychology Of Coping With Lifestyle Changes And Traumatic Life Events, Tricia C. Drury

Mahurin Honors College Capstone Experience/Thesis Projects

This paper presents a survey of research on the role of religion in the psychology of coping with lifestyle changes and traumatic life events. Specifically, it offers a comprehensive literature review concerning individual differences in religious coping, styles of religious coping, the use of religious coping strategies by older adults, the role of religion in coping with illness, and the role of religion in coping with death. Published literature suggests that religious coping strategies are used frequently and by all types of people in dealing with problems. Suggestions for future research and a personal statement concerning religious coping are also …

Mind And Measurement: Review Of Daniel Algom (Ed.), Psychophysical Approaches To Cognition, John H. Flowers

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

I believe this volume will stimulate new research ideas, provide readers with some unique historical and philosophical perspectives, and raise important basic theoretical issues about both measurement and cognitive structure. Additionally, several of the chapters provide useful topical reviews (e.g., Baird and Hubbard on imagery, Algom on memory psychophysics, and Rollman on pain). The volume makes a compelling case that cognitive effects are an important component of psychophysical judgment even within the sensory realm and that psychophysical techniques can and should be used to tell us more about aspects of cognition. Whether the latter message will be heard by those …

Some Reasons To Expect Universal Antecedents Of Emotion, Phoebe C. Ellsworth

Book Chapters

First, human beings are all of the same species. Their bodies, their autonomic nervous systems, their hormones, and their sense organs resemble each other in structure and in use, and there is no doubt that these brains, autonomic nervous systems, hormones, and sense organs are essential to emotion.

Second, in order to survive in the world, human beings must be able to appreciate changes in the environment that have important consequences for their well-being, and they must be able to respond to these changes effectively. They must cope with immediate perils and take advantage of immediate opportunities, and they must …

Levels Of Thought And Levels Of Emotion, Phoebe C. Ellsworth

Book Chapters

I am not talking about unconscious emotions. If we have emotions that never ripple the surface of consciousness, they are beyond the scope of this discussion. I am talking about times when we are aware of emotional feelings, whether or not we can give these feelings a name.

Even for conscious emotional states, I think it is impossible to specify a set of minimal cognitive prerequisites. In some ways it is analogous to the attempt to specify the defining features of mental illness. Some people are delusional but not unhappy, some experience debilitating panic attacks even though they "know" there …

Identifying Chaos In Human Interactive Decision-Making, Susan E. Rhoads

Honors Theses

Human subjects played two computer versions of the Prisoner's Dilemma (Poundstone, 1992). By varying the payoff scales and instructions, one version of the game encouraged competition whereas the other encouraged cooperation. The data were entered into a computer program capable of generating a Sierpinski carpet with strings of random variables. The completion percentage of the resulting carpets indicated the degree to which the game-specific interactions approached chaos. The Sierpinski carpets resulting from the cooperation games showed significantly higher completion percentages than the carpets resulting from the competition games. Because chaotic behavior is unpredictable in the stream of its occurrence, research …