Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Oxygen Deprivation Masks For Training, Brittany M. Hanlon

Student Publications

Oxygen deprivation masks are being advertised towards athletes as a piece of fitness equipment that can simulate the effects of high altitude, as well as a respiratory muscle training device. Studies that investigated the claims as to whether ODMs increased VO2max and improved endurance were looked into. Experimental data did not find that the use of these masks increased VO2max, nor was there any supporting data to prove that it improved endurance. The function of ODMs as a training tool to increase respiratory muscle strength was also examined. There were contradicting results between the three different studies examined. One study …

Cryotherapy, Emma E. Bedell

Student Publications

Rest and recovery are vital for athletes to give their bodies time to repair and strengthen between workouts. Whole-body cryotherapy involves exposing the body to vapors that reach ultra-low temperatures, ranging from -200°F to -300°F. There are several possible beneficial mechanisms from whole-body cryotherapy that support a fast recovery such as muscle temperature decrease, reduction in muscle damage, reduction in inflammation, reduction in heart rate and cardiac output, peripheral vasoconstriction, reduction in peripheral edema formation, and pain-relieving effects. This paper dissects the adaptations cryotherapy provides in athletic recovery, and additionally notes some draw backs of this cooling technique.

Kaatsu Training, Efrain De Leon Angon

Student Publications

This paper explores the use of blood flow restriction training as a rehabilitation tool in physical therapy and as a training method for the general population such as the fact that BFR training can be an alternative option for individuals who cannot tolerate high-load resistance training due to injury or surgery. This allows BFR training to be used by a wide spectrum of ages and physical capacities. However, the safety of BFR is still being questioned as well as its effects on well-trained athletes.

Periodization For Massive Strength Gains, Benjamin L. Yanes

Student Publications

In order to create the perfect resistance training program for their athletes, coaches must master the ability to control all variables of training over time in order to maximize physiological responses - this is a concept known as periodization (3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 19, 21, 24, 25, 26).

Periodization was first established in Russia, after the conclusion of the 1956 Olympic games (7, 21). Though simple in its principle and aim, periodization is frequently misunderstood due to the hyper-specific research that surrounds it (3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 15, 21, 23, 25). Over the last five decades, researchers …

Rumination And Performance In Dynamic, Team Sport, Michael M. Roy, Daniel Memmert, Anastasia Frees, Joseph R. Radzevick, Jean Pretz, Benjamin Noël

Management Faculty Publications

People high in rumination are good at tasks that require persistence whereas people low in rumination is good at tasks that require flexibility. Here we examine real world implications of these differences in dynamic, team sport. In two studies, we found that professional male football (soccer) players from Germany and female field hockey players on the US national team were lower in rumination than were non-athletes. Further, low levels of rumination were associated with a longer career at a higher level in football players. Results indicate that athletes in dynamic, team sport might benefit from the flexibility associated with being …

Muscle Cramping During A 161-Km Ultramarathon: Comparison Of Characteristics Of Those With And Without Cramping, Martin D. Hoffman, Kristin J. Stuempfle

Health Sciences Faculty Publications

Background: This work sought to identify characteristics differing between those with and without muscle cramping during a 161-km ultramarathon.

Methods: In this observational study, race participants underwent body weight measurements before, during, and after the race; completed a post-race questionnaire about muscle cramping and “near” cramping (controllable, not reaching full-blown cramping), drinking strategies, and use of sodium supplementation during four race segments; and underwent a post-race blood draw for determination of serum sodium and blood creatine kinase (CK) concentrations.

Results: The post-race questionnaire was completed by 280 (74.5 %) of the 376 starters. A post-race blood sample was provided by …

Statement Of The Third International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia Consensus Development Conference, Carlsbad, California, 2015, Tamara Hew-Butler, Mitchell H. Rosner, Sandra Fowkes-Godek, Jonathan P. Dugas, Martin D. Hoffman, Douglas P. Lewis, Ronald J. Maughan, Kevin C. Miller, Scott J. Montain, Nancy J. Rehrer, William O. Roberts, Ian R. Rogers, Arthur J. Siegel, Kristin J. Stuempfle, James Winger, Joseph G. Verbalis

Health Sciences Faculty Publications

The third International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia (EAH) Consensus Development Conference convened in Carlsbad, California in February 2015 with a panel of 17 international experts. The delegates represented 4 countries and 9 medical and scientific sub-specialties pertaining to athletic training, exercise physiology, sports medicine, water/sodium metabolism, and body fluid homeostasis. The primary goal of the panel was to review the existing data on EAH and update the 2008 Consensus Statement.¹ This document serves to replace the second International EAH Consensus Development Conference Statement and launch an educational campaign designed to address the morbidity and mortality associated with a preventable and treatable …

Bone: An Acute Buffer Of Plasma Sodium During Exhaustive Exercise?, Tamara Hew-Butler, Kristin J. Stuempfle, Martin D. Hoffman

Health Sciences Faculty Publications

Both hyponatremia and osteopenia separately have been well documented in endurance athletes. Although bone has been shown to act as a “sodium reservoir” to buffer severe plasma sodium derangements in animals, recent data have suggested a similar function in humans. We aimed to explore if acute changes in bone mineral content were associated with changes in plasma sodium concentration in runners participating in a 161 km mountain footrace. Eighteen runners were recruited. Runners were tested immediately pre- and post-race for the following main outcome measures: bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA); plasma sodium concentration …

Association Of Gastrointestinal Distress In Ultramarathoners With Race Diet, Kristin J. Stuempfle, Martin D. Hoffman, Tamara Hew-Butler

Health Sciences Faculty Publications

Context: Gastrointestinal (GI) distress is common during ultrarunning.

Purpose: To determine if race diet is related to GI distress in a 161-km ultramarathon.

Methods: Fifteen (10 male, 5 female) consenting runners in the Javelina Jundred (6.5 loops on a desert trail) participated. Body mass was measured immediately pre-race and after each loop. Runners reported if they had nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and/or diarrhea after each loop. Subjects were interviewed after each loop to record food, fluid, and electrolyte consumption. Race diets were analyzed using Nutritionist Pro.

Results: Nine (8 male, 1 female) of 15 runners experienced GI distress including nausea …

Hyponatremia In The 2009 161-Km Western States Endurance Run, Martin D. Hoffman, Kristin J. Stuempfle, Ian R. Rogers, Louise B. Weschler, Tamara Hew-Butler

Health Sciences Faculty Publications

Purpose:To determine the incidence of exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH), the associated biochemical measurements and risk factors for EAH, and whether there is an association between postrace blood sodium concentration ([Na⁺]) and changes in body mass among participants in the 2009 Western States Endurance Run, a 161-km mountain trail run.

Methods: Change in body mass, postrace [Na⁺], and blood creatine phosphokinase (CPK) concentration, and selected runner characteristics were evaluated among consenting competitors.

Results: Of the 47 study participants, 14 (30%) had EAH as defined by a postrace [Na⁺] /L. Postrace [Na^{+ …}

Supplemental Fish Oil Decreases Urinary Excretion Of A Marker Of Bone Resorption In Healthy Adults, Eric E. Noreen, Josef Brandauer, Megan H. Macnabb

Health Sciences Faculty Publications

Background: Incorporation of fish oil (FO) into the diet of rodents has been shown to result in positive changes in bone health. Currently it is poorly understood if FO has the same effects on bone health in humans. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of supplemental FO on levels of urinary N-terminal cross-linked telopeptide (NTx), which is a marker of bone breakdown, and how this is related to the morning levels of salivary cortisol and urinary excretion of interleukin 6 (IL-6).

Methods: A total of twenty-eight females and twelve males(35 ± 13yrs; 69.1 ± 14.1kg; 29.4 …

Exercise Intensity As A Determinant Of Exercise Induced Hypoalgesia, Karen Y. Wonders, Daniel G. Drury

Health Sciences Faculty Publications

The purpose of this study was to examine pain perception during and following two separate 30-min bouts of exercise above and below the Lactate Threshold (LT). Pain Threshold (PT) and Pain Intensity (PI) were monitored during (15 and 30 min) and after exercise (15 and 30 min into recovery) using a Cold Pressor Test (CPT) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain of the non-dominant hand. Significant differences in PT scores were found both during and after exercise conditions. Post hoc analysis revealed significant differences in PT scores at 30 min of exercise (P=0.024, P=0.02) and 15 min of recovery …

Effects Of Supplemental Fish Oil On Resting Metabolic Rate, Body Composition, And Salivary Cortisol In Healthy Adults, Eric E. Noreen, Michael J. Sass, Megan L. Crowe, Vanessa A. Pabon, Josef Brandauer, Lindsay K. Averill

Health Sciences Faculty Publications

Background: To determine the effects of supplemental fish oil (FO) on resting metabolic rate (RMR), body composition, and cortisol production in healthy adults.

Methods: A total of 44 men and women (34 ± 13y, mean+SD) participated in the study. All testing was performed first thing in the morning following an overnight fast. Baseline measurements of RMR were measured using indirect calorimetry using a facemask, and body composition was measured using air displacement plethysmography. Saliva was collected via passive drool and analyzed for cortisol concentration using ELISA. Following baseline testing, subjects were randomly assigned in a double blind manner to one …

Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia During Winter Sports, Kristin J. Stuempfle

Health Sciences Faculty Publications

Exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) is hyponatremia that occurs greater than or equal to twenty four hours after prolonged physical activity. It is a potentially serious complication of marathons, triathlons, and ultradistance events, and can occur in hot and cold environments Clear evidence indicates that EAH is a dilutional hyponatremia caused by excessive fluid consumption and the inappropriate release of arginine vasopressin. Cerebral and pulmonary edema can cause serious signs and symptoms, including altered mental status, respiratory distress, seizures, coma, and death. Rapid diagnosis and urgent treatment with hypertonic saline is necessary to prevent severe complications or death. Prevention is based on …

The Effects Of An Acute Dose Of Rhodiola Rosea On Exercise Performance And Cognitive Function, Eric E. Noreen, James G. Buckley, Stephanie L. Lewis

Health Sciences Faculty Publications

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an acute oral dose of 3 mg/kg of Rhodiola rosea (R. rosea) on endurance exercise performance, mood, and cognitive function.

Methods: A total of 15 recreationally active college women (21.3 ± 0.09 y, 56.1 ± 6.3 kg; mean ± SD) participated in this study. 2–7 d after a familiarization trial subjects ingested in a double blind, random crossover manner, either R. rosea or a carbohydrate placebo 1 h prior to testing. Exercise testing consisted of a 10 minute warm-up, standardized to 80% of the average …

Ponderal Somatogram Analysis Of Girth Measurements By Position In Division Iii College Football Players, Kristin J. Stuempfle, Daniel G. Drury, David F. Petrie, Frank I. Katch

Health Sciences Faculty Publications

Ponderal somatograms assessed body compositions in four groups of Division III collegiate football players: offensive line (OL), defensive line (DL), offensive backs (OB), and defensive backs (DB). Ponderal somatograms evaluate body size and shape by converting muscular (shoulders, chest, biceps, forearm, thigh, and calf) and nonmuscular (abdomen, hips knee, ankle, and wrist) girths into ponderal equivalent (PE) values. Anthropometric measurements, including stature, body mass, girths, and percent body fat by densitometry were collected in 82 players (22 OL, 12 DL, 20 OB, and 28 DB) during preseason camp. PE values were calculated for each girth as PE, kilograms = (girth, …

Recovery From A Cycling Time Trial Is Enhanced With Carbohydrate-Protein Supplementation Vs. Isoenergetic Carbohydrate Supplementation, John M. Berardi, Eric E. Noreen, Peter W.R. Lemon

Health Sciences Faculty Publications

Background: In this study we assessed whether a liquid carbohydrate-protein (C+P) supplement (0.8 g/kg C; 0.4 g/kg P) ingested early during recovery from a cycling time trial could enhance a subsequent 60 min effort on the same day vs. an isoenergetic liquid carbohydrate (CHO) supplement (1.2 g/kg).

Methods: Two hours after a standardized breakfast, 15 trained male cyclists completed a time trial in which they cycled as far as they could in 60 min (AMex) using a Computrainer indoor trainer. Following AMex, subjects ingested either C+P, or CHO at 10, 60 and 120 min, followed by a standardized meal at …

The Effect Of Caffeine Ingestion On Perception Of Muscle Pain During A Sustained Submaximal Isometric Contraction Of The Quadriceps, Eric E. Noreen, Caitlyn M. Barr, Marisa E. Mcneal, Daniel G. Drury

Health Sciences Faculty Publications

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an acute dose of 5 mg/kg of caffeine on perceived pain of the quadriceps during a sustained submaximal isometric contraction.

Methods: A total of 15 low caffeine consuming college aged women (20.5 ± 1.4 y, 66.0 ± 9.0 kg; mean ± SD) participated in this study. 2–7 d after a familiarization trial subjects ingested, in a double blind random crossover manner, either 5 mg/kg caffeine (Caf) or a placebo (P), 1 h prior to performing a 2 min isometric leg extension at 45% of peak torque using visual …

Unmasking Pain: A Look At The Latest Research, Daniel G. Drury, Karen Y. Wonders

Health Sciences Faculty Publications

Recent research into the physical and psychological mechanisms of pain in revealing new ways to help ease the hurt without the use of medication.

Quasigeometric Distributions And Extra Inning Baseball Games, Darren B. Glass, Philip J. Lowry

Math Faculty Publications

Each July, the eyes of baseball fans across the country turn to Major League Baseball’s All-Star Game, gathering the best and most popular players from baseball’s two leagues to play against each other in a single game. In most sports, the All-Star Game is an exhibition played purely for entertainment. Since 2003, the baseball All-Star Game has actually ‘counted’, because the winning league gets home field advantage in the World Series. Just one year before this rule went into effect, there was no winner in the All-Star Game, as both teams ran out of pitchers in the 11th inning and …

Ponderal Somatograms Assess Changes In Anthropometric Measurements Over An Academic Year In Division Iii Collegiate Football Players, Kristin J. Stuempfle, Daniel G. Drury, David F. Petrie, Frank I. Katch

Health Sciences Faculty Publications

Ponderal somatograms evaluate body size and shape by converting muscular (shoulders, chest, biceps, forearm, thigh, calf) and nonmuscular (abdomen, hips, knee, ankle, wrist) girths into ponderal equivalent (PE) values. Anthropometric measurements, including stature, body mass, girths, and percent body fat by densitometry were collected in 54 Division III football players in preseason camp (fall) and at the beginning (winter) and end (spring) of the team strength and conditioning program. PE values were calculated for each girth as PE, kg = (girth, cm / k) squared x stature, dm, where k = k constant from Behnke's reference man. PE values were …

The Effects Of Isokinetic Contraction Velocity On The Concentric To Eccentric Strength Relationship Of The Biceps Brachii, Daniel G. Drury, Kristin J. Stuempfle, Clifford W. Mason, Julia C. Girman

Health Sciences Faculty Publications

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of contraction velocity on the eccentric (ECC) and concentric (CON) torque production of the biceps brachii. After performing warm-up procedures, each male subject (n = 11) completed 3 sets of 5 maximal bilateral CON and ECC isokinetic contractions of the biceps at three different speeds on a Biodex System 3 dynamometer. The men received a 3-minute rest between sets and the order of exercises was randomized. Peak torque (Nm) values were obtained for CON and ECC contractions at each speed. Peak torque scores (ECC vs. CON) were compared using …

Changes In Pain Perception In Women During And Following An Exhaustive Incremental Cycling Exercise, Daniel G. Drury, Katelyn Greenwood, Kristin J. Stuempfle, Kelli F. Koltyn

Health Sciences Faculty Publications

Exercise has been found to alter pain sensitivity with a hypoalgesic response (i.e., diminished sensitivity to pain) typically reported during and/or following high intensity exercise. Most of this research, however, has involved the testing of men. Thus, the purpose of the following investigation was to examine changes in pain perception in women during and following exercise. Seventeen healthy female subjects (age 20.47±.87; VO2 peak 36.77± 4.95) volunteered to undergo pain assessment prior to, during, and after a graded exhaustive VO2 peak cycling challenge. Heart Rate (HR) and Oxygen Uptake (VO2) were monitored along with electro-diagnostic assessments of Pain Threshold (PT) …

An Investigation Of Exercise-Induced Hypoalgesia After Isometric And Cardiovascular Exercise, Daniel G. Drury, Kristin J. Stuempfle, Robin J. Shannon, James L. Miller

Health Sciences Faculty Publications

Exercise-induced hypoalgesia is a well-established phenomenon in the literature. The underlying mechanisms responsible for this augmentation of pain perception are not completely understood. The specific mode and intensity of exercise that creates hypoalgesia remains equivocal. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify if any differences existed in the exercise-induced hypoalgesia of isometric gripping exercise (IGE) and treadmill exercise (TE). A repeated measures design was used to determine the differences in pain threshold between acute exposure to IGE and TE. Twelve healthy male volunteers served as our subjects. Subjects were tested on three different days under three different conditions …

An Investigation Of The Tri-Bar Gripping System On Isometric Muscular Endurance, Daniel G. Drury, Heath Faggiono, Kristin J. Stuempfle

Health Sciences Faculty Publications

Recently, a new product called the Tri-Bar has been introduced as an alternative to the standard weightlifting bar. The Tri-Bar has the same weight, length, and circumference as a standard weightlifting bar and differs only in that the shape of the bar is formed like a triangle with rounded edges. Theoretically, the shape of the bar will enhance gripping comfort and increase muscular endurance. We studied 32 moderately trained males who were free from upper-body injury or limitation. Each participant completed 4 visits to the lab as part of 2 separate investigations. The first investigation was a comparison of straight-arm …

I Don't Care If I Ever Get Back: Marathons Lasting 20 Or More Innings, Phil Lowry, Darren B. Glass

Math Faculty Publications

This article looks at marathon games of baseball. For purposes of this article, a marathon is defined as a game lasting 20 or more innings. In my research I have discovered 341 marathons. These games are hard to find. Leagues either keep no records, or keep track only of their longest game; only the Texas League keeps records on all marathons. Nobody has ever before explored such questions as: What is the probability a game will go x number of innings? How often should we expect a marathon of 20 or more innings, or 40 or more innings? What is …

Comparison Of 3 Methods To Assess Urine Specific Gravity In Collegiate Wrestlers, Kristin J. Stuempfle, Daniel G. Drury

Health Sciences Faculty Publications

Objective: To investigate the reliability and validity of refractometry, hydrometry, and reagent strips in assessing urine specific gravity in collegiate wrestlers.

Design and Setting: We assessed the reliability of refractometry, hydrometry, and reagent strips between 2 trials and among 4 testers. The validity of hydrometry and reagent strips was assessed by comparison with refractometry, the criterion measure for urine specific gravity.

Subjects: Twenty-one National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III collegiate wrestlers provided fresh urine samples.

Measurements: Four testers measured the specific gravity of each urine sample 6 times: twice by refractometry, twice by hydrometry, and twice by reagent strips.

Results: …

Body Composition Relates Poorly To Performance In Ncaa Division Iii Football Players, Kristin J. Stuempfle, Frank I. Katch, David F. Petrie

Health Sciences Faculty Publications

We assessed body composition (height, body mass, body mass index, body fat by densitometry, fat mass, fat-free mass, and lean/fat ratio) and performance (10- and 40-yd sprints, pro shuttle run, vertical jump, sit and reach, and bench press) in 77 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III football players. Data were analyzed by position and playing status. Significant differences (p less than or equal to 0.05) were found between positions for all body composition measurements and all performance tests except the sit and reach. Starters outperformed nonstarters in all performance tests except the 10-yd sprint and sit and reach ( …

Hyponatremia In A Cold Weather Ultraendurance Race, Kristin J. Stuempfle, Donald R. Lehmann, H. Samuel Case, Stephen Bailey, Sherri Lind Hughes, Jennifer Mckenzie, Deborah Evans

Health Sciences Faculty Publications

We assessed the incidence and etiology of hyponatremia in the 100-mile (161 km) Iditasport ultramarathon. Subjects (8 cyclists, 8 runners) were weighed and serum sodium was measured pre- and post-race. Race diets were analyzed to determine fluid and sodium consumption. Subjects were split by post-race serum sodium concentration into hyponatremic and normonatremic groups for statistical analyses. Seven of 16 subjects (44%) were hyponatremic. The hyponatremic group exhibited a significant decrease in serum sodium concentration (137.0 to 132.9 mmol/L, and the normonatremic group experienced a significant decrease in weight (82.1 to 80.2 kg) pre- to post-race. The hypornatremic group drank more …