Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Kinetic And Kinematic Effect Of Flag-Carrying On Referee Agility And Sprinting Performance, William Reed

Master's Theses

Within competitive soccer, assistant referees are expected to keep up with the top speed of players on the field, despite being hindered mechanically by a flag held down at their side. This ability to keep up with speed-of-play can determine effectiveness of calls on the field, yet while being tested, referees are not required to replicate the game-like state of flag-carrying. The purpose of this study was to examine kinetic and kinematic effects of flag-carrying within sprinting and change-of-direction performance in assistant referees to better inform training programs and testing protocols. 18 male referees (mean age 32.11 ± 9.08 years) …

Swimming: A Great Decision And An Even Better Journey, Eva M. Hunnius

Emerging Writers

Swimming is loved, feared, and cherished by so many around the world. People love it because it gives them a sense of freedom and peace, while also receiving a great workout. Some may fear it because they do not know how to swim, or they feel like there are many dangers and risks to swimming. Others cherish it because it is the only sport they have ever known. In my case, swimming is one of the only things that has been with me since I was a little kid. This remains true for many athletes. In this discussion, I hope …

Pacing Strategies Differ By Sex And Rank In 2020 Crossfit® Open Tests, Gerald Mangine, Elisabeth K. Zeitz, Joshua D. Dexheimer, Ashley Hines, Brandon Lively, Brian Kliszczewicz

Faculty and Research Publications

This retrospective study collected video recordings of a random selection of eighty men and women (n = 160) completing all five tests of the 2020 CrossFit® Open. All competitors were ranked within the top 10,000 overall but were sub-divided based on whether they ranked within the top 10% of their respective divisions. To examine the effect of sex and rank on pacing strategy, video analysis quantified the overall repetition completion rate on each test, as well as per minute (or round) repetition completion rates for each test’s individual exercises, quantity of failed repetitions, break times, and transition times. All …

Agreeability Of Actigraph And Activpal 4™ Measures Of Vigorous Activity, Hannah Sandstrom, Barry Francis, Alyssa Thomas, Sthefany Diaz Orduz, Bre Mcdonald, Sophia Ramirez

Symposium of Student Scholars

Key Words: Accelerometry, activPal 4™, ActiGraph, RPE, HR

Introduction: Wearable technologies are consistently used in research to track physical activity and study how it can improve overall health. ActiGraph and activPal are research-grade accelerometers that track activity levels of all intensities in humans. ActivPal has recently improved its technology to measure vigorous activity more accurately to be consistent with the gold standard Actigraph measures. The purpose of this study is to test the agreeability between the vigorous activity measures of the ActiGraph and activPal 4™ devices. Methods: Regular exercisers are being recruited from the KSU Department of Exercise Science and …

Quantifying Crossfit®: Potential Solutions For Monitoring Multimodal Workloads And Identifying Training Targets, Gerald T. Mangine, Tucker R. Seay

Faculty Open Access Publishing Fund Collection

The design of high-intensity functional training (HIFT; e. g., CrossFit^®) workouts and targeted physiological trait(s) vary on any given training day, week, or cycle. Daily workouts are typically comprised of different modality and exercise combinations that are prescribed across a wide range of intensities and durations. The only consistent aspect appears to be the common instruction to maximize effort and workout density by either completing “as many repetitions as possible” within a time limit (e.g., AMRAP, Tabata) or a list of exercises as quickly as possible. However, because effort can vary within and across workouts, the impact on …

Fatigue-Induced Sex Differences For Explosive Neuromuscular Characteristics Of The Plantar Flexors, Ben Dalton

Symposium of Student Scholars

Previous research on fatigue using isometric contractions suggests that females are more fatigue resistant than males, but less is clear regarding fatigue induced by dynamic contractions. PURPOSE: To determine sex differences for explosive voluntary neuromuscular characteristics of the plantar flexors (PFs) during a dynamic fatiguing task. METHODS: Recreationally active males (n=14; 22.4±2.2 yrs) and females (n=15; 20.9±2.5 yrs) performed a fatiguing task of the PFs consisting of 60 maximal isotonic contractions at 30% of their maximal isometric strength using a dynamometer. Peak power (PP), optimal velocity (OV), and optimal torque (OT) were calculated from the first five contractions of the …

Sex Differences In Plantar Flexor Strength And Contractile Properties After Isometric And Dynamic Fatigue, Phuong Ha, Benjamin E. Dalton, Michaela G. Alesi, Tyler M. Smith, Trisha A. Vandusseldorp, Yuri Feito, Anna G. Conroy, Garrett M. Hester

Symposium of Student Scholars

Purpose: To determine sex differences in strength and contractile properties after isometric and dynamic fatiguing exercise of the plantar flexors. Methods: Recreationally active males (n=13, age=22.4±2.2 yrs) and females (n=15, age=20.9±2.4 yrs) performed a maximal isometric (2 min) and isotonic (120 reps at 30% peak torque) fatigue task on 2 separate visits. Before and after each fatigue task, participants performed a 3 sec maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) with tibial nerve stimulation being delivered during and immediately after the MVIC. Peak torque (PT; highest 250 ms) was obtained during the voluntary phase of the MVIC. Peak twitch torque …

Are There Predictors Of A Running Back’S Success?, Joshua Price

Symposium of Student Scholars

People who analyze football have concentrated in the past on a running back’s 40-yard dash, shuffle, broad jump, vertical jump, and bench press measures. My research will test if the following variables can predict a running back’s success in the NFL: height, weight, conference, offensive line ranking for their team, the running back’s total yards for the season, their average yards for each attempt, the number of times the running back has entered the end zone for a touchdown that season, the running back’s time average time behind the line of scrimmage (TLOS), the percentage of times the running back …

Age-Related Differences In Absolute And Relative Maximal Strength At Different Velocities, Michael Cooper

Symposium of Student Scholars

Introduction: Examining peak torque (PT) relative to muscle size provides insight on qualitative factors (e.g., fiber type composition, muscle activation) that are influential for maximal strength, yet data is scarcer for higher velocity contractions. Acceleration (ACC) has been proposed to be influenced by similar physiological factors. Purpose: To examine absolute and relative PT, as well as ACC at different velocities in young (YM) and older (OM) males. Methods: Healthy, YM (n=15, age=20.7±2.2 yrs) and OM (n=15, age=71.6±3.9 yrs) performed maximal voluntary contractions at 0°⋅s^-1 (isometric), 60°⋅s^-1, and 180°⋅s^-1 using a dynamometer. Ultrasonography was used to obtain …

Recovery Of Peak Torque After Fatiguing Explosive And Slow Maximal Muscle Contractions: Preliminary Findings, Michael Cooper

Symposium of Student Scholars

The unique neuromuscular strategies for explosive and slow muscle contractions may result in differing rates of recovery for peak muscle torque (PT) upon cessation of fatiguing exercise involving these contraction types. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the recovery of PT after explosive and slow fatiguing muscle contractions. METHODS: Following a familiarization visit, recreationally active males (n=4, age=23.3±2.2 years) were randomly assigned to perform fatiguing exercise consisting of either explosive (RAPID) or slow (RAMP) maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs) on separate visits. Each protocol consisted of repeated 5 s MVICs of the quadriceps, with an explosive intent …

The Effects Of Steroid Use In Sports, Jake Page

Emerging Writers

This article highlights the main points around the argument that professional sports organizations should increase rules and regulations against the use of steroids. This is done by referencing numerous trustworthy sources along with providing personal insight on how certain points affect the sports community and beyond. The main points can be summed up that steroids have a negative effect due to the huge scandals involved along with the health effects of steroid usage.

Self-Talk: Mentoring And Empowering Faculty To Contribute To Organizational Change, Brian Culp

Faculty and Research Publications

We can effectively mentor if in possession of qualities to empower mentees, which include: effective communication skills, knowledge of the professional realm, enthusiasm, passion and the ability to create an equitable and supportive organizational environment with the mentee. The authors of this article propose that self-talk (ST) or inner speech is a helpful means of inspiring mentors, colleagues, teachers, and friends in navigating communication challenges with themselves and others. A three-step approach to implementing ST for the purpose of mentoring involves: (1) awareness of the ST they are currently using; (2) follow-up with the mentee’s active reflection of and recording …

Four-Week Ankle-Rehabilitation Programs In Adolescent Athletes With Chronic Ankle Instability, M. Spencer Cain, Rebecca Ban, Yu-Ping Chen, Mark Geil, Benjamin Goerger, Shelley Linens

Faculty and Research Publications

Context: Researchers have shown that rehabilitation programs incorporating resistance-band and balance-board exercises are effective for improving clinical measures of function and patient-reported outcomes in individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI). However, whether combining the 2 exercises increases improvement is unknown. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of 3 rehabilitation programs on clinical measures of balance and self-reported function in adolescent patients with CAI. Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial (Trail Registration Number: ClinicalTrails.gov: NCT03447652). Setting: High school athletic training facilities.Patients or Other Participants: Forty-three patients with CAI (age ¼ 16.37 6 1.00 years, height ¼ 171.75 6 12.05 cm, mass ¼ 69.38 …

Influence Of Sport Specialization On Athletic Performance And Injury Risk In Collegiate Swimmers, Samantha M. Gunn, Gerald T. Mangine, Trisha A. Vandusseldorp, Garrett M. Hester

The Kennesaw Journal of Undergraduate Research

To assess the effect of swimming specialization on performance and injury risk in collegiate swimmers, thirty collegiate swimmers (20.1 ± 0.9 years [18.5 – 22.3 years]) were asked to complete an anonymous survey to provide information regarding their sports participation history, success in swimming, and the occurrence and quantity of swimming-related injuries. Specialization status was determined by the swimmer claiming they had specialized and by the number of months (≥ 8 months) they participated in swimming each year. Correlation analysis revealed several significant (p < 0.05) relationships between all determinants of specialization, swimming success, and swimming injuries. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that the age which an athlete specialized was the best predictor of the occurrence of a swimming- related injury (R² = 0.34, p = 0.004) and the number of injuries sustained (R² = 0.25, …

The Influence Of Citrus Urantium And Caffeine Complex Versus Placebo On The Cardiac Autonomic Response: A Double Blind Crossover Design, Brian Kliszczewicz, Emily Bechke, Cassie Williamson, Paul Bailey, Wade Hoffstetter, John R. Mclester, Cherilyn N. Mclester

Faculty and Research Publications

Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the resting cardiac autonomic nervous system’s response to the ingestion of a complex containing Citrus aurantium + Caffeine (CA + C) and its influence on recovery following a high-intensity anaerobic exercise bout in habitual caffeine users. Methods: Ten physically active males (25.1 ± 3.9 years; weight 78.71 ± 9.53 kg; height 177.2 ± 4.6 cm; body fat 15.5 ± 3.13%) participated in this study, which consisted of two exhaustive exercise protocols in a randomized crossover design. On each visit the participants consumed either a CA + C (100 mg of CA …

Metabolic Biomarkers Following A Short And Long Bout Of High-Intensity Functional Training In Recreationally Trained Men, Brian Kliszczewicz, Robert Buresh, Emily E. Bechke, Cassie M. Williamson

Faculty and Research Publications

Glucose regulation is a fundamental process of metabolic function, and is acutely altered by physical activity. High-Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) is a form of exercise performed using combinations of various modalities and durations. It is unknown if the metabolic responses to HIFT are similar to more commonly studied modalities (e.g., cycling and treadmill exercise), or if exercise duration will influence glucose regulation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a Short (< 5-min) and Long (15-min) bout of HIFT on plasma metabolic biomarkers. Ten apparently healthy males (28.11 ± 5.09yrs) participated in this study. Two HIFT sessions (SHORT and LONG) were performed in a crossover fashion. Blood plasma was collected at four time points: PRE, POST, 1HR, and 3HR in order to examine glucose (GLU), insulin (INS), epinephrine (E), and norepinephrine (NE) responses. No trial dependent difference between the SHORT and LONG bouts in GLU (p=0.054), INS (p=0.671), E (p=0.078), and NE (p=0.194). A time effect was observed in both bouts only at POST for GLU (p<0.001), INS (p=0.011), E (p<0.001), and NE (p<0.001). All times returned to baseline values (p>0.05), except for lowered 3HR E (p=0.007). This study demonstrated that both SHORT and LONG bouts of HIFT elicited GLU, INS, E, and NE …

Unaccustomed Exercise Causes Rhabdomyolysis, Yuri Feito

Faculty and Research Publications

Cross Fit TM is a relatively new strength and conditioning program defined as “constantly varied, functional movements, performed at a high intensity”. The goal of the program is to increase “work capacity across broad time and modal domains” [1]. Even though this training modality has been criticized by the main stream media for “high risk of injury” most of these claims have been anecdotal, as recent evidence suggest this training modality is not any more “dangerous” than other exercise programs [2]. One of the biggest criticisms of this training modality has been its association with Rhabdomyolysis, a condition that results …

Infusing Disability Sport Into The Sport Management Curriculum, Deborah R. Shapiro, Brenda G. Pitts, Mary A. Hums, Jimmy Calloway

Faculty and Research Publications

Disability sport is growing around the world with momentum and is described as a "movement" (Bailey, 2008; DePauw & Gavron, 2005). While there are more similarities than differences with sport management for able-bodied athletes and those with disabilities, there are additional needs and considerations for persons with disabilities (DePauw & Gavron, 2005). The noticeable visibility of individuals with disabilities in society, including sport, raises concerns about the degree to which sport management academic programs have modified their curricula to ensure that individuals working in the sport management field are prepared to deal with the uniqueness of disability sport. This paper …

Why The Master? Human Capital Development For Practicing U.S. Cycling Coaches, Daniel Larson, Joel Maxcy

Faculty and Research Publications

The economic structure of the industry of cycling coaches has yet to be the subject of any apparent published inquiry. This study describes the basic characteristics of practicing cycling coaches and presents economic models of the determinants of commercial success for individual coaches. Data were collected through an independent survey of current and former U.S.A. Cycling (USAC) coaches in 2010 (N = 386). Results of ordinary least squares and negative-binomial regression models suggest that coaching and competitive experience are associated with larger clienteles, but formal human capital investments do not generally add to a coach's ability to garner more clients. …

A Phenomenological Investigation Of Women's Experiences With Personal Training, Cherilyn N. Hultquist, Melissa N. Madeson, Amy Church, Leslee A. Fisher

Faculty and Research Publications

Personal training is a rapidly growing industry in a country that is in dire need of physical fitness and health improvements. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to better understand women's experiences with personal training. To address the research question, eight female participants ages 24 to 54 years were interviewed using the following phenomenological question: "When you think about your current experience with personal training what stands out for you?" The interviews were conducted, transcribed, and qualitatively analyzed to identify themes in participants' responses. The ground that emerged was positive experience within which existed four figural themes: Relationships, trainer …

Affirmative Action As A Dimension Of Diversity Management: Perceptions Of South African Sport Federations, Anneliese Goslin, Darlene Kluka

Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective

Affirmative action in the transformation process of South African sport aims at balancing the concerns of white sport participants with the aspirations of participants of color. The aims of this study are to determine perceptions of South African sport federations in diversity management and the affirmative action profile of South African sport federations, and to suggest strategies to manage affirmative action. A Likert scale questionnaire evaluated perceptions of 32 sport federations on affirmative action factors. Below-average scores were recorded on affirmative action policy and the provision of specialized training opportunities. Political rather than managerial reasons are regarded as the leading …

Review: Sweet Thunder: The Life And Times Of Sugar Ray Robinson, Dusty Gres

Georgia Library Quarterly

Review of "Sweet Thunder: The Life and Times of Sugar Ray Robinson," by Wil Haygood.

Sports Holdings In The Southeastern Conference University Libraries: Football As A Case Study, William F. Meehan Iii, Margaret A. Swanson, Catherine O. Yates, Emily N. Decker

The Southeastern Librarian

Of the twelve National Collegiate Athletic Association’s (NCAA) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision conferences, the Southeastern Conference (SEC) has attained prominence. But how do the SEC’s university libraries fare when evaluated for their football holdings? While university libraries develop their collections mainly to support research and teaching functions, according to accepted collection development practice, the extent to which sports of local importance are represented in their collections is a subject given little attention in the professional literature.

In order to help close the gap, this study evaluates the football holdings of the 12 SEC university library systems using the checklist …

Reviews: Ty Cobb Safe At Home And The Ty Cobb Educational Foundation Through Fifty Years, Carol Waggoner-Angleton

Georgia Library Quarterly

Review of the books "Ty Cobb Safe at Home," by Don Rhodes, and "The Ty Cobb Educational Foundation Through Fifty Years," by Jerry Atkins.

Review: Willie Mays: Art In The Outfield, Sandy Hester

Georgia Library Quarterly

Review of the non-fiction book "Willie Mays: Art in the Outfield," by Mike Shannon.