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Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences
Trends In Reported Sexual Behaviors Among Alabama High School Students From 2011-2021, Sarah Franklin
Trends In Reported Sexual Behaviors Among Alabama High School Students From 2011-2021, Sarah Franklin
All ETDs from UAB
Background: Sexual health education is associated with better outcomes among adolescents proper use of contraception, STI prevention methods, and lower rates of teenage pregnancy and STIs. In Alabama, sexual health education is not mandated in public schools. It is unknown how the lack of mandated sexual education has impacted trends in the sexual health of Alabama high school students. Methods: Using 2011-2021 data from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), this study evaluated trends in sexual behaviors, including: 1) sexual history, 2) current sexual activity, 3) risky or protective sexual behaviors, and 4) history of HIV testing, over time among …
The Association Between Cardiovascular Disease Risk And Fractures In Postmenopausal Women, Rafeka Hossain
The Association Between Cardiovascular Disease Risk And Fractures In Postmenopausal Women, Rafeka Hossain
All ETDs from UAB
Background: Fragility fractures pose a significant healthcare and economic burden in the United States. While age and bone mineral density (BMD) are the primary established risk factors for fragility fractures, the relationship between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and fractures remains underexplored. The primary objective of this analysis was to estimate the association of CVD risk with fractures in postmenopausal women. Methods: Utilizing 30 years of data from the WHI, Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) risk scores were computed using baseline age, race, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, diabetes, anti-hypertension medications, and smoking. Fracture outcomes encompassed any clinical fracture, major osteoporotic …
Socioeconomic Challenges Of Long Covid, Justin Catt
Socioeconomic Challenges Of Long Covid, Justin Catt
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Long COVID, also known as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection or PASC, is a condition resulting from a SARS-CoV-2 infection characterized by continuing or novel symptoms across multiple organ systems occurring at least four weeks after infection. Symptoms of Long COVID can include cognitive impairment, memory loss, and fatigue. Although associations between COVID-19 and social determinants of health have been studied, noting that disadvantaged socioeconomic or racial groups have higher incidence and mortality rates from COVID-19, the associations between Long COVID and social determinants of health have not been robustly examined. Using data from the Household Pulse Survey in Summer …
Antimicrobial Resistance In Type Ii Diabetic Patients In Southeastern U.S., Onyebuchi Angela Elegede
Antimicrobial Resistance In Type Ii Diabetic Patients In Southeastern U.S., Onyebuchi Angela Elegede
All ETDs from UAB
Background: In the Southern and Appalachian regions of the United States, antibiotic prescription rates surpass the national average, coinciding with a higher prevalence of Type II diabetes (DM2). Although international research has previously described the correlation between DM2 and increased risk of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) infections, comprehensive studies on this relationship are lacking in the U.S. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between AMR infections and DM2 and examine the association in two DM2 positive racial groups. This study also examined the differences in the prevalence of clindamycin resistance of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus …
Prolonged Prone Positioning For Covid-19-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Randomized Pilot Study, David Brian Page
Prolonged Prone Positioning For Covid-19-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Randomized Pilot Study, David Brian Page
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ationale: Prone positioning is one of the few interventions shown in a robust, randomized, controlled clinical trial to reduce mortality in severe ARDS. Ideal duration of prone positioning is unknown. A 16-hour prone positioning period has been studied and is considered standard, although longer duration may be beneficial. Objectives: Determine if a prolonged prone positioning strategy for patients with COVID-19-induced ARDS is feasible and safe. Methods: We performed a pilot, randomized, parallel-arm feasibility study in patients with COVID-19-induced ARDS. Patients were randomized to either a prolonged 24-hour or a traditional 16-hour prone positioning strategy. Measurements & Main Results: 52 patients …
Effects Of Covid-19 On Ventilator Associated Events (Vaes) Due To Multi-Drug Resistant Organisms (Mdros), Jeffery Asiedu
Effects Of Covid-19 On Ventilator Associated Events (Vaes) Due To Multi-Drug Resistant Organisms (Mdros), Jeffery Asiedu
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The aim of this study was to assess the association between the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the odds of ventilator associated events (VAEs). Retrospective analysis on prospectively collected data from 11,307 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) at the University of Alabama at Birmingham hospital between January 2018 and June 2022 was used. Outcomes considered were Any VAE, IVAC/PVAP, PVAP and MDRO PVAP. Crude and adjusted logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between COVID-19 and the outcome variables. When a patient has Prior COVID-19, the odds of getting any VAE during the delta period is …
Child Schooling And Other Factors Associated With Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among Adults That Had Not Been Vaccinated In The Fall Of 2021, Ryan M. Fischer
Child Schooling And Other Factors Associated With Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among Adults That Had Not Been Vaccinated In The Fall Of 2021, Ryan M. Fischer
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Although COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy decreased noticeably over time during the first months of 2021, there was still a high degree of vaccine hesitancy in the United States at the time that the vaccine first became available to adolescents. Data from Phase 3.2 of the U.S. Census Bureau’s Household Pulse Survey (July 21 – October 11th, 2021) was used to conduct an ecological study on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy that investigated associations between vaccine hesitancy and socio-demographic characteristics as well as child school type (public school, private school, homeschool). Subjects that had not received a vaccine at the time of survey data …
Adverse Childhood Experiences: Connecting The Dots Between Early Life Stress And Asthma Aming Children And Adolescents With Sickle Cell Disease, Brandi Mcclain Pernell
Adverse Childhood Experiences: Connecting The Dots Between Early Life Stress And Asthma Aming Children And Adolescents With Sickle Cell Disease, Brandi Mcclain Pernell
All ETDs from UAB
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited red blood cell disorder plagued by increased morbidity and premature mortality. Asthma disproportionally affects individuals with SCD and is strongly associated with an increased incidence of pain, acute lung complications and death among this high-risk population. Psychological stress is a well-established contributor and trigger for asthma development and exacerbations. Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are defined as traumatic experiences occurring before 18 years of age. ACEs occur at the individual, familial (Original-ACEs) and community level (Expanded-ACEs) and can accumulate with time. Chronic exposure to ACEs leads to toxic stress, widespread inflammation and risk for …
Characterizing Occupational Status History And Assessing Occupational Status As A Social Determinant Of Health In The Deceased Organ Donor Population, Nicole F. Pelletier
Characterizing Occupational Status History And Assessing Occupational Status As A Social Determinant Of Health In The Deceased Organ Donor Population, Nicole F. Pelletier
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Transplant physicians review clinical data ranging from laboratory values to substance use history and use prediction models combining these factors, along with previous recipient outcomes, to evaluate deceased organ donors for organ suitability. Factors such as social determinants of health (SDOH) are not currently included in prediction models, despite evidence of relationships between SDOH and health outcomes in the general population. Occupational status is a SDOH routinely collected at the time of donation and stored in DonorNet, but not yet characterized in the deceased donor population. Despite well-documented relationships between occupational status and health outcomes in the general population, these …
Development Of A It-Matching App: Validation Of 3-D Scanning Applications, Jasna Rosser-Williams
Development Of A It-Matching App: Validation Of 3-D Scanning Applications, Jasna Rosser-Williams
All ETDs from UAB
According to the National Institute of Occupational Health and Safety (NIOSH), each day nearly 2,000 workers sustain a job-related eye injury that requires medical treatment. It has been reported that the cause of these eye injuries is frequently due to workers not wearing eye protection because it does not fit properly on their faces. To improve the fit of eye protection, we are aiming to develop a fit matching application (app) which will identify the wearers’ better-fitting safety eyewear using 3D technology. We have successfully tested the feasibility of the use of commercially available 3D scanning apps using a mannequin …
The Association Between Post-Stroke Delirium And Mortality Among Stroke Patients In Long-Term Facilities, Nuo Xu
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Delirium is a common neurobehavioral complication following a stroke. Patients who have post-stroke delirium (PSD) are more likely to have severe prognoses, such as physical function decline, high mortality and an increased need for long-term care. Nursing home residents as one of the fragile and special populations sharing the attributes of old age, and high prevalence of chronic diseases and limited mobility. However, there only a few studies have investigated the association between PSD and mortality among individuals admitted to a long-term care facility. This retrospective cohort study aimed to examine the association between PSD and mortality among the participants …
Viral Load Is Not A Predictor For Hearing Loss In Children With Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection, Nazia Kabani
Viral Load Is Not A Predictor For Hearing Loss In Children With Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection, Nazia Kabani
All ETDs from UAB
Background: Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection is a leading non-genetic cause of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in children. Most infants (~90%) with cCMV have no clinical abnormalities at birth (asymptomatic cCMV), but 10-15% of these children develop SNHL. Due to lack of biomarkers, it is currently not possible to identify asymptomatic infants at-risk for hearing loss.Objective: To determine whether newborn viral load (VL) levels are predictive of hearing loss in children with asymptomatic cCMV. Methods: As part of the NIDCD CHIMES study, newborns at seven U.S. medical centers were screened for CMV by saliva PCR and enrolled in a follow-up study …
Risk Of Delirium With Opioid Use Among Older Adults In The Emergency Department, Rachel Michelle Skains
Risk Of Delirium With Opioid Use Among Older Adults In The Emergency Department, Rachel Michelle Skains
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Objectives: Delirium affects 7-17% of older Emergency Department (ED) patients. Inadequate pain control and opioid pain management have been reported to increase risk for delirium. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between pain severity, opioid exposure, and delirium among older ED patients.Methods: A single-center retrospective cohort study was conducted in an academic Geriatric ED. Patients aged ≥65 years with an Identification of Seniors at Risk (ISAR) score ≥2 and an Emergency Severity Index (ESI) level 3 were enrolled into the Geriatric ED Pathway. Those who received a delirium screening using the Nursing Delirium Screening Scale (NuDESC) …
Association Of Abdominal Obesity And Risk Of Atrial Fibrillation: Findings From The Reasons For Geographic And Racial Differences In Stroke (Regards) Study, Joonseok Kim
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Background: Our knowledge of the association between abdominal obesity (AO) and the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) after adjusting for body mass index (BMI) is limited. Methods: We included 11,617 black and white participants (mean age 63.0 + 8.4 years) from the REGARDS (REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) national cohort study who were free of AF at baseline between 2003 and 2007, and completed a follow-up exam between 2013 and 2016 with assessment of AF. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval of incident AF associated with …
Disparities In End-Of-Life Care In Children Dying Of Cancer In Alabama: A Cross Sectional Study, Elizabeth Statham Davis
Disparities In End-Of-Life Care In Children Dying Of Cancer In Alabama: A Cross Sectional Study, Elizabeth Statham Davis
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Regional studies show that children dying of cancer receive medically intense end-of-life care but there is limited information about end-of-life care in the Deep South and limited information about hospice and palliative care involvement at EOL. We conducted a retrospective electronic medical record review of children (0-x years) that died of cancer between 2010-20199 who received cancer directed therapy at Children’s of Alabama. We collected patient clinical and sociodemographics factors, including sex, race, and area deprivation index, cancer diagnosis and treatment, palliative care and hospice involvement, location of death, and medical care in the last 30d of life, including chemotherapy …
Impact Of Different Human Coronaviruses (Hcovs) On Pediatric Patients At A Tertiary Pediatric Hospital – Retrospective Study, Abdulsalam Alsulami
Impact Of Different Human Coronaviruses (Hcovs) On Pediatric Patients At A Tertiary Pediatric Hospital – Retrospective Study, Abdulsalam Alsulami
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Background: Human Coronaviruses (HCoV) are important pathogens associated with respiratory disease in humans and animals. The majority of HCoVs are emerging human pathogens with 7 known types causing human disease and 5 being identified in the last 2 decades. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of all encounters with known HCoV at a tertiary pediatric hospital from January 2015 until January 2018. Electronic medical records (EMRs) were reviewed for demographic data, HCoV type, viral copathogens, time to testing, admission, need for increased intensity of care (HLC), requirement for supplemental oxygen, radiographic findings suggestive lower respiratory tract disease (LRT) when available …
Life-Space And Cognitive Function By Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Cross-Sectional Analysis From The Regards Study, Emiri Matsuda
Life-Space And Cognitive Function By Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Cross-Sectional Analysis From The Regards Study, Emiri Matsuda
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Performance on mobility assessments has been extensively linked to processing speed and executive function among older adults. However, less is known about the relationship between cognitive function and functional mobility as part of day to day life. African American individuals are at higher risk of cardiovascular complications, functional mobility, and cognitive decline compared to Whites. In addition, cardiovas-cular disease risk factors and neuropathology have been linked to impairment in several domains of cognitive function, including processing speed. The current study examined the cross-sectional association between life-space and cognitive function, specifically performance on the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), a measure …
Associations Between Dietary Fat Intake And Waist Circumference, Phonchit Teng Soukhamneut
Associations Between Dietary Fat Intake And Waist Circumference, Phonchit Teng Soukhamneut
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The objective of this study was to assess: 1) trends in dietary fat intake from 2003-2016 2) the association between type of dietary fat intake and waist circumference (WC), 3) the association between type of dietary fat intake and body shape, and 4) whether these associations vary by sex and race/ethnicity. This secondary data analysis included 27,057 adults aged 19 to 65 from the National Health and Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2016. For WC, participants were categorized into high-risk (men: WC ≥ 40 in; women: WC ≥ 35 in) and low-risk (men: WC < 40 in; women: WC < 35 in). Total fat intake was categorized as high (TOTFAT ≥ 35%) and low (TOTFAT< 35%). Saturated fat intake was categorized into high (SATFAT ≥ 10%) and low (SATFAT < 10%). Unsaturated fat intake was categorized into high (UNSATFAT ≥ 25%) and low (UNSATFAT < 25%). Logistic regression was performed to assess the associations between DFI and WC and DFI and body shape, controlling for age, BMI, and total caloric intake. NHW men with high TOTFAT were found to have 1.41 (OR: 1.41, 1.19 – 1.68) times the odds of having a high-risk WC compared to men with a diet low in TOTFAT, controlling for age, BMI, and total caloric intake. NHW men with a diet high in SATFAT were at increased odds of having a high-risk WC compared to men with a diet low in SATFAT, after controlling for covariates (OR: 1.49, 1.21 -1.84). NHW men with a diet high in UNSATFAT were at increased odds of having a high-risk WC compared to men with a diet low in UNSATFAT after controlling for covariates (OR: 1.375, 1.09 – 1.74). There were no significant associations found among NWB and MA men for any type of dietary fat intake. For women, no associations were found between type of dietary fat and WC by race/ethnicity. There were no associations between DFI and body shape by race/ethnicity groups and sex. Future studies are needed to further investigate the body shape cut-off points for increased risk associated with chronic disease.
Formaldehyde Emissions From Laminate Flooring, Stephanie Latisha Marzette
Formaldehyde Emissions From Laminate Flooring, Stephanie Latisha Marzette
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In recent years, several incidents have caused public concern about the levels of formaldehyde present in residential homes. It is one of the most prevalent and regularly detected pollutants in an indoor environment. This is due to the presence of formalde-hyde in many common products, such as household cleaners and paints, as well as build-ing materials. Formaldehyde exposure can lead to sore throat, coughing, eye and airway irritation, and increased occurrences of asthma symptoms. Due to the public health con-cerns, this research was designed to investigate the distinctive nature of formaldehyde emissions from laminate flooring and test the reliability of …
Comparative Analysis Of New Techniques For Hearing Conservation Program Selection, Laura Hurst
Comparative Analysis Of New Techniques For Hearing Conservation Program Selection, Laura Hurst
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Hazardous noise is a widespread problem in industry and recreation. Noise induced hearing loss is one of the most frequently reported occupational health claims worldwide. While there has been much research on noise, its effects, and how to prevent hearing loss in industry, there is limited research available to help quantify the difference that monitoring noise at a lower threshold might create in the measured exposure estimate. Additionally, the studies involving the use of different noise monitoring settings do not attempt to explain how the results might change the outcomes when using data and statistical techniques to classify similar exposure …
Influence Of Maternal Age On The Effects Of Organic Selenium In The Animal Model Daphnia Pulex, Jordan E. Roberts
Influence Of Maternal Age On The Effects Of Organic Selenium In The Animal Model Daphnia Pulex, Jordan E. Roberts
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As a necessary micronutrient, seleno-L-methionine (SeMet) exhibits a U-shaped dose-response with deficiency and toxicity leading to adverse health outcomes. Some studies suggest dietary selenium may offer protection against toxicity from other metals, but excessive dietary levels can also lead to toxicity. In addition, increased maternal age has been shown to increase the risk of adverse developmental outcomes. We hypothesize that older maternal age will increase susceptibility in offspring exposed to toxic concentrations of SeMet. The goal of this project was to evaluate the effects of SeMet treatment on lifespan and determine if the effects are altered by maternal age using …
Assessing Potential Diesel Exhaust Exposure In Truckers Resting At Truck Stops, Gumindenga Farayi Mabvuta
Assessing Potential Diesel Exhaust Exposure In Truckers Resting At Truck Stops, Gumindenga Farayi Mabvuta
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The nature of long haul truck driving places workers in this occupation in a peculiar setting for chronic exposure to diesel exhaust which is a known carcinogenic. These drivers endure exposure to diesel exhaust in traffic and potentially greater exposure at truck stops where they park for rest breaks as mandated by DOT regulations. This study looked at the potential exposure to diesel exhaust in long haul truck drivers resting at truck stops where up to two hundred trucks are left idling for air conditioning and other reasons. Two different trucks were used consecutively over the 21 days of sampling. …
An Analysis Of Selecting Personal Protective Equipment Clothing Used In Foundries, Quachel Bazile
An Analysis Of Selecting Personal Protective Equipment Clothing Used In Foundries, Quachel Bazile
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A foundry is a type of factory that deals with producing metal casting. The metals are casted in to shape by being melted into liquid and is then poured into the mold. Personal protective equipment (PPE) is worn to protect the worker from the hazard that engineering control cannot protect the worker from. A Private company wanted to evaluate their current PPE clothing to understand how well they protect a worker against molten metal splash PPE clothing was tested using the American Standard for Testing Material (ASTM) standard F955-07 entitled "Evaluating Heat Transfer through Materials for Protective Clothing upon Contact …
Presence And Mobilization Of Staphylococcus Aureus Pathogenicity Islands (Sapis) Among Bovine Mastitis Isolates, Laura Kate Parker
Presence And Mobilization Of Staphylococcus Aureus Pathogenicity Islands (Sapis) Among Bovine Mastitis Isolates, Laura Kate Parker
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Bovine mastitis is inflammation of the mammary gland that occurs in cattle, as a result of invading bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus, a causative agent of bovine mastitis, produces toxins such as the toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1) and the staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs). The genes for these toxins are coded on S. aureus pathogenicity islands (SaPIs), which are mobile genetic elements associated with virulence factors. SaPIs can be mobilized by bacteriophages, resulting in the production of transducing particles that can spread virulence factors throughout a bacterial population. This research assessed the role and prevalence of SaPIs among bovine mastitis samples. In this …
Interaction Between A Low-Iron Diet And Early-Life Methylmercury Exposure In Daphnia Pulex, Sherri Hudson
Interaction Between A Low-Iron Diet And Early-Life Methylmercury Exposure In Daphnia Pulex, Sherri Hudson
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Methylmercury (MeHg) is a known neurotoxicant and bioaccumulates in fish, with exposure to humans in utero being of highest concern. Iron deficiency (ID) accounts for approximately 50% of anemia cases. Anemia is estimated to affect 1.62 billion people worldwide, and is particularly problematic during pregnancy and early life. Previous studies have shown that ID exacerbates toxicity associated with exposure to metals, including lead, manganese, and cadmium. The overall purpose of this thesis research is to investigate the interaction between a low-iron (Fe) diet and early-life exposure to MeHg in Daphnia pulex. I hypothesized when D. pulex are fed a low-Fe …
Combinatorial Effects Of Corexit 9500a And Temperature Stressors On Embryo Development In The Zebrafish Danio Rerio, Erica Davis Anderson
Combinatorial Effects Of Corexit 9500a And Temperature Stressors On Embryo Development In The Zebrafish Danio Rerio, Erica Davis Anderson
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To reduce possible ecological impact from oil spill events, the chemical dispersant Corexit 9500A is approved for widespread application. Concerns about toxic effects of dispersant on aquatic fauna have prompted numerous recent toxicological studies. Few of these studies have considered possible interactive effects involving Corexit exposure at normative or high temperatures associated with normal breeding seasons of many aquatic organisms. We examined development, survival, and hatch success of teleost model Danio rerio embryos exposed to Corexit while maintained at various temperatures. Calculated LC25, 50, and 75 values at 24 h Corexit exposure for 3 hpf embryos reared at the standard …
Effects Of Early Life Exposure To Methylmercury On Predator Response In Daphnia Pulex, Megan Lisa Steed
Effects Of Early Life Exposure To Methylmercury On Predator Response In Daphnia Pulex, Megan Lisa Steed
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Knowledge of the health effects of toxic chemicals is largely based on single chemical models rather than a multi-factor model, which more accurately captures realworld exposures. This study investigated how methylmercury affects Daphnia pulex in the presence of predatory stress chemical. A kairomone is an infochemical released by an animal that can be detected by another animal. Daphnia pulex detects kairomone released by Danio rerio resulting in the induction of morphological and life history changes. Danio rerio were kept in COMBO media for 24 hours at a density of 2 fish per liter. Daphnids were then housed in kairomone-containing COMBO …
Comparison Of Fabricated Carbon Nanotube Sorbent Felts And 3m Charcoal Sorbent Wafers To Assess Passive Sampling, Samantha Connell
Comparison Of Fabricated Carbon Nanotube Sorbent Felts And 3m Charcoal Sorbent Wafers To Assess Passive Sampling, Samantha Connell
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Passive air sampling is the preferred method of air sampling for many applications. Traditionally, this method uses activated charcoal as the sorbent and samples are analyzed by chemical or thermal desorption. This research explores the use of carbon nanotubes in the form of a felt as a sorbent for passive sampling by comparing the mass uptake and percent yield to that of the 3MTM Organic Vapor Monitor (OVM) 3500 over four time trials. The desorption efficiency, adsorption capacity, and mass uptake of the fabricated felts are very similar to the 3MTM OVM 3500. It was expected that the fabricated felts …
Hepatic Effect Of Inhaled Ozone In Sprague-Dawley Rat, Whitney Slone Theis
Hepatic Effect Of Inhaled Ozone In Sprague-Dawley Rat, Whitney Slone Theis
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Ozone (O3) is a primary component of photochemical smog and represents a serious public health concern as more than 50% of the U.S. population lives in areas exceeding national ambient air quality standards for this toxic pollutant. Recent findings indicate that the effects of inhaled O3 extend to extra-pulmonary tissues like the heart and liver. We hypothesize that inhaled O3 exposure-related events in the lung will cause downstream alterations in the liver proteome. To test this, we exposed male Sprague-Dawley rats to 0.5 ppm ozone for 8 hr a day for 5 days. After exposures, livers were removed and proteomic …
Hepatic Effect Of Inhaled Ozone In Sprague-Dawley Rat, Whitney Slone Theis
Hepatic Effect Of Inhaled Ozone In Sprague-Dawley Rat, Whitney Slone Theis
All ETDs from UAB
Ozone (O3) is a primary component of photochemical smog and represents a serious public health concern as more than 50% of the U.S. population lives in areas exceeding national ambient air quality standards for this toxic pollutant. Recent findings indicate that the effects of inhaled O3 extend to extra-pulmonary tissues like the heart and liver. We hypothesize that inhaled O3 exposure-related events in the lung will cause downstream alterations in the liver proteome. To test this, we exposed male Sprague-Dawley rats to 0.5 ppm ozone for 8 hr a day for 5 days. After exposures, livers were removed and proteomic …