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Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences
In Vivo Trafficking Of Endogenous Opioid Receptors, Yulin Wang, Elisabeth J. Van Bockstaele, Lee-Yuan Liu-Chen
In Vivo Trafficking Of Endogenous Opioid Receptors, Yulin Wang, Elisabeth J. Van Bockstaele, Lee-Yuan Liu-Chen
Department of Neurosurgery Faculty Papers
Studies on trafficking of endogenous opioid receptors in vivo are subject of the present review. In many of the in vivo studies, the use of semi-quantitative immuno-electron microscopy is the approach of choice. Endogenous opioid receptors display differential subcellular distributions with μ opioid receptor (MOPR) being mostly present on the plasma membrane and δ- and κ-opioid receptors (DOPR and KOPR, respectively) having a significant intracellular pool. Etorphine and DAMGO cause endocytosis of the MOPR, but morphine does not, except in some dendrites. Interestingly, chronic inflammatory pain and morphine treatment promote trafficking of intracellular DOPR to the cell surface which may …
Spinal Cord Stimulation: An Update., Steven Falowski, Amanda Celii, Ashwini Sharan
Spinal Cord Stimulation: An Update., Steven Falowski, Amanda Celii, Ashwini Sharan
Department of Neurosurgery Faculty Papers
Spinal cord stimulation has been used in the treatment of many chronic pain disorders since 1967. In this update, the indications for spinal cord stimulation are reviewed with attention to recent publications. A focused review of the literature on abdominal and visceral pain syndromes is also provided. Furthermore, the technology has evolved from the use of monopolar electrodes to complex electrode arrays. Similarly, the power source has changed from a radio frequency-driven system to a rechargeable impulse generator. These topics are covered, along with a short discussion of implant technique. Finally, we include a review of complications of such therapy. …