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- Sexual abuse (4)
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- Sun exposure (2)
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- Hospice (1)
- Juries (1)
- Juror decision-making (1)
- Juror race (1)
- Labeling (1)
- Latina (1)
- Latino families (1)
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Articles 1 - 30 of 34
Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences
Barriers To Community Mental Health Services For Latinos: Treatment Considerations, Haig Kouyoumdjian, Byron L. Zamboanga, David J. Hansen
Barriers To Community Mental Health Services For Latinos: Treatment Considerations, Haig Kouyoumdjian, Byron L. Zamboanga, David J. Hansen
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
The underutilization of mental health services by Latinos has been a growing concern in research and clinical practice. This has become increasingly important as the population of Latinos in the United States rapidly rises and the evidence that many are not receiving needed mental health services accumulates. To provide an understanding of the issues, this article provides an overview of risk factors that may influence the mental health of Latinos and examines prevalence rates of psychopathology and service utilization trends. This article then presents a comprehensive review of the socioeconomic, cultural, and psychotherapeutic barriers that prevent Latinos from receiving community …
Sexual Risk Taking In Adolescence: The Role Of Self-Regulation And Attraction To Risk, Marcela Raffaelli, Lisa J. Crockett
Sexual Risk Taking In Adolescence: The Role Of Self-Regulation And Attraction To Risk, Marcela Raffaelli, Lisa J. Crockett
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Precursors of adolescent sexual risk taking were examined in a multiethnic sample consisting of 443 children (51% girls) of National Longitudinal Survey of Youth participants. Respondents were 12–13 years old in 1994 and 16–17 in 1998. Controlling for demographic and contextual factors, self-regulation—but not risk proneness—was significantly (modestly) associated with overall sexual risk taking 4 years later, Analyses of individual sexual behaviors indicated that self-regulation may affect choices made after becoming sexually active (e.g. number of partners) rather than the initiation of sexual activity. Measures of parent and peer influence had independent effects on sexual risk taking but did not …
Serotonergic Agents And Alcoholism Treatment: A Simulation, Scott F. Stoltenberg
Serotonergic Agents And Alcoholism Treatment: A Simulation, Scott F. Stoltenberg
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Background: Those with early-onset alcoholism may better respond to ondansetron (a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist) than to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment, whereas those with late-onset alcoholism may present the reverse response pattern. Johnson and colleagues proposed a model that attempts to explain the observed treatment response patterns of those with early and late alcoholism onset by focusing on the influence of a common genetic variant in the serotonin transporter regulatory region (5-HTTLPR) on serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) system function.
Methods: The present study formalizes and extends Johnson’s descriptive model into a computer simulation consisting of differential equations. For …
Parenting Characteristics Of Women Reporting A History Of Childhood Sexual Abuse, David Dilillo, Amy Damashek
Parenting Characteristics Of Women Reporting A History Of Childhood Sexual Abuse, David Dilillo, Amy Damashek
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
This article reviews research on the parenting characteristics of female survivors of childhood sexual abuse (CSA). Various aspects of parenting are considered, including (a) childbearing patterns, (b) the intergenerational transmission of CSA, (c) maternal reactions to child CSA disclosure, (d) parenting skills and behaviors, (e) parental violence toward children, (f) attitudes toward parenting, and (g) adjustment of survivors’ children. Overall patterns suggest CSA survivors may experience difficulties with some aspects of parenting. Among the more consistent trends are findings that survivors may have difficulties establishing clear generational boundaries with their children, may be more permissive as parents, and may be …
The “Sexually Abused Child”: Potential Mechanisms Of Adverse Influences Of Such A Label, Gabriel Holguin, David J. Hansen
The “Sexually Abused Child”: Potential Mechanisms Of Adverse Influences Of Such A Label, Gabriel Holguin, David J. Hansen
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Labeling and the effects of labeling have been extensively researched in the psychological literature in a variety of different contexts. For example, labeling has been empirically shown to lead to lowered expectancies of behavior and achievement, which can then contribute to the potential for the occurrence of a self-fulfilling prophecy with adverse consequences. Another area that has been extensively researched, with a dramatic increase in the literature base in recent history, is that of child sexual abuse (CSA). Despite various shortcomings of the research literature, the consistent findings have been identification of a variety of negative correlates and symptomatologies associated …
Juror Sensitivity To The Cross-Race Effect, Jordan Abshire, Brian H. Bornstein
Juror Sensitivity To The Cross-Race Effect, Jordan Abshire, Brian H. Bornstein
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Black and White mock jurors’ sensitivity to the cross-race effect was investigated by varying the race of the eyewitness in a simulated murder trial of a Black defendant. Participants heard an audiotape of a trial after which they rendered a verdict and rated the credibility of the witnesses. White participants found the prosecution witnesses (including the eyewitness) more credible, and the defense witness less credible, than did Black participants; they were also more likely to find the defendant guilty. The Black eyewitness was perceived as more credible than was the White eyewitness, but eyewitness race had no effect on verdict. …
Adolescent Religiosity And Sexuality: An Investigation Of Reciprocal Influences, Sam A. Hardy, Marcela Raffaelli
Adolescent Religiosity And Sexuality: An Investigation Of Reciprocal Influences, Sam A. Hardy, Marcela Raffaelli
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
The present study examined potential bi-directional associations between religiosity and first sexual intercourse. The sample, drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, included 303 teens (22% Hispanic, 35% Black, 43% White; 53% male) aged 15–16 in 1996 and 17–18 in 1998. All teens included in the sample were virgins at Time 1. In the longitudinal analyses, higher Time 1 religiosity (a composite of importance of religion and frequency of church attendance) was associated with a lower likelihood of first sexual intercourse between Time 1 and Time 2. However, transition to sexual activity between Time 1 and Time 2 was …
Effects Of Chronic Caffeine Pre-Exposure On Conditioned And Unconditioned Psychomotor Activity Induced By Nicotine And Amphetamine In Rats, M. I. Palmatier, E. Y. K. Fung, Rick A. Bevins
Effects Of Chronic Caffeine Pre-Exposure On Conditioned And Unconditioned Psychomotor Activity Induced By Nicotine And Amphetamine In Rats, M. I. Palmatier, E. Y. K. Fung, Rick A. Bevins
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Three experiments examined the effects of chronic preexposure to caffeine on the subsequent conditioned and unconditioned locomotor activating effects of nicotine or amphetamine in rats. Rats were given daily intraperitoneal injections of caffeine anhydrous (0, 10 or 30 mg/kg base) for 30 days. Conditioning (environment-drug pairings) began after the last day of caffeine pre-exposure. Preexposure to 30 mg/kg of caffeine enhanced the acute and chronic locomotor effects of amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg). A similar enhancement of activity was not seen with the high (0.421 mg/kg base) or low dose (0.175 mg/kg) of nicotine. In a drug-free test, the distinct environment paired …
Testing The Dynamic Field Theory: Working Memory For Locations Becomes More Spatially Precise Over Development, Anne R. Schutte, John P. Spencer, Gregor Schöner
Testing The Dynamic Field Theory: Working Memory For Locations Becomes More Spatially Precise Over Development, Anne R. Schutte, John P. Spencer, Gregor Schöner
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
The dynamic field theory predicts that biases toward remembered locations depend on the separation between targets, and the spatial precision of interactions in working memory that become enhanced over development. This was tested by varying the separation between A and B locations in a sandbox. Children searched for an object 6 times at an A location, followed by 3 trials at a B location. Two- and 4-year-olds’, but not 6-year-olds’, responses were biased toward A when A and B were 9-in. and 6-in. apart. When A and B were separated by 2 in., however, 4- and 6-year-olds’ responses were biased …
Barriers To Physicians’ Decisions To Discuss Hospice: Insights Gained From The United States Hospice Model, E. Kiernan Mcgorty, Brian H. Bornstein
Barriers To Physicians’ Decisions To Discuss Hospice: Insights Gained From The United States Hospice Model, E. Kiernan Mcgorty, Brian H. Bornstein
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Due to its comprehensive and cost-saving design, hospice has become a critical component of health care. Physicians have become the primary gatekeepers to information on hospice and sources of referral to hospice. However, many physicians do not discuss hospice options until late in the disease course, when patients and their families are no longer able to benefit from hospice services. Although physicians, as well as patients and hospice personnel, cite patient and hospice structure factors as barriers, the present article will focus on barriers physicians have more control over, such as their discomfort discussing terminality and fear of losing contact …
Adult Survivors Of Childhood Abuse: An Analysis Of Coping Mechanisms Used For Stressful Childhood Memories And Current Stressors, Kristine T. Futa, Cindy L. Nash, David J. Hansen, Calvin P. Garbin
Adult Survivors Of Childhood Abuse: An Analysis Of Coping Mechanisms Used For Stressful Childhood Memories And Current Stressors, Kristine T. Futa, Cindy L. Nash, David J. Hansen, Calvin P. Garbin
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Coping mechanisms used to deal with stressful childhood memories and current stressors were assessed for 196 women in each of 4 groups: no abuse history, sexual abuse history, physical abuse history, and both sexual and physical abuse history. Current psychological adjustment was also examined. Discriminant function analyses revealed a variety of significant differences between the groups in use of strategies for coping with memories of abuse or another childhood stressor. There was no relationship between childhood history of abuse and the manner in which women coped with a current stressor. Women with an abuse history reported significantly poorer adult adjustment …
The Teenage Inventory Of Social Skills: Reliability And Validity Of The Spanish Translation, Cándido J. Inglés, María D. Hidalgo, F. Xavier Méndez, Heidi M. Inderbitzen
The Teenage Inventory Of Social Skills: Reliability And Validity Of The Spanish Translation, Cándido J. Inglés, María D. Hidalgo, F. Xavier Méndez, Heidi M. Inderbitzen
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Peer relationships play a critical role in the development of social skills and personal feelings essential for personal growth and life-long adjustment (Hansen, Nangle, & Meyer, 1998), and are a key factor in the development of personal identity and independence from the family circle (Mayseless, Wiseman, & Hai, 1998). Children and adolescents who are popular or accepted by their peers receive more social reinforcement, which improves their adaptation, not only in social areas but also in personal and school ones (Inderbitzen, Walters, & Bukowski, 1997; La Greca & Lopez, 1998). Acceptance or popularity among peers is closely connected to prosocial …
History Of Depression And Smoking Cessation Outcome: A Meta-Analysis, Brian Hitsman, Belinda Borrelli, Dennis E. Mcchargue, Bonnie Spring
History Of Depression And Smoking Cessation Outcome: A Meta-Analysis, Brian Hitsman, Belinda Borrelli, Dennis E. Mcchargue, Bonnie Spring
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
The authors conducted a meta-analysis of published studies to (a) evaluate the premise that a history of major depression is associated with failure to quit smoking and (b) identify factors that moderate the relationship between history of depression and cessation outcome. Fifteen studies met the selection requirements and were coded for various study methodology and treatment characteristics. DSTAT was used to calculate individual study effect sizes, determine the mean effect size across studies, and test for moderator effects. No differences in either short-term (≤ 3 months) or long-term abstinence rates (≥ 6 months) were observed between smokers positive versus negative …
Doing Rawls Justice: An Experimental Study Of Income Distribution Norms, Philip A. Michelbach, John T. Scott, Richard E. Matland, Brian H. Bornstein
Doing Rawls Justice: An Experimental Study Of Income Distribution Norms, Philip A. Michelbach, John T. Scott, Richard E. Matland, Brian H. Bornstein
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Distributive justice has been the focus of political theory with the postwar rise of the social welfare state, and Rawls’ A Theory of Justice (1971) is arguably the most important work of political philosophy during that period. Parallel to this theoretical literature is a body of empirical research into distributive justice. We offer a synthesis of the theoretical and empirical approaches with an experimental study of how individuals use allocation principles in making judgments concerning income distribution under conditions of strict impartiality. Our experiment is designed in part to examine the extent to which they prioritize them consistent with Rawls’ …
Effects Of A Multicomponent Intervention On Motivation And Sun Protection Behaviors Among Midwestern Beachgoers, Sherry Pagota, Dennis E. Mcchargue, R. Wayne Fuqua
Effects Of A Multicomponent Intervention On Motivation And Sun Protection Behaviors Among Midwestern Beachgoers, Sherry Pagota, Dennis E. Mcchargue, R. Wayne Fuqua
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Skin cancer is the most prevalent of all cancers in the United States. Although avoiding sun exposure and using sun protection reduces skin cancer risk, rates of such behaviors are moderate at best. The present study examined the impact of a multicomponent intervention that aimed to increase the saliency of skin cancer risk while promoting the use of sun protection. Midwestern beachgoers (n =100) participated in an intervention or questionnaire-only control group. Sun protection, stage of change, and sun exposure were measured at baseline and 2-month follow-up. The intervention group significantly improved in sun protection use and stage of …
Co-Occurring Forms Of Child Maltreatment And Adult Adjustment Reported By Latina College Students, John C. Clemmons, David Dilillo, Isaac G. Martinez, Sarah Degue, Michelle Jeffcott
Co-Occurring Forms Of Child Maltreatment And Adult Adjustment Reported By Latina College Students, John C. Clemmons, David Dilillo, Isaac G. Martinez, Sarah Degue, Michelle Jeffcott
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Objectives: This study had two primary objectives: First, to examine the nature and co-occurrence of various forms of child maltreatment (sexual, physical. emotional, and witnessing violence) reported by Latina college students, and second, to explore coexisting maltreatment types and acculturation status as possible contributors to long-term adjustment difficulties.
Method: Participants were 112 Latina undergraduate students categorized by the number of childhood maltreatment types experienced (0, 1, or 2 or more) and acculturation level (1 to 5). The possible effects of co-occurring forms of maltreatment, in conjunction with acculturation status, were investigated with respect to participants’ reported trauma symptomatology. Data were …
Parent-Adolescent Communication About Sex: Retrospective Reports By Latino College Students, Marcela Raffaelli, Stephanie Green
Parent-Adolescent Communication About Sex: Retrospective Reports By Latino College Students, Marcela Raffaelli, Stephanie Green
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Latina female (n = 97) and Latino male (n = 69) college students (M age =21.4 years) completed self-report surveys regarding family of origin experiences, including sexual communication with parents while growing up. Latino parents of this comparatively highly educated sample tended to use direct rather than indirect strategies for communicating about sexuality with their children. Young women reported higher levels of sexual communication with mothers while growing up than did young men, and respondents reported less communication with fathers than mothers. Among young women, sexual communication with mother was positively associated with non-Mexican origin and negatively associated with having …
Effects Of A Multicomponent Intervention On Motivation And Sun Protection Behaviors Among Midwestern Beachgoers, Sherry Pagota, Dennis E. Mcchargue, R. Wayne Fuqua
Effects Of A Multicomponent Intervention On Motivation And Sun Protection Behaviors Among Midwestern Beachgoers, Sherry Pagota, Dennis E. Mcchargue, R. Wayne Fuqua
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Skin cancer is the most prevalent of all cancers in the United States. Although avoiding sun exposure and using sun protection reduces skin cancer risk, rates of such behaviors are moderate at best. The present study examined the impact of a multicomponent intervention that aimed to increase the saliency of skin cancer risk while promoting the use of sun protection. Midwestern beachgoers (n = 100) participated in an intervention or questionnaire-only control group. Sun protection, stage of change, and sun exposure were measured at baseline and 2-month follow-up. The intervention group significantly improved in sun protection use and stage of …
Impact Of Nicotine Withdrawal On Novelty Reward And Related Behaviors, Joyce Besheer, Rick A. Bevins
Impact Of Nicotine Withdrawal On Novelty Reward And Related Behaviors, Joyce Besheer, Rick A. Bevins
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
The authors tested the decreased reward function hypothesis of nicotine withdrawal using a novel-object place conditioning task. A conditioned place preference was evident in controls and in rats that had experienced 4 nicotine withdrawal days, but not in rats that had experienced 1–3 withdrawal days. This implies that the rewarding properties of interacting with novel objects were not readily associated with the environment in which they were paired. Follow-up experiments eliminated other explanations based on withdrawal-induced failures to process object or environment information. Also, expression of conditioning was not affected, indicating that withdrawal likely altered acquisition. Further investigation into the …
Pregnancy, Drug Testing, And The Fourth Amendment: Legal And Behavioral Implications, Brian H. Bornstein
Pregnancy, Drug Testing, And The Fourth Amendment: Legal And Behavioral Implications, Brian H. Bornstein
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
In its efforts to protect the health of unborn children, the government is increasingly attempting to regulate pregnant women’s conduct. As with other policies affecting pregnant women’s autonomy, these policies have constitutional overtones. In Ferguson v. City of Charleston (2001), the Supreme Court struck down a South Carolina hospital’s policy of testing pregnant women for cocaine and turning positive results over to law enforcement for prosecution. This article discusses the basis of the decision and its legal and behavioral implications. Although the decision came down on the side of pregnant women’s rights, it left unresolved the issue of whether a …
History Of Depression And Smoking Cessation Outcome: A Meta-Analysis, Brian Hitsman, Belinda Borrelli, Dennis E. Mcchargue, Bonnie Spring, Raymond Niaura
History Of Depression And Smoking Cessation Outcome: A Meta-Analysis, Brian Hitsman, Belinda Borrelli, Dennis E. Mcchargue, Bonnie Spring, Raymond Niaura
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
The authors conducted a meta-analysis of published studies to (a) evaluate the premise that a history of major depression is associated with failure to quit smoking and (b) identify factors that moderate the relationship between history of depression and cessation outcome. Fifteen studies met the selection requirements and were coded for various study methodology and treatment characteristics. DSTAT was used to calculate individual study effect sizes, determine the mean effect size across studies, and test for moderator effects. No differences in either short-term (≤ 3 months) or long-term abstinence rates (≥ 6 months) were observed between smokers positive versus negative …
Measuring Damages For Lost Enjoyment Of Life: The View From The Bench And The Jury Box, Susan Poser, Brian H. Bornstein, Erinn Kiernan Mcgorty
Measuring Damages For Lost Enjoyment Of Life: The View From The Bench And The Jury Box, Susan Poser, Brian H. Bornstein, Erinn Kiernan Mcgorty
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Civil jury instructions are inconsistent in defining what constitutes noneconomic damages, which may include pain, suffering, disability, disfigurement, and loss of enjoyment of life (LEL), among other injury sequelae. This inconsistency has been manifested recently in court decisions that have considered whether LEL should be treated as a separate element of noneconomic damages, distinct from pain and suffering. This paper reviews the case law on this issue and also describes a jury simulation experiment. Mock jurors awarded damages after they received instructions on noneconomic damages in which LEL was (1) not identified as a distinct element of damages; (2) defined …
Reward Value Of Cigarette Smoking For Comparably Heavy Smoking Schizophrenic, Depressed, And Nonpatient Smokers, Bonnie Spring, Regina Pingitore, Dennis E. Mcchargue
Reward Value Of Cigarette Smoking For Comparably Heavy Smoking Schizophrenic, Depressed, And Nonpatient Smokers, Bonnie Spring, Regina Pingitore, Dennis E. Mcchargue
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Objective: The study goal was to determine whether schizophrenic and depressed smokers perceive the reinforcement value of cigarette smoking differently from nonpsychiatric smokers who smoke as heavily. Method: The authors assessed the preferences for smoking cigarettes versus engaging in other pleasant activities, the perceived advantages and disadvantages of smoking, and the amount of reinforcement that would be needed to attain smoking abstinence among 26 schizophrenic, 26 depressed, and 26 nonpsychiatric heavy smokers. Results: Both schizophrenic and depressed participants chose smoking as their preferred activity more often than nonpsychiatric smokers, and they did not differ from each other. The patients also …
Sociocognitive And Behavioral Correlates Of A Measure Of Prosocial Tendencies For Adolescents , Gustavo Carlo, Anne Hausmann, Stacie Christiansen, Brandy A. Randall
Sociocognitive And Behavioral Correlates Of A Measure Of Prosocial Tendencies For Adolescents , Gustavo Carlo, Anne Hausmann, Stacie Christiansen, Brandy A. Randall
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
The present study was designed to examine the psychometric properties of a multidimensional measure of prosocial behaviors to use with early adolescents and middle adolescents. One hundred thirty-eight students (X age = 15.8 years; 80 girls; 70% White, non-Hispanic) from a public middle school and high school completed measures of prosocial moral reasoning, sympathy, perspective taking, aggression, ascription of responsibility, social desirability, verbal skills, and a revised prosocial tendencies measure (PTM-R). The questionnaires were completed in two sessions each separated by a 2-week time span (to assess test-retest reliability of the PTM-R). Moreover, teacher ratings of adolescents’ generosity and helpfulness …
Why Was My Major Professor So Busy? Establishing An Academic Career While Pursuing Applied Work, Lee M. Cohen, Robert D. Morgan, David Dilillo, Lisa Y. Flores
Why Was My Major Professor So Busy? Establishing An Academic Career While Pursuing Applied Work, Lee M. Cohen, Robert D. Morgan, David Dilillo, Lisa Y. Flores
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
How do newly appointed academic psychologists with applied interests navigate the diverse and unique challenges of establishing themselves as academicians while pursuing clinical interests? Based on the experience of 4 new professionals. this article highlights the adjustments that must be made when making the transition from trainee to professional, the challenges encountered as a new faculty member, and the pursuit of applied interests as a junior faculty member. Strategies for avoiding the pitfalls that one may encounter when attempting to combine academic with applied interests are discussed.
Adolescent Sexuality: Behavior And Meaning, Lisa J. Crockett, Marcela Raffaelli, Kristin L. Moilanen
Adolescent Sexuality: Behavior And Meaning, Lisa J. Crockett, Marcela Raffaelli, Kristin L. Moilanen
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
The emerging sexuality that accompanies adolescence poses fundamental challenges for young people. These include adjusting to the altered appearance and functioning of a sexually maturing body, learning to deal with sexual desires, confronting sexual attitudes and values, experimenting with sexual behaviors, and integrating these feelings, attitudes, and experiences into a developing sense of self. The challenge is accentuated by the unfamiliar excitement of sexual arousal, the attention connected to being sexually attractive, and the new level of physical intimacy and psychological vulnerability created by sexual encounters. Adolescents’ responses to these challenges are profoundly influenced by the social and cultural context …
Altered Reward Value Of Carbohydrate Snacks For Female Smokers Withdrawn From Nicotine, Bonnie Spring, Sherry Pagoto, Dennis E. Mcchargue, Donald Hedeker, Jessica Werth
Altered Reward Value Of Carbohydrate Snacks For Female Smokers Withdrawn From Nicotine, Bonnie Spring, Sherry Pagoto, Dennis E. Mcchargue, Donald Hedeker, Jessica Werth
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Discontinuing nicotine intake usually results in weight gain partially due to heightened energy intake from between-meal snacks. This experiment tested the hypothesis that the reinforcing value of palatable carbohydrate-rich snacks increases for female smokers during nicotine deprivation. Eighteen smokers and 18 nonsmokers completed a concurrent-schedules operant computer task on two separate days. Smokers were bio-verified abstinent at the second testing. The operant task allowed participants to earn points redeemable for either carbohydrate snacks or money on concurrent variable-ratio schedules of reinforcement. There were five different probabilities of earning points redeemable for snacks (8%, 16%, 25%, 50%, 75%), while the probability …
The Etiology And Treatment Of Nicotine Dependence: A Biopsychosocial Perspective, Lee M. Cohen, Dennis E. Mcchargue, Monica Cortez-Garland, Eric H. Prensky, Sadie Emery
The Etiology And Treatment Of Nicotine Dependence: A Biopsychosocial Perspective, Lee M. Cohen, Dennis E. Mcchargue, Monica Cortez-Garland, Eric H. Prensky, Sadie Emery
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Chronic use of tobacco-containing products, particularly cigarettes, remains one of the most avoidable causes of death and illness in the United States and claims the lives of more than 430,000 individuals each year (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [DHHS], 1999). The number of tobacco-related deaths alone exceeds that of deaths due to AIDS, murders, other drugs, alcohol, car crashes, fires, and suicides combined (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2002). Illnesses associated with tobacco use include, but are not limited to, laryngeal cancer, oral cancer, esophageal cancer, obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, intrauterine growth retardation, and low …
Web-Based Research: Methodological Variables' Effects On Dropout And Sample Characteristicsweb-Based Research: Methodological Variables' Effects On Dropout And Sample Characteristics, Kevin M. O'Neil, Steven D. Penrod, Brian H. Bornstein
Web-Based Research: Methodological Variables' Effects On Dropout And Sample Characteristicsweb-Based Research: Methodological Variables' Effects On Dropout And Sample Characteristics, Kevin M. O'Neil, Steven D. Penrod, Brian H. Bornstein
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Previous research has made a beginning in addressing the importance of methodological differences in Web-based research. The present paper presents four studies investigating whether sample type, financial incentives, time when personal information is requested, table design, and method of obtaining informed consent influence dropout and sample characteristics (both demographics and measured attitudes). Undergraduates were less likely to drop out than nonstudents, and nonstudents offered a financial incentive were less likely to drop out than those offered no incentive. Complex tables, tables that were too wide, requests for personal information on the first page, and the imposing of additional informed consent …
Comparison Of Implicit And Explicit Learning Processes In A Probabilistic Task, Thomas D. Green, John H. Flowers
Comparison Of Implicit And Explicit Learning Processes In A Probabilistic Task, Thomas D. Green, John H. Flowers
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
This experiment compared the performance with explicit (rule-application and rule-discovery) and implicit (nonrule-instructed) learning approaches on the performance of a probabilistic video game task requiring fine motor control. The task required visual tracking of a small ball of light and “catching” it by means of joystick manipulation. A general pattern of improvement with practice occurred for all conditions. All conditions showed use of predictive relations among stimulus events. However, task performance of the rule-application and rule-discovery conditions were inferior to the nonrule-instructed implicit condition, particularly during the early phases of rule acquisition and application. This pattern strongly suggests substantial performance …