Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Predeliberation Activity In Prefrontal Cortex And Striatum And The Prediction Of Subsequent Value Judgment, Uri Maoz, Ueli Rutishauser, Soyoun Kim, Xinying Cai, Christof Koch

Psychology Faculty Articles and Research

Rational, value-based decision-making mandates selecting the option with highest subjective expected value after appropriate deliberation. We examined activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and striatum of monkeys deciding between smaller, immediate rewards and larger, delayed ones. We previously found neurons that modulated their activity in this task according to the animal's choice, while it deliberated (choice neurons). Here we found neurons whose spiking activities were predictive of the spatial location of the selected target (spatial-bias neurons) or the size of the chosen reward (reward-bias neurons) before the onset of the cue presenting the decision-alternatives, and thus before rational deliberation …

Reducing Multi-Sensor Data To A Single Time Course That Reveals Experimental Effects, Aaron Schurger, Sebastien Marti, Stanislas Dehaene

Psychology Faculty Articles and Research

Background: Multi-sensor technologies such as EEG, MEG, and ECoG result in high-dimensional data sets. Given the high temporal resolution of such techniques, scientific questions very often focus on the time-course of an experimental effect. In many studies, researchers focus on a single sensor or the average over a subset of sensors covering a “region of interest” (ROI). However, single-sensor or ROI analyses ignore the fact that the spatial focus of activity is constantly changing, and fail to make full use of the information distributed over the sensor array.

Methods: We describe a technique that exploits the optimality and …

Sex Differences In White Matter Development During Adolescence: A Dti Study, Yingying Wang, Chris Adamson, Weihong Yuan, Mekibib Altaye, Anna W. Byars, Scott K. Holland

Center for Brain, Biology, and Behavior: Faculty and Staff Publications

Adolescence is a complex transitional period in human development, composing physical maturation, cognitive and social behavioral changes. The objective of this study is to investigate sex differences in white matter development and the associations between intelligence and white matter microstructure in the adolescent brain using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). In a cohort of 16 typically-developing adolescents aged 13 to 17 years, longitudinal DTI data were recorded from each subject at two time points that were one year apart. We used TBSS to analyze the diffusion indices including fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity …

Combined Erp/Fmri Evidence For Early Word Recognition Effects In The Posterior Inferior Temporal Gyrus, Joseph Dien, Eric S. Brian, Dennis L. Molfese, Brian T. Gold

Center for Brain, Biology, and Behavior: Faculty and Staff Publications

Two brain regions with established roles in reading are the posterior middle temporal gyrus and the posterior fusiform gyrus. Lesion studies have also suggested that the region located between them, the posterior inferior temporal gyrus (pITG), plays a central role in word recognition. However, these lesion results could reflect disconnection effects since neuroimaging studies have not reported consistent lexicality effects in pITG. Here we tested whether these reported pITG lesion effects are due to disconnection effects or not using parallel ERP/fMRI studies. We predicted that the Recognition Potential (RP), a left-lateralized ERP negativity that peaks at about 200–250 ms, might …

Single-Trial Decoding Of Auditory Novelty Responses Facilitates The Detection Of Residual Consciousness, J. R. King, F. Faugeras, A. Gramfort, Aaron Schurger, I. El Karoui, J. D. Sitt, B. Rohaut, C. Wacongne, E. Labyt, T. Bekinschtein, L. Cohen, L. Naccache, S. Dehaene

Psychology Faculty Articles and Research

Detecting residual consciousness in unresponsive patients is a major clinical concern and a challenge for theoretical neuroscience. To tackle this issue, we recently designed a paradigm that dissociates two electro-encephalographic (EEG) responses to auditory novelty. Whereas a local change in pitch automatically elicits a mismatch negativity (MMN), a change in global sound sequence leads to a late P300b response. The latter component is thought to be present only when subjects consciously perceive the global novelty. Unfortunately, it can be difficult to detect because individual variability is high, especially in clinical recordings. Here, we show that multivariate pattern classifiers can extract …

Primary Care Clinicians’ Recognition And Management Of Depression: A Model Of Depression Care In Real-World Primary Care Practice, Seong-Yi Baik, Benjamin F. Crabtree, Junius Gonzales

Publications from Provost Junius J. Gonzales

BACKGROUND

Depression is prevalent in primary care (PC) practices and poses a considerable public health burden in the United States. Despite nearly four decades of efforts to improve depression care quality in PC practices, a gap remains between desired treatment outcomes and the reality of how depression care is delivered.

OBJECTIVE

This article presents a real-world PC practice model of depression care, elucidating the processes and their influencing conditions.

DESIGN

Grounded theory methodology was used for the data collection and analysis to develop a depression care model. Data were collected from 70 individual interviews (60 to 70 min each), three …

Restoring Effort-Related Functions In Models Of Depression Symptoms: Reversing Fatigue Symptoms Induced By Catecholamine Depleting Agent Tetrabenazine With The Adenosine A2a Antagonist Msx-3, Charlotte Freeland

Honors Scholar Theses

Motivational symptoms related to effort expenditure have been associated with major depression and other disorders that afflict millions of individuals worldwide. In an effort to identify potential therapeutic agents and characterize the underlying biochemical mechanisms related to these behaviors, recent research has utilized animal models to study and characterize such behavior. Previous work in the Salamone lab produced evidence that rats with impaired dopamine (DA) transmission show changes in response allocation in tasks that measure effort-related choice behavior, which are characterized by a decrease in selection of the high-effort choice but increased selection of the low-effort alternative. The present work …

Body Image And Disordered Eating Patterns In African-American College Women, Amazing Grace L. Danso

Senior Honors Theses

Currently, increasing scholarly attention is being given to eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and binge eating. A bulk of the research on the issue has focused on Caucasian women. As a result, the body of research may be limited in its generalization to other racial and ethnic groups. This study, therefore, sought to study disordered eating among African-American college women. Two models based on research questions were tested. The first focused on how body mass index (BMI) impacted disordered eating, while the second focused on how the difference between perceived actual and ideal body image impacted disordered eating. …

Concordance Of Meg And Fmri Patterns In Adolescents During Verb Generation, Yingying Wang, Scott K. Holland, Jennifer Vannest

Center for Brain, Biology, and Behavior: Faculty and Staff Publications

In this study we focused on direct comparison between the spatial distributions of activation detected by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and localization of sources detected by magnetoencephalography (MEG) during identical language tasks. We examined the spatial concordance between MEG and fMRI results in 16 adolescents performing a three-phase verb generation task that involves repeating the auditorily presented concrete noun and generating verbs either overtly or covertly in response to the auditorily presented noun. MEG analysis was completed using a synthetic aperture magnetometry (SAM) technique, while the fMRI data were analyzed using the general linear model approach with random-effects. To …

Gene X Environment Effects Of Serotonin Transporter, Dopamine Receptor D4, And Monoamine Oxidase A Genes With Contextual And Parenting Risk Factors On Symptoms Of Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Anxiety, And Depression In A Community Sample Of 4-Year-Old Children, John V. Lavigne, Laura B.K. Herzing, Edwin H. Cook, Susan A. Lebailly, Karen R. Gouze, Joyce Hopkins, Fred B. Bryant

Psychology: Faculty Publications and Other Works

Genetic factors can play a role in the multiple level of analyses approach to understanding the development of child psychology. The present study examined gene-environment correlations and Gene x Environment interactions for polymorphisms of three target genes, the serotonin transporter gene, the D4 dopamine reactor gene, and the monoamine oxidase A gene in relation to symptoms of anxiety, depression, and oppositional behavior. Saliva samples were collected from 175 non-Hispanic White, 4-year-old children. Psychosocial risk factors included socioeconomic status, life stress, caretaker depression, parental support, hostility, and scaffolding skills. In comparison with the short forms (s/s, s/l) of the serotonin transporter …

Display Overload: An Artifact-Based Work Analysis Of Air Traffic Management, Alicia Borgman Fernandes, Chris Brinton

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

Air traffic management personnel manage traffic flows into, out of, and through the area for which air traffic controllers in their facilities are responsible. We report on a cross-domain, artifact-based, work analysis of air traffic management that employed a hierarchical modeling methodology centered on the artifacts used in the operational setting and the information and decision-making support they provided. Many tools support traffic managers in planning for, managing, and monitoring traffic flows, but information and decision support functions are rarely integrated across tools. Thus, traffic managers spend much of their time acquiring and assimilating information from multiple displays and manually …

Teamwork And Performance Outcomes Of High-Fidelity Airline Operations Center Simulations, Glenn Littlepage, Paul Craig, Michael Hein, Richard Moffett Iii, Emily Sanders, Paul Carlson, Artyom Ivakh, Andrea Georgiou

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

This study describes effects of a series of simulations of an airline flight operations center and related functions such as pilots and airport ramp control. It is continuation of a multi-year project designed to develop an effective training program for entry level aviation professionals and to develop insights into teamwork processes. Results indicate that the interdependent multi-specialization simulations enhanced teamwork and performance.

The Effectiveness Of Microsoft Flight Simulator As A Training Aid For Private Pilot Training And Proficiency, Wendy S. Beckman

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

The debate regarding the effectiveness of computer-based software for pilot training and proficiency has been ongoing since such software first became available. While studies on the efficacy of such software have been and continue to be conducted, pilots are in large number utilizing such packages. A nationwide survey was conducted to determine how the Microsoft Flight Simulator (MFS) software package is being used by pilots for both initial private pilot training and for maintaining proficiency once certificated. Over 650 survey respondents evaluated the effectiveness of MFS in 14 areas of pilot operations. It was found that over 40% of respondents …

Sensor To Analyst: Improved Decision-Making In Aerial Isr Through Training And Decision Support Tools, Tiffany R. Poeppelman, Dan Caggiano, Cullen Jackson ., Scott Galster ., Capt Chad Tossell ., Bruce Bolley, Lawrence Scarff, David Lind, Kevin Durkee, Sterling Wiggins

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

From sensors to analysts, modern day intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) requires concerted efforts from players in the aviation, aerospace, and intelligence domains to complete the Planning and Direction, Collection, Processing and Exploitation, Analysis and Produ and ction, Dissemination (PCPAD) cycle. While the pilots, analysts, and consumers of ISR products in the PCPAD cycle have very different tasks and duties, all of th must constantly adapt to new environments, new challenges, and new enemies. The uncertainty generated by the nature of these environments places considerable decision-making and workload demands on the various operators. Currently, government, industry, and the operational community …

High Fidelity Simulation And Aviation Training To Improve Problem Solving Skills And Coordination, Andrea M. Georgiou, Paul C. Carlson, Paul A. Craig

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

As part of an ongoing collaborative project, a high fidelity simulation lab was developed to address teamwork deficiencies exhibited by newly minted aviation professionals. This lab, referred to as the Flight Operations Center-Unified Simulation (FOCUS) lab, was enhanced with greater fidelity, realistic and complex scenario triggers, and robust after action reviews. Student teams participate in a simulated work shift to further improve problem solving skills and coordination among senior-level undergraduate students.

A Situation Awareness Design Approach To The Position Of Airline Maintenance Control In A Simulated Operations Control Center, Durant Camron Bridges Iii

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

Research is being conducted at mid-sized public university regarding the collaborative team efforts of aviation students in a simulated airline control center. The students employ coordinated problem solving efforts toward disruption management and schedule optimization. Although the focus of this research is communication of the decision support systems, the design of the Maintenance Control position is discussed at length. The Maintenance Controller(s) communicate with all positions, as well as departments located outside the center’s physical location that may and may not be accessed by other participants. This position is one of the most vital and engaging in the simulation, and …

Applying Systems Thinking To Aviation Psychology, Nancy G. Leveson

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

Hazard analysis is at the heart of system safety. It can be described succinctly as “investigating an accident before it happens.” A hazard is selected, such as two aircraft violating minimum separation standards or an aircraft losing sufficient lift to maintain altitude, and then the scenarios that can lead to that hazardous state are identified. Hazards are informally defined here as precursor states to accidents that the designer never wants the system to get into purposely. The resulting scenarios or potential paths to the hazard are then used to compute the probability of the hazardous state occurring or to design …

Man-Machine Symbiosis In Aviation: New Risks And Capabilities In View Of Information Technology Expansion, Oleksandr Petrenko

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

The paper examines possibility of the impact of modern technology on the manmachine symbiosis in aviation. Presented some data concerning the perception of a pilots in a highly automated cockpit. The first results of empirical research make it possible to assume that aircraft systems can be customized to adjust to individual typological characteristics of operators. The paper discusses the language modality perspectives of a man-machine interaction. Creating modern sociotechnical systems aimed at a human at a completely new level has special requirements to an integration of designer and operational psychological outlooks.

Optimizing Data Processing And Management Decisions During Isr Through Innovative Training Regimens, Capt Chad C. Tossell, Cullen Jackson, Lisa M. Tripp ., Lt Robert A. Nelson

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

Effective intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) relies heavily on both technological and human analytical capabilities. Intelligence analysts must be able to detect, interpret, process, and perform other critical tasks to turn data into meaningful information for decision-makers. The ability to aggregate massive data sets into operationally relevant information is challenging due to issues such as information overload, team coordination, time constraints, tunnel vision, and limited or vague guidance. This report describes research and development efforts to enhance training for geospatial intelligence analysts. Initial results from cognitive task analyses with these analysts along with associated technology development are discussed.

Assessing The Efficacy Of Situation Awareness Probe Questions For Predicting Airtraffic- Management Performance, James D. Miles, Kim-Phuong L. Vu, Dan Chiappe, Thomas Strybel, Vernol Battiste

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

We conducted an exploratory data analysis as a step toward modeling components of SA. It was based on data collected from situation awareness probe questions that were used in large-scale air traffic control simulations over 5 semesters of an ATC radar internship in the Center for Human Factors in Advanced Aeronautics Technologies (CHAAT). Three components of SA were generated by a principal component analysis that we label “Action Relevant,” “Distance R and “Low Priority.” The analyses provide a data-driven scheme for categorizing probes relate SA that can be used in future evaluations of NextGen concepts and technologies.

Preliminary Examination Of Simulator-Based Training Effectiveness, Maxine Lubner, Sharon Devivo, Emerson Allen, Andrew Dattel ., Deb Henneberry

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

A preliminary examination of the effectiveness of a simulator-based training program for pilots was conducted. Thirteen students of varying backgrounds, with limited flight experience enrolled in an intensive, simulator-based flight training program. Six students completed their FAA Private Pilot certificates in an average of five weeks, while five completed within four weeks. They completed instrument ratings within three or four weeks. These qualifications were completed with fewer flight hours than the US average. One student stopped training, but four remaining students have completed their FAA commercial, multi-engine and instructor qualifications in a timely and cost-effective manner. A combination of intensive …

Nasa Nextgen Flightdeck Research: A Database Of Research Areas And Results, Kathleen L. Mosier, Alec Munc, Kendra Reich, Danielle Fox, James Swarts, Linda Tomko, Matthew O'Neill, Kerry Cunningham

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

This article contains an introduction to a database created to capture important NASA or NASA-sponsored research related to NextGen flightdeck issues and operations. Documents are products of NASA’s Airspace and Aviation Safety Program efforts to identify and resolve flightdeck human factors issues in NextGen, challenges to efficient operations, key areas in which technological advances are predicted to facilitate NextGen operations, research findings that can be used to develop NextGen procedures, and the potential impacts of off-nominal events.

Perceived Usefulness Of Planned Nextgen Capabilities By Air Traffic Control Tower Controllers, Jon Holbrook, Ray Oyung, Kari M. Gonter, Bonny Parke, Rebecca Collins, Bettina L. Beard

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

The Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) is an ambitious collaborative effort between government agencies and industry to increase the capabilities of the current air traffic system. Under NextGen, tools are being developed to support air traffic controllers in many aspects of their jobs. However, budgetary constraints, unanticipated technological hurdles and other challenges to implementation make it unlikely that every NextGen tool in development will find its way into future air traffic control facilities. Information is needed to prioritize NextGen tool development to ensure that the tools that will provide the most benefit can be implemented in the appropriate facilities. …

Sequential Required Time Of Arrival Intervals Utilizing Existing Technologies, Amy L. Alexander, Thomas L. Teller

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

Four-dimensional trajectory-based operations (4D TBO) requiring aircraft to meet specified timing constraints at designated waypoints along their route are a key strategy for increasing airspace throughput and efficiency. The Required Time of Arrival (RTA) function of the aircraft Flight Management System (FMS) and the ground-based Traffic Management Advisor (TMA) were tested for supporting such operations. Two different methods for implementing appropriate time intervals between sequential RTA aircraft were explored in this paper: a fixed 90-second interval versus discrete intervals varied to match the prevailing conditions. Both methods yielded a good balance between separation assurance and flow efficiency. Three different types …

Exploring The Effects Of Working Memory Capacity, Attention, And Expertise On Situation Awareness In A Flight Simulation Environment, Orçun Orkan Özcan, Murat Perit Çakır, Bilge Say

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

Simulator pilots are subject to some of the constraints of a real flight situation in a PC based flight simulation. Situation awareness (SA) for simulator pilots was explored in terms of underlying cognitive aspects by analyzing the compound effects of expertise, working memory, inhibition and divided attention. Online and Offline SA measurements were analyzed with expertise and scores of Automated Operation Span Task, Stroop and Coşkunöz visual attention tasks. Regression analyses revealed the expected relationships of simulator pilots’ SA with expertise and inhibition capacity but not with working memory and divided attention capacity. Obtained results were also compared to those …

Situation Awareness And Situation Assessment: How Are They Related?, Norman R. Hertz, Michael T. Hertz

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

The goals of human factors practitioners and industrial psychologists in situation awareness milieu are to assess individuals, teams, and organizations to measure current performance and predict future performance. The value in assessing situation awareness (SA) is that it impacts performance. Endsley (1995a) stated “SA provides the primary basis for subsequent decision making and performance in complex, dynamic systems.” The purpose of this paper is not to discuss or propose another means of describing or measuring SA but instead to propose the role of situation assessment (SAS) in identifying the nature of SA, product and/or process, regardless of the definition or …

Review Of Pilot Performance And Pilot-Automation Interaction Models In Support Of Nextgen, Angelia Sebok, Christopher D. Wickens

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

Computational models of aircraft pilot performance will gain importance over the next decades, as major evolutions in the national airspace continue to emerge with the NextGen program. Evaluating new technology, or procedures such as self-separation, requires time and resourceconsuming pilot-in-the-loop (PITL) simulations. Models can augment PITL findings and they can help to constrain the scope of PITL simulations. If they are validated, such computational models may actually answer some design questions in place of PITL simulations. This paper summarizes a review of modeling efforts to address pilot performance, and elaborates on pilot-automation interaction models.

The Faa’S Human Factors Air Traffic Control / Technical Operations Strategic Research Plan, Edward Austrian, Dino Piccione

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Air Traffic Control (ATC) / Technical Operations (TO) Human Factors Team completed development and publication of a ten-year strategic research plan. This effort was endorsed by the FAA Research Engineering and Development Advisory Committee (REDAC) and sponsored by the FAA Human Factors Division. The intent of the strategic plan is to define a clear pathway for the ATC / TO Human Factors Team to improve and integrate human factors research in ATC applications. The strategic plan also serves as a communication tool to engage the community of practice and promote the implementation of products that …

Refinement Of Mental Models Of Interdependence And Communication, Emily Sanders, Glenn Littlepage, Michael Hein

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

This study examined the relationship between mental models of interdependence and communication in a simulated aviation flight operations center. Social network analysis indicated that mental models of both interdependence and communication importance develop with team interaction and that, following team interaction, the two types of models were closely related.

Effects Of Nextgen Concepts For Separation Assurance And Interval Management On Atco Situation Awareness, Thomas Z. Strybel, Kim-Phuong L. Vu, Dan Chiappe, Corey A. Morgan, Vernol Battiste

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

We examined the effects of responsibility for interval management and separation assurance on ATCo situation awareness, workload and performance. Four conditions were tested by crossing two strategies for interval management (ATCo responsible or flight deck responsible) and two strategies for separation assurance (ATCo primary or automation primary). Situation awareness and workload were assessed with an online probe technique. Workload was lowest when both functions were automated, but situation awareness for conflicts depended on the sector. Both workload and situation awareness were related to the number of ATCo-managed LOS.