Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

It's Time To (Again) Recognize The Considerable Clinical And Public Health Significance Of Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Leonard A. Kaminsky, Mary T. Imboden, Cemal Ozemek

Faculty Publications - Department of Kinesiology

In this issue of the Journal of the American College of Cardiology, Kokkinos et al5 studied the relationship of both a single CRF value, and change in CRF, with all-cause mortality in a large (n 1⁄4 93,060) sample from the ETHOS (Exercise Testing and Health Outcomes Study) cohort. In this cohort, CRF was estimated as the peak metabolic equivalents (METs) derived from the peak speed and grade obtained on a treadmill exercise test. The findings from the single measure of CRF showed, compared with the low-CRF group (w5 METs), reductions in mortality rate across each higher-CRF group in both those …

Cardiorespiratory Fitness As A Vital Sign Of Cvd Risk In The Covid-19 Era, Matthew P. Harber, James E. Peterman, Mary Imboden, Leonard Kaminsky, Ruth E.M. Ashton, Ross Arena, Mark A. Faghy

Faculty Publications - Department of Kinesiology

The severe health consequences of the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have been exacerbated by the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, such as physical inactivity, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. Further, policy decisions during the pandemic augmented unhealthy lifestyle behaviors and health inequalities, likely increasing the global disease burden. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a well-established biomarker associated with CVD risk. Emerging data demonstrate that high CRF offers some protection against severe outcomes from COVID-19 infection, highlighting the importance of CRF for population health and the potential for limiting the severity of future pandemics. CRF is best assessed by …

Effects Of Changing Work Environments On Employer Support For Physical Activity During Covid-19, Elizabeth Ablah, Matthew P. Buman, Liz Petersen, Chia-Chia Chang, Ann Wyatt, Sarah Ziemer, Mary T. Imboden, Janet R. Wojcik, Neil E. Peterson, Anna Zendell, David R. Anderson, Laurie P. Whitsel

Faculty Publications - Department of Kinesiology

COVID-19 dramatically accelerated evolving changes in the way we define the “work environment” in the United States. In response to COVID-19, many employers have offered increased flexibility for where employees work, including remote (an employee’s workstation is at home) and hybrid work (an employee works both at the employer worksite and remotely, on predetermined schedules). Accordingly, worksite physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors (SB) such as extended sitting time (ST) may have changed.^1,2 However, little is known about whether these work arrangements are associated with changes in employer support for PA. Interviews were conducted to assess this …

Physical Activity Promotion In The Evolving Work Landscape, Laurie P. Whitsel, Elizabeth Ablah, Nicolaas P. Pronk, Frederique Huneycutt, Mary T. Imboden, David Anderson, Neil E. Peterson, Samantha Yocke, Chase Sterling, Anna L. Zendell, Janet R. Wojcik

Faculty Publications - Department of Kinesiology

How and where we do our work is changing in the United States across industry, government, and non-profit sectors. This evolving landscape includes downsized office space, the reduction of corporate fitness centers, decreased daily commutes, increased hybrid or remote work environments, and experiments with the length of the work week. While some of these changes may prove transient, others will likely be permanent changes affecting the context of work. Some occupations require in-person work settings, especially in the health care, education, travel and food processing sectors. Many of these employees are experiencing burnout after prolonged overtime work and stressful pandemic-related …

A Consensus Method For Estimating Physical Activity Levels In Adults Using Accelerometry, Kimberly A. Clevenge, Kelly A. Mackintosh, Melitta A. Mcnarry, Karin A. Pfeiffer, M Benjamin Nelson, Joshua M. Bock, Mary T. Imboden, Leonard A. Kaminsky, Alexander H.K. Montoye

Faculty Publications - Department of Kinesiology

Identifying the best analytical approach for capturing moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) using accelerometry is complex but inconsistent approaches employed in research and surveillance limits comparability. We illustrate the use of a consensus method that pools estimates from multiple approaches for characterising MVPA using accelerometry. Participants (n = 30) wore an accelerometer on their right hip during two laboratory visits. Ten individual classification methods estimated minutes of MVPA, including cut-point, two-regression, and machine learning approaches, using open-source count and raw inputs and several epoch lengths. Results were averaged to derive the consensus estimate. Mean MVPA ranged from 33.9–50.4 min across individual …

Change In Metabolic Syndrome And Cardiorespiratory Fitness Following Exercise Training – The Ball State Adult Fitness Longitudinal Lifestyle Study (Ball St), Brittany E Smith E. Smith, James E. Peterman, Matthew P. Harber, Mary T. Imboden, Bradley S. Fleenor, Leonard A. Kaminsky, Mitchell H. Whaley

Faculty Publications - Department of Kinesiology

This observational cohort study indicates an inverse relationship between the change in CRF and the change in MetS severity following exercise training. These results suggest that participation in a community-based exercise program yields significant improvements in CRF, MetS risk factors, the prevalence of the binary MetS, and the MetS severity score. Improvement in CRF through exercise training should be a primary prevention strategy for MetS.

The Importance Of Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors In The Prevention Of Cardiovascular Disease, Leonard A. Kaminsky, Charles German, Mary Imboden, Cemal Ozemek, James E. Peterman, Peter H. Brubaker

Faculty Publications - Department of Kinesiology

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally. Advancements in the treatment of CVD have reduced mortality rates, yet the global burden of CVD remains high. Considering that CVD is still largely a preventable disease, prioritizing preventative measures through healthy lifestyle (HL) behaviors is necessary to lessen the burden of CVD. HL behaviors, such as regular exercise, healthy eating habits, adequate sleep, and smoking cessation, can influence a number of traditional CVD risk factors as well as a less commonly measured risk factor, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). It is important to note that cardiac rehabilitation programs, which traditionally have …

Accuracy Of Exercise-Based Equations For Estimating Cardiorespiratory Fitness, James E. Peterman, Matthew P. Harber, Mary T. Imboden, Mitchell H. Whaley, Bradley S. Fleenor, Jonathan Myers, Ross Arena, Leonard A. Kaminsky

Faculty Publications - Department of Kinesiology

Equations are often used to predict cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) from submaximal or maximal exercise tests. However, no study has comprehensively compared these exercise-based equations with directly measured CRF using data from a single, large cohort. Purpose: This study aimed to compare the accuracy of exercise-based prediction equations with directly measured CRF and evaluate their ability to classify an individual’s CRF. Methods: The sample included 4871 tests from apparently healthy adults (38% female, age 44.4 ± 12.3 yr (mean ± SD)). Estimated CRF (eCRF) was determined from 2 nonexercise equations, 3 submaximal exercise equations, and 10 maximal exercise equations; all eCRF …

Physical Activity Surveillance In The United States For Work And Commuting: Understanding The Impact On Population Health And Well-Being, Laurie P. Whitsel, Frederique Huneycutt, David R. Anderson, Alan M. Beck, Cedric Bryant, Rebecca S. Bucklin, Russell L. Carson, Anne L. Escaron, Jammie M.. Hopkins, Mary T. Imboden, Christina Mcdonough, Nicolaas P. Pronk, Janet R. Wojcik, Anna Zendell, Elizabeth Ablah

Faculty Publications - Department of Kinesiology

Objective:

To summarize and describe the current US surveillance systems that assess physical activity (PA) for work and commuting.

Methods:

An expert group conducted an environmental scan, generating a list (n = 18) which was ultimately reduced to 12, based on the inclusion of PA and/or sedentary behavior data.

Results:

The 12 surveys or surveillance systems summarized provide nationally representative data on occupational-level PA or individual-level PA at work, data on active commuting, some are scorecards that summarize workplace health best practices and allow benchmarking, and one is a comprehensive nationally representative survey of employers assessing programs and practices …

Comparison Of Non-Exercise Cardiorespiratory Fitness Prediction Equations In Apparently Healthy Adults, James E. Peterman, Mitchell H. Whaley, Matthew P. Harber, Bradley S. Fleenor, Mary T. Imboden, Jonathan Myers, Ross Arena, Leonard A. Kaminsky

Faculty Publications - Department of Kinesiology

Aims: A recent scientific statement suggests clinicians should routinely assess cardiorespiratory fitness using at least non-exercise prediction equations. However, no study has comprehensively compared the many non-exercise cardiorespiratory fitness prediction equations to directly-measured cardiorespiratory fitness using data from a single cohort. Our purpose was to compare the accuracy of non-exercise prediction equations to directly-measured cardiorespiratory fitness and evaluate their ability to classify an individual's cardiorespiratory fitness.

Methods: The sample included 2529 tests from apparently healthy adults (42% female, aged 45.4 ± 13.1 years (mean±standard deviation). Estimated cardiorespiratory fitness from 28 distinct non-exercise prediction equations was compared with directly-measured cardiorespiratory fitness, …

Influence Of Incentive Design And Organizational Characteristics On Wellness Participation And Health Outcomes, Jessica Grossmeier, David J. Mangen, David R. Anderson, Stefan B. Gingerich, Rebecca J. Mitchell, Mary T. Imboden, Gordon D. Kaplan, Gregg M. Gascon, Seth A. Serxner, Tony Bodak

Faculty Publications - Department of Kinesiology

Objective: To explore how changing incentive designs influence wellness participation and health outcomes.

Methods: Aggregated retrospective data were evaluated using cluster analysis to group 174 companies into incentive design types. Numerous statistical models assessed between-group differences in wellness participation, earning incentives, and over-time differences in health outcomes.

Results: Four incentive design groups based on requirements for earning incentives were identified. The groups varied in support for and participation in wellness initiatives within each company. All four design types were associated with improved low density lipoprotein (LDL)(P < 0.01), three with improved blood pressure (P < 0.001), and two with improved fasting glucose (P < 0.03). No incentive plan types were associated with improved body mass index (BMI), but designs predominantly focused on health outcomes (eg, Outcomes-Focused) exhibited a significant increase over time in BMI risk.

Conclusion: Incentive design and organizational characteristics impact population-level participation and health outcomes.

Development And Validity Of A Workplace Health Promotion Best Practices Assessment, Mary T. Imboden, Patricia H. Castle, Sara S. Johnson, Kristi R. Jenkins, Jennifer S. Pitts, Jessica Grossmeier, David J. Mangen, Shawn Mason, Steven P. Noeldner

Faculty Publications - Department of Kinesiology

Objective:

To explore the factor structure of the HERO Health and Well-being Best Practices Scorecard in Collaboration with Mercer (HERO Scorecard) to develop a reduced version and examine the reliability and validity of that version.

Methods:

A reduced version of the HERO Scorecard was developed through formal statistical analyses on data collected from 845 organizations that completed the original HERO Scorecard.

Results:

The final factors in the reduced Scorecard represented content pertaining to organizational and leadership support, program comprehensiveness, program integration, and incentives. All four implemented practices were found to have a strong, statistically significant effect on perceived effectiveness. Organizational …

Statistical Learning Methods To Predict Activity Intensity From Body-Worn Accelerometers, Drew M. Lazar, Munni Begum, Monzur Murshed, Benjamin Nelson, Joshua M. Bock, Mary T. Imboden, Leonard Kaminsky, Alex Hk Montoye

Faculty Publications - Department of Kinesiology

 Physical activity, especially when performed at moderate or vigorous intensity, has short- and long-term health benefits, but measurement of free-living physical activity is challenging. Accelerometers are popular tools to assess physical activity, although accuracy of conventional accelerometer analysis methods is suboptimal. This study developed and tested statistical learning models for assessing activity intensity from body-worn accelerometers. Twenty-eight adults performed 10-21 activities of daily living in two visits while wearing four accelerometers (right hip, right ankle, both wrists). Accelerometer placement is of crucial practical concern and this paper addresses this issue. Boosting, bagging, random forest and decision tree models were …

Accuracy Of Nonexercise Prediction Equations For Assessing Longitudinal Changes To Cardiorespiratory Fitness In Apparently Healthy Adults: Ball St Cohort, James E. Peterman, Matthew P. Harber, Mary T. Imboden, Mitchell H. Whaley, Bradley S. Fleenor, Jonathan Myers, Ross Arena, Holmes Finch, Leonard A. Kaminsky

Faculty Publications - Department of Kinesiology

Background Repeated assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) improves mortality risk predictions in apparently healthy adults. Accordingly, the American Heart Association suggests routine clinical assessment of CRF using, at a minimum, nonexercise prediction equations. However, the accuracy of nonexercise prediction equations over time is unknown. Therefore, we compared the ability of nonexercise prediction equations to detect changes in directly measured CRF. Methods and Results The sample included 987 apparently healthy adults from the BALL ST (Ball State Adult Fitness Longitudinal Lifestyle Study) cohort (33% women; average age, 43.1±10.4 years) who completed 2 cardiopulmonary exercise tests ≥3 months apart (3.2±5.4 years of …

Pedometer Feedback Interventions Increase Daily Physical Activity In Phase Iii Cardiac Rehabilitation Participants, Cemal Ozemek, Scott J. Strath, Katrina Riggin, Matthew P. Harber, Mary T. Imboden, Leonard A. Kaminsky

Faculty Publications - Department of Kinesiology

Purpose: To determine the effects of individually tailored interventions designed to increase physical activity (PA) in cardiac patients.

Methods: A total of 99 (77 men and 22 women, 61.5 ± 10.7 yr) patients entering a phase III cardiac rehabilitation program completed a 12-wk PA intervention. Patients were randomized to usual care (UC, time-based recommendation), pedometer feedback (PF), newsletter-based motivational messaging (MM), or PF + MM. Both PF groups were given a goal of increasing steps/d by 10% of individual baseline value each week. If the goal for the week was not reached, the same goal was used for the next …

Normalizing Cardiorespiratory Fitness To Fat-Free Mass Improves Mortality Risk Prediction In Overweight Adults From The Ball St Cohort: 2361 Board #280 May 28 3:00 Pm - 4:30 Pm, Mary T. Imboden, Leonard A. Kaminsky, James E. Peterman, Haylee L. Hutzler, Mitchell H. Whaley, Bradley S. Fleenor, Matthew P. Harber

Faculty Publications - Department of Kinesiology

Cardiorespiratory fitness(CRF) is a significant predictor of mortality outcomes in various populations, including overweight and obese adults. However, CRF is commonly expressed normalized to total body weight (VO_2peakTBW) which may weaken the relationship in obese adults as fat-free mass (FFM) is directly related to CRF, and increased body fat is associated with lower CRF in adults. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the relationship between CRF normalized for FFM(VO_2peakFFM) and all-cause mortality, as well as compare the predictive ability of VO_2peakFFM and VO_2peakTBW in a cohort of self-referred overweight and obese adults.

Development Of Cut-Points For Determining Activity Intensity From A Wrist-Worn Actigraph Accelerometer In Free-Living Adults, Alexande H.K. Montoye, Kimberly A. Clevenger, Karin A. Pfeiffer, Michael B. Nelson, Joshua M. Bock, Mary T. Imboden, Leonard A. Kaminsky

Faculty Publications - Department of Kinesiology

Despite recent popularity of wrist-worn accelerometers for assessing free-living physical behaviours, there is a lack of user-friendly methods to characterize physical activity from a wrist-worn ActiGraph accelerometer. Participants in this study completed a laboratory protocol and/or 3–8 hours of directly observed free-living (criterion measure of activity intensity) while wearing ActiGraph GT9X Link accel- erometers on the right hip and non-dominant wrist. All laboratory data (n = 36) and 11 participants’ free- living data were used to develop vector magnitude count cut-points (counts/min) for activity intensity for the wrist-worn accelerometer, and 12 participants’ free-living data were used to cross-validate cut-point accuracy. …

Cardiorespiratory Fitness Normalized To Fat-Free Mass And Mortality Risk, Mary T. Imboden, Leonard A. Kaminsky, James E. Peterman, Haylee L. Hutzler, Mitchell H. Whaley, Bradley S. Fleenor, Matthew P. Harber

Faculty Publications - Department of Kinesiology

Cardiorespiratory Fitness Normalized to Fat-Free Mass and Mortality Risk. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 52, No. 7, pp. 1532–1537, 2020. Purpose: Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is known to be directly related to fat-free mass (FFM), therefore, it has been suggested that normalizing CRF to FFM (V˙O2peakFFM) may be the most accurate expression of CRF as related to exercise performance and cardiorespiratory function. However, the influence of ˙O2peakFFM (mL·kg FFM−1·min−1) on predicting mortality has been largely unexplored. This study aimeVd to primarily assess the relationship between V˙O2peakFFM and all-cause and disease-specific mortality risk in apparently healthy adults. Further, this study sought to …

Guidance On Development Of Employer Value Dashboards, Jessica Grossmeier, Seth A. Serxner, Thi Montalvo, Deborah R. Balfanz, Mary T. Imboden, Ron Z. Goetzel, Dave Schweppe

Faculty Publications - Department of Kinesiology

Recent industry surveys indicate that a majority of employers are offering health and well-being (HWB) programs to their employees,1,2 but the reasons for offering them have changed over time. While a desire to improve employee health and contain rising health-care costs remain important, employers increasingly recognize a broader value proposition for investing in workforce HWB. A 2019 survey found employers are more likely to seek outcomes such as improved productivity and employee morale as well as reductions in injury rates and turnover.3 Demonstrating how workplace HWB initiatives are linked to such outcomes is challenging. As consultants, researchers, and practitioners working …

Abstract P119: Non-Exercise Cardiorespiratory Fitness Prediction Equations: Accuracy Over Time In Apparently Healthy Adults, James E. Peterman, Matthew Harber, Mary Imboden, Mitchell Whaley, Bradley Fleenor, Leonard A. Kaminsky

Faculty Publications - Department of Kinesiology

Mortality risk predictions are improved with routine assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Accordingly, an American Heart Association Scientific Statement suggests routine clinical assessment of CRF in apparently healthy adults minimally using non-exercise prediction equations, which can be calculated from common health metrics. However, no study has assessed the ability of non-exercise CRF prediction equations to accurately detect longitudinal changes.

The Influence Of Change In Cardiorespiratory Fitness With Short-Term Exercise Training On Mortality Risk From The Ball State Adult Fitness Longitudinal Lifestyle Study, Mary T. Imboden, Matthew P. Harber, Mitchell H. Whaley, W. Holmes Finch, Derron A. Bishop, Bradley S. Fleenor, Leonard A. Kaminsky

Faculty Publications - Department of Kinesiology

Objective To assess the influence of changes in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) after exercise training on mortality risk in a cohort of self-referred, apparently healthy adults.

Patients and Methods A total of 683 participants (404 men, 279 women; mean age: 42.7±11.0 y) underwent two maximal cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPX) between March 20, 1970, and December 11, 2012, to assess CRF at baseline (CPX1) and post-exercise training (CPX2). Participants were followed for an average of 29.8±10.7 years after their CPX2. Cox proportional hazards models were performed to determine the relationship of CRF change with mortality, with change in CRF as a continuous …

The Association Between The Change In Directly Measured Cardiorespiratory Fitness Across Time And Mortality Risk, Mary T. Imboden, Matthew P. Harber, Mitchell H. Whaley, W. Holmes Finch, Derron L. Bishop

Faculty Publications - Department of Kinesiology

Background: The relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and mortality risk has typically been assessed using a single measurement, though some evidence suggests the change in CRF over time influences risk. This evidence is predominantly based on studies using estimated CRF (CRFe). The strength of this relationship using change in directly measured CRF over time in apparently healthy men and women is not well understood.

Purpose: To examine the association of change in CRF over time, measured using cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX), with all-cause and disease-specific mortality and to compare baseline and subsequent CRF measurements as predictors of all-cause mortality.

Methods: …

The Influence Of Change In Cardiorespiratory Fitness With Short-Term Exercise Training On Mortality Risk From The Ball State Adult Fitness Longitudinal Lifestyle Study, Mary T. Imboden, Matthew P. Harber, Mitchell H. Whaley, W. Holmes Finch, Derron A. Bishop, Bradley S. Fleenor

Faculty Publications - Department of Kinesiology

Objective

To assess the influence of changes in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) after exercise training on mortality risk in a cohort of self-referred, apparently healthy adults.

Patients and Methods

A total of 683 participants (404 men, 279 women; mean age: 42.7±11.0 y) underwent two maximal cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPX) between March 20, 1970, and December 11, 2012, to assess CRF at baseline (CPX1) and post-exercise training (CPX2). Participants were followed for an average of 29.8±10.7 years after their CPX2. Cox proportional hazards models were performed to determine the relationship of CRF change with mortality, with change in CRF as a continuous …

Clinical Perspectives On Incorporating Cardiorespiratory Fitness In Clinical Practice, Mary T. Imboden, Lynn A. Witty, Mitchell H. Whaley, Matthew P. Harber, Bradley S. Fleenor, Leonard A. Kaminsky

Faculty Publications - Department of Kinesiology

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) has been documented as a strong, independent predictor of non-communicable disease and mortality in both clinical and apparently healthy populations. This well-established relationship has impelled organizations, including the American Heart Association, to release scientific statements highlighting the importance of accurate quantification of CRF. Current knowledge of the relationship between CRF and mortality is predominantly based on estimated CRF obtained from varying indirect methods. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX), the gold standard method of CRF measurement, provides a more accurate and reliable quantification of CRF compared to estimated methods. This review provides support for the diagnostic and prognostic use …

Comparison Of Four Fitbit And Jawbone Activity Monitors With A Research-Grade Actigraph Accelerometer For Estimating Physical Activity And Energy Expenditure, Mary T. Imboden, Michael B. Nelson, Leonard A. Kaminsky, Alexander Hk Montoye

Faculty Publications - Department of Kinesiology

Background/aim Consumer-based physical activity (PA) monitors have become popular tools to track PA behaviours. Currently, little is known about the validity of the measurements provided by consumer monitors. We aimed to compare measures of steps, energy expenditure (EE) and active minutes of four consumer monitors with one research-grade accelerometer within a semistructured protocol.

Methods Thirty men and women (18–80 years old) wore Fitbit One (worn at the waist), Fitbit Zip (waist), Fitbit Flex (wrist), Jawbone UP24 (wrist) and one waist-worn research-grade accelerometer (ActiGraph) while participating in an 80 min protocol. A validated EE prediction equation and active minute cut-points were …

Peak Ventilation Reference Standards From Exercise Testing: From The Friend Registry, Leonard A. Kaminsky, Matthew P. Harber, Mary T. Imboden, Ross Arena, Jonathan Myers

Faculty Publications - Department of Kinesiology

Peak Ventilation Reference Standards from Exercise Testing: From the FRIEND Registry. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 50, No. 12, pp. 2603–2608, 2018. Purpose: Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) provides valuable clinical information, including peak ventilation (V˙ Epeak), which has been shown to have diagnostic and prognostic value in the assessment of patients with underlying pulmonary disease. This report provides reference standards for V˙ Epeak derived from CPX on treadmills in apparently healthy individuals. Methods: Nine laboratories in the United States experienced in CPX administration with established quality control procedures contributed to the Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise National Database …

Cardiorespiratory Fitness And Mortality In Healthy Men And Women, Mary T. Imboden, Matthew P. Harber, Mitchell H. Whaley, W. Holmes Finch, Derron L. Bishop, Leonard A. Kaminsky

Faculty Publications - Department of Kinesiology

Background

There is a well-established inverse relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and mortality. However, this relationship has almost exclusively been studied using estimated CRF.

Objectives

This study aimed to assess the association of directly measured CRF, obtained using cardiopulmonary exercise (CPX) testing with all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer mortality in apparently healthy men and women.

Methods

Participants included 4,137 self-referred apparently healthy adults (2,326 men, 1,811 women; mean age: 42.8 ± 12.2 years) who underwent CPX testing to determine baseline CRF. Participants were followed for 24.2 ± 11.7 years (1.1 to 49.3 years) for mortality. Cox-proportional hazard models were …

Peak Ventilation Reference Standards From Exercise Testing: From The Friend Registry, Leonard A. Kaminsky, Matthew P. Harber, Mary T. Imboden, Ross Arena, Jonathan Myers

Faculty Publications - Department of Kinesiology

Purpose: Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) provides valuable clinical information, including peak ventilation (V˙Epeak), which has been shown to have diagnostic and prognostic value in the assessment of patients with underlying pulmonary disease. This report provides reference standards for V˙Epeak derived from CPX on treadmills in apparently healthy individuals.

Methods: Nine laboratories in the United States experienced in CPX administration with established quality control procedures contributed to the Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise National Database from 2014 to 2017. Data from 5232 maximal exercise tests from men and women without cardiovascular or pulmonary disease were used to create percentiles …

Cardiorespiratory Fitness Measured From Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing For Mortality Risk Prediction In Apparently Healthy Men And Women, Mary T. Imboden, Matthew P. Harber, W H. Finch, Derron L. Bishop, Mitchell H. Whaley, Leonard A. Kaminsky

Faculty Publications - Department of Kinesiology

Over the past three decades numerous studies have illustrated the inverse relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and mortality. However, this relationship has almost exclusively been studied using estimated CRF (CRFe), with known error of ± 3 to 7 ml/kg/min, with no studies assessing this association using directly measured CRF in both men and women that were apparently healthy at baseline testing.

Cardiorespiratory Fitness Is Inversely Associated With Clustering Of Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors: The Ball State Adult Fitness Program Longitudinal Lifestyle Study, Elizabeth Kelley, Mary T. Imboden, Matthew P. Harber, Holmes Finch, Leonard A. Kaminsky, Mitchell H. Whaley

Faculty Publications - Department of Kinesiology

Objective: The focus of this study was the association between the metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) defined as maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Although previous research has shown a relationship between MetSyn and CRF, most studies are based on less objective measures of CRF and different cardiometabolic risk factor thresholds from earlier guidelines.