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Articles 1 - 30 of 43
Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences
Isolating Adult Psychological Correlates Of Witnessing Parental Violence: Findings From A Predominantly Latina Sample, Corrie A. Davies, David Dilillo, Isaac G. Martinez
Isolating Adult Psychological Correlates Of Witnessing Parental Violence: Findings From A Predominantly Latina Sample, Corrie A. Davies, David Dilillo, Isaac G. Martinez
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
This study examined the relationship between childhood exposure to parental violence and adult psychological functioning in a sample of predominantly Mexican American participants. Questionnaires assessing childhood maltreatment, family environment, and current psychological symptomatology were completed by 142 female undergraduates. Findings revealed that witnessing parental violence in childhood was associated with depressive symptoms, low self-esteem, and trauma symptoms in adulthood, even after controlling for child physical and sexual abuse. However, in subsequent analyses, also controlling for levels of nonphysical family conflict, previous associations between exposure to parental violence and adult symptomatology were reduced, such that trauma-related symptoms remained the sole outcome …
Parental Beliefs Regarding Developmental Benefits Of Childhood Injuries, Terri Lewis, David Dilillo, Lizette Peterson
Parental Beliefs Regarding Developmental Benefits Of Childhood Injuries, Terri Lewis, David Dilillo, Lizette Peterson
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Objective: To assess parental beliefs that minor childhood injuries play a beneficial role in the development of young children.
Methods: Mothers and fathers of 159 children, ages 15 to 40 months, completed the Injury Attitudes Questionnaire (IAQ), designed to assess parental beliefs that children "learn from" and "toughen up" as a result of experiencing minor injuries.
Results: A main effect for parent gender was found such that fathers endorsed stronger beliefs than did mothers regarding the developmental benefits of injuries.
Conclusions: The accuracy of these beliefs as well as their relevance to parental injury-prevention behaviors is discussed.
Understanding Perpetrators Of Nonphysical Sexual Coercion: Characteristics Of Those Who Cross The Line, Sarah Degue, David Dilillo
Understanding Perpetrators Of Nonphysical Sexual Coercion: Characteristics Of Those Who Cross The Line, Sarah Degue, David Dilillo
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Sexual coercion is defined here as a form of male sexual misconduct in which nonphysical tactics (e.g., verbal pressure) are utilized to gain sexual contact with an unwilling female partner. This study compares the risk characteristics of sexually coercive (n = 81) and nonoffending college males (n = 223) across several domains. Results revealed that sexual coercers differed from nonoffenders in that they more often subscribed to rape myths, viewed interpersonal violence as more acceptable, reported greater hostility toward females, and perceived male-female relationships as more inherently adversarial. In addition, compared to nonoffenders, sexually coercive males showed stronger indicators of …
A Meta-Analytic Review Of The Effects Of High Stress On Eyewitness Memory, Kenneth A. Deffenbacher, Brian H. Bornstein, Steven D. Penrod, E. Kiernan Mcgorty
A Meta-Analytic Review Of The Effects Of High Stress On Eyewitness Memory, Kenneth A. Deffenbacher, Brian H. Bornstein, Steven D. Penrod, E. Kiernan Mcgorty
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
In the past 30 years researchers have examined the impact of heightened stress on the fidelity of eyewitness memory. Meta-analyses were conducted on 27 independent tests of the effects of heightened stress on eyewitness identification of the perpetrator or target person and separately on 36 tests of eyewitness recall of details associated with the crime. There was considerable support for the hypothesis that high levels of stress negatively impact both types of eyewitness memory. Meta-analytic Z-scores, whether unweighted or weighted by sample size, ranged from -5.40 to -6.44 (high stress condition–low stress condition). The overall effect sizes were -.31 for …
Acetylcholine: Ii. Nicotinic Receptors, Joyce Besheer, Rick A. Bevins
Acetylcholine: Ii. Nicotinic Receptors, Joyce Besheer, Rick A. Bevins
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
The nicotinic cholinergic system has been widely implicated in mediating learning and/or memory processes in human and nonhuman animals. This chapter highlights various areas of basic research in which stimulation or blockade of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) has been shown to affect an animals performance in a variety of tasks thought to measure learning and memory. For example, under certain conditions, stimulation of nAChRs by nicotine (or other nAChRs agonists) can enhance working memory of primates as measured in a delayed matching-to-sample task. Attentional processes are also improved in rats as indexed by a five-choice serial reaction time task. Further, …
The Impact Of Different Types Of Expert Scientific Testimony On Mock Jurors’ Liability Verdicts, Brian H. Bornstein
The Impact Of Different Types Of Expert Scientific Testimony On Mock Jurors’ Liability Verdicts, Brian H. Bornstein
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Participants in two experiments acted as jurors for a personal-injury case containing different types of expert testimony. In both experiments, the defendant was more likely to obtain a verdict in his favor when his expert presented anecdotal case histories than when the expert presented experimental data. Participants’ liability judgments were correlated with their perceptions of the experts’ credibility (experiments 1 and 2) and were moderated somewhat by their need for cognition and preference for numerical information (experiment 2). The results are discussed in terms of reasoning heuristics such as the base-rate fallacy.
Influence Of Fluoxetine On Positive And Negative Affect In A Clinic-Based Smoking Cessation Trial, Jessica Werth Cook, Bonnie Spring, Dennis E. Mcchargue, Belinda Borrelli, Brian Hitsman, Raymond Niaura, Nancy J. Keuthen, Jean Kristeller
Influence Of Fluoxetine On Positive And Negative Affect In A Clinic-Based Smoking Cessation Trial, Jessica Werth Cook, Bonnie Spring, Dennis E. Mcchargue, Belinda Borrelli, Brian Hitsman, Raymond Niaura, Nancy J. Keuthen, Jean Kristeller
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Rationale – Fluoxetine improves affect in clinical syndromes such as depression and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Little is known about fluoxetine’s influence on mood changes after quitting smoking, which often resemble sub-clinical depression. Objectives – The present study, a re-analysis of previously published data (Niaura et al. 2002), examined fluoxetine’s effect on changes in negative and positive affect following quitting smoking. Methods – Adult smokers (n = 175) without clinically significant depression were randomized on a double-blind basis to receive fluoxetine hydrochloride (30 or 60 mg daily) or placebo for 10 weeks in combination with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for smoking cessation. …
Pathways To Self-Esteem In Late Adolescence: The Role Of Parent And Peer Attachment, Empathy, And Social Behaviors, Deborah J. Laible, Gustavo Carlo, Scott C. Roesch
Pathways To Self-Esteem In Late Adolescence: The Role Of Parent And Peer Attachment, Empathy, And Social Behaviors, Deborah J. Laible, Gustavo Carlo, Scott C. Roesch
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
The goal of this study was to examine both the direct and indirect relations of parent and peer attachment with self-esteem and to examine the potential mediating roles of empathy and social behavior. 246 college students (Mage = 18.6 years, s.d. = 1.61) completed self-report measures of parent and peer attachment, empathy, social behavior, and self-esteem. Structural equation modeling revealed that parental attachment had mostly direct effects on self-esteem. Among females, the links between peer attachment and self-esteem, however, were entirely mediated by empathy and prosocial behavior. The findings from this study suggest that although close supportive relationships with parents …
Religiosity, Values, And Horizontal And Vertical Individualism-Collectivism: A Study Of Turkey, The United States, And The Philippines, Cem Safak Cukur, Maria Rosario De Guzman, Gustavo Carlo
Religiosity, Values, And Horizontal And Vertical Individualism-Collectivism: A Study Of Turkey, The United States, And The Philippines, Cem Safak Cukur, Maria Rosario De Guzman, Gustavo Carlo
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
The authors examined the links between two dimensions that have been useful in understanding cross-cultural differences and similarities, namely, individualism- collectivism (I-C) and value orientations. The authors examined the relations and parallels between the two variables by directly relating them and examining the patterns of relations that both have with a third variable, religiosity. Participants were 475 college students from the Philippines, the United States, and Turkey who responded to measures of horizontal and vertical I-C, value orientations, and religiosity. The authors found partial support for the parallels between I-C and value types, particularly for collectivism and conservative values. Moreover, …
Endocrine System, Richard A. Dienstbier
Endocrine System, Richard A. Dienstbier
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
In complex animals the two principal systems of regulation are the endocrine system and the nervous systems. The endocrine system consists of the ductless endocrine glands, which secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. The endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system both regulate most of the involuntary functions of the body, including circulatory functions (e.g., blood pressure and heart rate), energy and arousal levels, reproductive functions, and the immune system. Another major function of endocrine hormones is to regulate tissue growth in young, developing organisms. This abbreviated summary of endocrine system responses to challenge and threat illustrates some of the …
Daily Experiences Of Emotions And Social Contexts Of Securely And Insecurely Attached Young Adults, Julia C. Torquati, Marcela Raffaelli
Daily Experiences Of Emotions And Social Contexts Of Securely And Insecurely Attached Young Adults, Julia C. Torquati, Marcela Raffaelli
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
This study examined daily emotions and social contexts of young adults who differed in global attachment style (secure vs. insecure). Sixty-nine college students (41% male, 59% female) completed self-report measures of attachment and provided timesampling data on moods, companionship, and activities using the experience sampling method. Secure (n = 41) and insecure (n = 28) young adults spent a similar proportion of time with familiar intimates and alone. Secure individuals reported significantly more positive affect, higher levels of energy, and more connection than insecure individuals when they were alone and higher levels of energy and connection in the context …
The Differential Relations Of Maternal And Paternal Support And Control To Adolescent Social Competence, Self-Worth, And Sympathy, Deborah J. Laible, Gustavo Carlo
The Differential Relations Of Maternal And Paternal Support And Control To Adolescent Social Competence, Self-Worth, And Sympathy, Deborah J. Laible, Gustavo Carlo
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
The goal of this study was to examine how the parenting dimensions of both mothers and fathers independently and together predict adolescent outcomes in three domains: sympathy, self-worth, and social competence. One-hundred eight adolescents completed self report measures on their perceived relationship with parents, sympathy, social competence, and self-worth. Perceived maternal support and rigid control were the most consistent predictors of adolescent adjustment. High levels of perceived maternal support and low levels of maternal rigid control were related to adolescents’ reports of sympathy, social competence, and self-worth. In contrast, support and control from fathers was generally unrelated to adolescent adjustment. …
Children’S Perceptions Of Family Relationships As Assessed In A Doll Story Completion Task: Links To Parenting, Social Competence, And Externalizing Behavior, Deborah Laible, Gustavo Carlo, Julia C. Torquati, Lenna Ontai
Children’S Perceptions Of Family Relationships As Assessed In A Doll Story Completion Task: Links To Parenting, Social Competence, And Externalizing Behavior, Deborah Laible, Gustavo Carlo, Julia C. Torquati, Lenna Ontai
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
This study was designed to examine the links between parenting, children’s perceptions of family relationships, and children’s social behavior. Seventy-four children (M age = 6.01 years; 39 boys; 35 girls) and their parents took part in the study. Children completed relationship-oriented doll stories that were coded for coherence, prosocial themes, and aggressive themes. Parents completed a report of their child’s social behavior, a parenting scale, and a number of demographic items. Teachers also completed measures of children’s social competence and externalizing behavior. Warm parenting predicted both a child’s representation of prosocial themes in the doll stories and social competence, whereas …
“It’S Not Fair!” Adolescents’ Constructions Of Appropriateness Of Parental Reactions, Laura M. Padilla-Walker, Gustavo Carlo
“It’S Not Fair!” Adolescents’ Constructions Of Appropriateness Of Parental Reactions, Laura M. Padilla-Walker, Gustavo Carlo
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Research suggests that perceived appropriateness of parental discipline plays a role in whether adolescents accept or reject parental messages, but little is known about how adolescents conceptualize or construct their ideas of appropriateness. One hundred twenty-two adolescents (M age = 16.87) answered questions about past situations (both antisocial and prosocial), how parents responded to these situations, the adolescent’s perceived appropriateness of the parent’s reaction, how the parent’s reaction made the adolescent feel, and what the adolescent thought the parent’s intentions were. Appropriateness ratings were related to the type of parental discipline used, with yelling associated with lower ratings of appropriateness …
Nicotine Serves As A Feature-Positive Modulator Of Pavlovian Appetitive Conditioning In Rats, M. I. Palmatier, J. L. Peterson, J. L. Wilkinson, Rick A. Bevins
Nicotine Serves As A Feature-Positive Modulator Of Pavlovian Appetitive Conditioning In Rats, M. I. Palmatier, J. L. Peterson, J. L. Wilkinson, Rick A. Bevins
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
The present experiments examined whether a nicotine state could set the occasion for a pairing between visual cues and a rewarding outcome in rats. Following nicotine administration, presentation of a conditional stimulus (CS; light-on) was followed by brief access to a sucrose solution. When saline was administered, the same CS was presented but was not followed by any consequence. In Experiment 1, two groups assessed whether rats could acquire this Pavlovian feature-positive discrimination via different training procedures. An anticipatory food-seeking conditioned response (CR) developed during the CS on nicotine sessions but not on saline sessions in both groups. In Experiment …
Individual And Social Influences On Ethnic Identity Among Latino Young Adults, Lenna L. Ontai-Grzebik, Marcela Raffaelli
Individual And Social Influences On Ethnic Identity Among Latino Young Adults, Lenna L. Ontai-Grzebik, Marcela Raffaelli
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Building on prior Latino ethnic identity research, this study had three goals: describe age-related trends in ethnic identity among young adults, examine relations among ethnic identity and individual factors, and explore the impact of family and peer socialization on ethnic identity. The participants (two hundred 19-to 30-year-olds; mean age = 22.5) completed self-report surveys sent to Latino undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in four midwestern institutions of higher education. The findings suggest individual factors are strong predictors of ethnic identity during early adulthood; respondents who were younger, high on Latino orientation, spent more time in the United States, and whose …
Extending The Role Of Associative Learning Processes In Nicotine Addiction., Rick A. Bevins, Matthew I. Palmatier
Extending The Role Of Associative Learning Processes In Nicotine Addiction., Rick A. Bevins, Matthew I. Palmatier
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Compulsive smoking is a worldwide public health problem. Although research has confirmed the importance of associative learning processes in nicotine addiction, therapies targeting nicotine-associated cues still have a high relapse rate. Most theories conceptualize nicotine as an 'outcome' that reinforces behaviors and/or changes the affective value of stimuli. Albeit important, this view does not capture the complexity of associative processes involved in nicotine addiction. For example, nicotine serves as a conditional stimulus acquiring new appetitive/affective properties when paired with a non-drug reward. Also, nicotine functions as an occasion setter that participates in higher-order associative processes that likely permit a more …
Attachment And Depression Differentially Influence Nicotine Dependence Among Male And Female Undergraduates: A Preliminary Study, Dennis E. Mcchargue, Lee M. Cohen, Jessica W. Cook
Attachment And Depression Differentially Influence Nicotine Dependence Among Male And Female Undergraduates: A Preliminary Study, Dennis E. Mcchargue, Lee M. Cohen, Jessica W. Cook
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
The authors surveyed a convenience sample of 208 undergraduate students who reported that they smoked cigarettes. The primary hypothesis they tested was whether gender predicted nicotine dependence. They further tested whether depression and attachment would mediate or moderate this relationship. Hierarchical regression analyses with social desirability and smoking stage of change entered as covariates indicated that women exhibited greater nicotine dependence than men did (p < .01). Lower attachment scores fully mediated this relationship, whereas elevated depression scores moderated the relationship. These findings suggest that depression and the inability to bond with peers may promote nicotine dependence among young female students.
Letter To The Editor: Response To Covey, Brian Hitsman, Bonnie Spring, Belinda Borrelli, Dennis E. Mcchargue, Raymond Niaura
Letter To The Editor: Response To Covey, Brian Hitsman, Bonnie Spring, Belinda Borrelli, Dennis E. Mcchargue, Raymond Niaura
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Dr. Covey asserts that our meta-analysis of the association between history of major depression and smoking treatment outcome (Hitsman, Borrelli, McChargue, Spring, & Niaura, 2003) was flawed because we did not limit our analysis to participants randomized to placebo or alternative least intensive treatment condition.
Impulsivity And Smoking Relapse, Neal Doran, Bonnie Spring, Dennis E. Mcchargue, Michele Pergadia, Malia Richmond
Impulsivity And Smoking Relapse, Neal Doran, Bonnie Spring, Dennis E. Mcchargue, Michele Pergadia, Malia Richmond
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Previous research has shown that elevated trait-impulsivity heightens the risk for initiating tobacco use and indicates that nicotine may be disproportionately rewarding for more impulsive persons. However, the influence of impulsivity on the ability to maintain nicotine abstinence has not been studied. The present study tested the hypothesis that a higher level of trait-impulsivity would predict a more rapid relapse to smoking following 48 hr of nicotine abstinence. Participants were euthymic, regular smokers (N=45), with a history of at least one major depressive episode, who participated in a paid smoking cessation study with biological challenge (tryptophan depletion). Treatment …
Gender And Age Differences In Brazilian Children’S Friendship Nominations And Peer Sociometric Ratings, Maria Rosario De Guzman, Gustavo Carlo, Lenna L. Ontai, Silvia H. Koller, George P. Knight
Gender And Age Differences In Brazilian Children’S Friendship Nominations And Peer Sociometric Ratings, Maria Rosario De Guzman, Gustavo Carlo, Lenna L. Ontai, Silvia H. Koller, George P. Knight
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
The purpose of this study was to examine gender-and age-related patterns of friendship preferences among Brazilian children. In particular, we examined: (a) children’s same-sex friendship preference, and its greater intensity among older children; (b) higher exclusivity among girls and higher inclusiveness among boys; and (c) generally higher exclusivity and inclusiveness among older children. Participants were 210 (110 boys, 100 girls) public school students from Brazil who ranged in age from 3.0 to 10.5 years of age. Children were asked to nominate their best friends and to rate how much they liked and disliked each of their other classmates. Children generally …
Reinforcement Expectations Explain The Relationship Between Depressive History And Smoking Status In College Students, Dennis E. Mcchargue, Bonnie Spring, Jessica Werth Cook, Christopher A. Neumann
Reinforcement Expectations Explain The Relationship Between Depressive History And Smoking Status In College Students, Dennis E. Mcchargue, Bonnie Spring, Jessica Werth Cook, Christopher A. Neumann
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Little is understood about biobehavioral mechanisms that mediate the comorbidity between cigarette smoking and depression. We hypothesized that expectancies about nicotine’s reinforcing effects are associated with vulnerability to depression, and may partially explain the relationship between history of depression and smoking. Young adult smokers and never smokers (N = 175, mean age = 19.9 years, S.D. = 3.2) were assessed for history of depression and expectations about the negative (e.g., dispels bad moods) and positive (e.g., increases pleasure) reinforcing effects of smoking. Results are inconsistent with the premise that negative reinforcement expectancies mediate the comorbidity between depression and nicotine …
Problem Behavior Theory: An Examination Of The Behavior Structure System In Latino And Non-Latino College Students, Byron L. Zamboanga, Gustavo Carlo, Marcela Raffaelli
Problem Behavior Theory: An Examination Of The Behavior Structure System In Latino And Non-Latino College Students, Byron L. Zamboanga, Gustavo Carlo, Marcela Raffaelli
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Scholars have proposed that diverse problem and conventional behaviors reflect a single underlying factor; however, others suggest that the strength and pattern of interrelations among problem and conventional behaviors are not consistent across different cultural groups. The present study investigated the factor structure of problem and conventional behaviors in Cuban, non-Cuban Latino, and non-Latino college students. Two hundred and sixty-nine college students (70% women; M age=19.0, SD=2.34) reported on their substance use, and involvement in deviant (e.g., fighting, shoplifting, vandalism) and conventional (e.g., school performance, religiosity) behaviors. In support of the behavior system of Problem Behavior Theory (PBT), a single-common …
Extending The Revelation Effect To Faces: Haven’T We Met Before?, Brian H. Bornstein, Jeffrey R. Wilson
Extending The Revelation Effect To Faces: Haven’T We Met Before?, Brian H. Bornstein, Jeffrey R. Wilson
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
The revelation effect is an episodic memory phenomenon where participants are more likely to report that they recognized an item when it is judged after an interpolated task than when it is not. Although this effect is very robust, nearly all of the extant research has used verbal or readily verbalizable stimuli. The present two experiments examined whether a revelation effect could be produced with non-verbal stimuli such as faces. A revelation effect was found in both experiments, for both targets and lures, using faces as stimuli. The findings are integrated into the prevailing empirical frameworks for the revelation effect …
The Process Of Recommending Homework In Psychotherapy: A Review Of Therapist Delivery Methods, Client Acceptability, And Factors That Affect Compliance, Michael J. Scheel, William E. Hanson, Tanya I. Razzhavaikina
The Process Of Recommending Homework In Psychotherapy: A Review Of Therapist Delivery Methods, Client Acceptability, And Factors That Affect Compliance, Michael J. Scheel, William E. Hanson, Tanya I. Razzhavaikina
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Although the link between homework use and positive psychotherapy outcomes has been established, relatively little is known about the therapeutic processes, or factors, that promote homework compliance. Homework compliance may be viewed as an indicator of client commitment and involvement in psychotherapy. This article presents the results of a systematic review of research, including 16 empirical studies, related to the homework recommendation process. Findings relate to the frequency and type of homework that therapists deliver, factors that promote client acceptability of homework recommendations, and factors that affect compliance. On the basis of these findings, the authors propose a theoretically and …
The Influence Of Personality And Affect On Nicotine Dependence Among Male College Students, Dennis E. Mcchargue, Lee M. Cohen, Jessica Warth Cook
The Influence Of Personality And Affect On Nicotine Dependence Among Male College Students, Dennis E. Mcchargue, Lee M. Cohen, Jessica Warth Cook
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Many clinicians and researchers hypothesize that tobacco use disorders, regardless of the route of administration, are maintained by the ability of nicotine to regulate positive and negative mood states. The present study (N = 137) examined whether certain mood states predicted dependence on either cigarettes or smokeless tobacco and whether specific personality characteristics (e.g., extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism) mediated these relationships among young male college students. Results indicated that positive and negative moods predicted cigarette dependence (p values = .01) and that neuroticism partially mediated the relationship between positive affect and cigarette dependence. Exploratory analyses revealed that positive …
Gender Socialization In Latino/A Families: Results From Two Retrospective Studies, Marcela Raffaelli, Lenna L. Ontai
Gender Socialization In Latino/A Families: Results From Two Retrospective Studies, Marcela Raffaelli, Lenna L. Ontai
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
In this article, we present findings from 2 studies designed to explore gender-related socialization in Latino/a families. In Study 1, 22 adult Latinas (ages 20–45) completed in-depth interviews. In Study 2, 166 Latino/a college students (58% women; M age 21.4 years) completed self-report surveys. Study 1 findings suggest that many Latino/a parents socialize their daughters in ways that are marked by “traditional” gender-related expectations and messages. Results of Study 2, which included descriptive analyses and the creation of scales to explore family correlates of gender-related socialization, support and expand these findings. Male and female respondents described different experiences of household …
Unifying Representations And Responses: Perseverative Biases Arise From A Single Behavioral System, John P. Spencer, Anne R. Schutte
Unifying Representations And Responses: Perseverative Biases Arise From A Single Behavioral System, John P. Spencer, Anne R. Schutte
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
A dominant account of perseverative errors in early development contends that such errors reflect a failure to inhibit a prepotent response. This study investigated whether perseveration might also arise from a failure to inhibit a prepotent representation. Children watched as a toy was hidden at an A location, waited during a delay, and then watched the experimenter find the toy. After six observation-only A trials, the toy was hidden at a B location, and children were allowed to search for the toy. Two- and 4-year-olds’ responses on the B trials were significantly biased toward A even though they had never …
Nicotine As A Signal For The Presence Or Absence Of Sucrose Reward: Pavlovian Drug Appetitive Conditioning Preparation In Rats, Joyce Besheer, Matthew I. Palmatier, Dawn M. Metschke, Rick A. Bevins
Nicotine As A Signal For The Presence Or Absence Of Sucrose Reward: Pavlovian Drug Appetitive Conditioning Preparation In Rats, Joyce Besheer, Matthew I. Palmatier, Dawn M. Metschke, Rick A. Bevins
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Rationale: In Pavlovian conditioning research, nicotine is typically conceptualized as the unconditioned stimulus (US) that becomes associated with an exteroceptive conditioned stimulus (CS). This research has not explored the possibility that nicotine can also function as a CS. Objectives: The present research examined whether nicotine served as a CS for the presence (CS+) or absence (CS–) of sucrose and started defining its specificity. Methods and results: Rats trained in the CS+ condition had nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, base) paired intermittently with brief access to sucrose. Intermixed were saline sessions without sucrose. Nicotine acquired the ability to evoke goal tracking. This conditioned …
Hedonic Capacity, Cigarette Craving, And Diminished Positive Mood, Jessica Werth Cook, Bonnie Spring, Dennis E. Mcchargue, Donald Hedecker
Hedonic Capacity, Cigarette Craving, And Diminished Positive Mood, Jessica Werth Cook, Bonnie Spring, Dennis E. Mcchargue, Donald Hedecker
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Cigarette craving has been linked to elevated negative and positive moods, but a connection to deficient positive affect has not been studied. We tested whether a low hedonic capacity predicts a heightened urge to smoke after acute nicotine deprivation, and whether such an effect is mediated by decreased positive mood or increased negative mood. A total of 35 smokers characterized for individual differences in hedonic capacity were deprived of nicotine for 48 hr. Using mixed-effects regression modeling, we found that lower hedonic capacity predicted greater increases in craving 24 hr after nicotine withdrawal, t(29)=-22.33, p=-.03. The effect of hedonic capacity …